Editing 637 (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===
==== Britain ====
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of Moira|Battle of Mag Rath]]: King [[Oswald of Northumbria]] sends troops to [[Ireland]], to assist [[Domnall Brecc]] King of [[Dál Riata]] in his [[Military alliance|alliance]] with King [[Congal Cáech]] of [[Ulaid]] against [[Domnall mac Aedo|Domnall mac Áedo]] [[High King of Ireland]], during the Irish dynastic wars. Domnall Brecc, Congal and their forces are defeated near [[Moira, County Down|Moira]]. At the [[Mull of Kintyre]] (southwest [[Scotland]]), Domnall mac Áedo's fleet destroys [[Domnall Brecc]]'s naval force of [[Dál Riata]].

==== Persia ====
* [[March]] &ndash; [[Siege of Ctesiphon (637)|Siege of Ctesiphon]]: The [[Rashidun army]] (15,000 men<ref>Rosenthal, p. 12</ref>) under [[Saʿd ibn Abi Waqqas]] occupies the [[Sassanid Empire|Persian]] capital of [[Ctesiphon]], after a two-month [[siege]]. King [[Yazdegerd III]] flees with the imperial [[treasure]] eastward into [[Medes|Media]]. Muslim forces conquer the Persian provinces as far as [[Khuzestan Province|Khuzestan]] (modern [[Iran]]). 
* [[Battle of Jalula]]: Muslim Arabs defeat the Persian forces (20,000 men) under [[Farrukhzad]] at the [[Diyala River]]. The cities [[Tikrit]] and [[Mosul]] are captured, completing the conquest of Mesopotamia. The region west of the [[Zagros Mountains]] is annexed by the [[Rashidun Caliphate]].

==== Arabian Empire ====
* [[April]] &ndash; [[Siege of Jerusalem (637)|Siege of Jerusalem]]: The Rashidun army (20,000 men<ref name="Akram431">{{harvnb|Akram|2004|p=431}}</ref>), led by [['Amr ibn al-'As]], conquers [[Jerusalem]] after a six-month siege. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] garrison surrenders to Caliph [[Umar|Umar I]], who is invited by [[Sophronius of Jerusalem|Sophronius]], [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|patriarch of Jerusalem]], to pray in the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. Umar declines, fearing that accepting the invitation might endanger the [[Church (building)|church's]] status, and turn the [[Christianity|Christian]] holy site into a [[mosque]].{{sfn|Nicolle|2009|p=52}}
* [[Battle of Hazir]]: Muslim Arab forces (17,000 men) under [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] defeat the [[Byzantine army]] near [[Qinnasrin]] (Northern [[Syria]]). The cities of [[Beirut]] and [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] are captured by [[Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan]] after a short siege. 
* [[October]] &ndash; [[Siege of Aleppo (637)|Siege of Aleppo]]: Muslim Arabs under Khalid ibn al-Walid conquer the Byzantine stronghold [[Aleppo]]; the large [[Defensive wall|walled city]] surrenders after a four-month siege. A column of troops under [[Malik al-Ashtar]] is sent to take [[Azaz]].
* [[Battle of the Iron Bridge]]: Rashidun forces under Khalid ibn al-Walid defeat the Byzantine army and [[Arab Christians|Christian Arabs]] near [[Antioch]], at the [[Orontes River]]. It marks the complete annexation of Syria into the Rashidun Caliphate.

==== Asia ====
* [[Chang'an]], capital of the [[Tang dynasty]] ([[China]]), becomes the largest city of the world, taking the lead from Ctesiphon, capital of [[Iran|Persia]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm |title=Geography at about.com |access-date=March 1, 2006 |archive-date=August 18, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818124242/http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa011201a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Queen [[Queen Seondeok of Silla|Seondeok]] of [[Silla]] ([[Korea]]) builds an [[Observatory|astronomical observatory]] near [[Gyeongju]] ([[Cheomseongdae]]), one of the oldest in [[East Asia]]. 
* King [[Songtsän Gampo]] builds the first palace on the site of the [[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa (prefecture-level city)|Lhasa]] ([[Tibet]]).

=== By topic ===
==== Religion ====
* The [[Muslim]]s replace [[Zoroastrianism]] with [[Islam]] in [[Mesopotamia]] (later [[Iraq]]); they do not force their conquered subjects to embrace the Islamic faith, but they do require acceptance of the [[Quran]] as the [[doctrine]] of divine teaching, and will oblige their subjects to learn [[Arabic language|Arabic]] (approximate date).
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