Editing 731 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Europe ====
* [[Islamic invasion of Gaul#Raid into Aquitaine and Poitou|Umayyad conquest of Gaul]]: [[Munuza]], Moorish governor of [[Cerdanya|Cerdagne]] (eastern [[Pyrenees]]), rebels against [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] authority. He is defeated and executed by Muslim forces under [[Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi]] at [[County of Urgell|Urgell]] ([[Catalan counties|Catalonia]]). Muslim [[garrison]]s in [[Septimania]] raid the cities [[Millau]] and [[Arles]].<ref>David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 41). {{ISBN|978-184603-230-1}}</ref>
* [[Ragenfrid]], ex-[[mayor of the palace]] of [[Neustria]], meets Duke [[Odo the Great|Eudes of Aquitaine]], to accept his rule and independence from the [[Francia|Frankish Kingdom]]. Fearing an [[Military alliance|alliance]] against him, [[Charles Martel]] exiles Ragenfrid's supporter Wandon of [[Abbey of Saint Wandrille|Fontenelle]], and imprisons bishop Aimar of [[Ancient Diocese of Auxerre|Auxerre]].<ref>David Nicolle (2008). Poitiers AD 732, Charles Martel turns the Islamic tide (p. 19). {{ISBN|978-184603-230-1}}</ref>  
* Charles Martel leads two raids across the [[Loire|Loire River]] into the [[Berry (province)|Berry]] region. The [[Franks]] seize and plunder [[Bourges]] (central [[France]]), but the city is immediately recaptured by Eudes of Aquitaine.

==== Britain ====
* Autumn &ndash; King [[Ceolwulf of Northumbria]] is deposed by opponents, and forced to enter a [[monastery]]. His supporters subsequently restore him to the [[throne]] (or [[732]]).
* King [[Æthelbald of Mercia]] overruns a large portion of [[Somerset]], and wrests the county from [[Wessex]] control (approximate date).

==== Asia ====
* [[Battle of the Defile]]: An Umayyad relief army (28,000 men) is sent to [[Samarkand]] (modern [[Uzbekistan]]), which is besieged by the [[Turgesh]].<ref>Blankinship (1994), pp. 156, 157</ref> The [[Arab Muslims|Muslims]] are ambushed near the [[Zarafshan Range]], at the Tashtakaracha Pass.<ref>Kennedy (2001), p. 29</ref><ref>Kennedy (2007), p. 285</ref> The battle results in a [[Pyrrhic victory]], with heavy casualties for the Umayyad army, halting Muslim expansion in [[Central Asia]] for almost two decades.

=== By topic ===

==== Literature ====
* [[Bede]], Anglo-Saxon [[monk]] and [[historian]], completes his ''[[Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum]]'' at the monastery of [[Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey|Saint Peter]] at [[Monkwearmouth]]. 

==== Religion ====
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory II]] dies at [[Rome]] after a 16-year reign, in which he has fought [[Iconoclasm]]. He is succeeded by the [[Syria]]n-born cleric [[Pope Gregory III|Gregory III]], as the 90th [[pope]] of the [[Catholic Church]].<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Pope St. Gregory III}}</ref>
* A [[Moors|Moorish]] raiding party under Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi invades deep into [[Kingdom of Burgundy|Burgundy]], and plunders the [[monastery]] of [[Luxeuil Abbey]], located in the [[Haute-Saône]], massacring most of the community.
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Synods of Rome (731)|Synod of Rome]]: Gregory III summons a council at the shrine of [[Saint Peter]]. All western bishops participate, including the Roman nobility. Gregory condemns Iconoclasm as a [[heresy]].<ref>Treadgold, p. 354</ref>
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