Editing 494 BC (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Persian empire ====
* Having successfully captured several of the revolting [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] [[city-state]]s, the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persians]] under [[Artaphernes]] lay siege to [[Miletus]]. The decisive [[Battle of Lade]] is fought at the island of Lade, near Miletus' port. Although out-numbered, the Greek fleet appears to be winning the battle until the ships from [[Samos]] and [[Lesbos]] retreat. The sudden defection turns the tide of battle, and the remaining Greek fleet is completely destroyed. Miletus surrenders shortly thereafter, and the [[Ionian Revolt]] comes to an end.<ref>Herodotus, lib vi. c. 33</ref>
* The Persian leaders [[Artaphernes]] and [[Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)|Mardonius]] grant a degree of autonomy to the Ionian cities. They abstain from financial reprisals and merely exact former levels of tribute. The Persians abolish the Greek tyrannies in [[Ionia]] and permit democracies.
* The Persians burn down the [[Temple of Apollo (Didyma)|Temple of Apollo]] at [[Didyma]].<ref>Weber, U. (2020). Das Apollonheiligtum von Didyma - Dargestellt an seiner Forschungsgeschichte von der Renaissance bis zur Gegenwart, p. 275-279.</ref>

==== Greece ====
* The Phoenician allies of the Persians retaliate fiercely against the Greeks, whom they perceive as pirates, unleashing savage reprisals..
* The [[Thracians]] and [[Scythians]] drive [[Miltiades the Younger]] from the [[Chersonesos Taurica|Chersonesos]]. Miltiades loads five boats with his treasures and makes for Athens. One of the boats, captained by Miltiades' eldest son, [[Metiochos]] is captured. Metiochos is taken as a lifelong prisoner to Persia.<ref>Herodotus, lib vi. c. 41</ref>
* The [[Sparta]]n king, [[Cleomenes I]] inflicts a severe defeat on [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] at [[Battle of Sepeia|Sepeia]] near [[Tiryns]] (approximate date).<ref>There is some uncertainty about the date: see ''Democracy Beyond Athens: Popular Government in the Greek Classical Age'' by Eric W. Robinson, pp. 7–9</ref>

==== Roman republic ====
* The Senate appoints [[Manius Valerius Maximus]] to the office of dictator to deal with a series of military threats, and a popular uprising.
* The dictator Valerius [[Roman-Sabine_wars#Engagement_in_494_BC|defeats]] the [[Sabines]], and is awarded a triumph plus the honour of a [[curule chair]] in the [[circus maximus]].
* The Roman consul [[Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus]] [[Roman-Volscian_wars#Engagement_in_494_BC|defeats]] the [[Volsci]], and a [[Roman colony]] is planted at [[Velitrae]].
* The Roman consul [[Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus (consul 494 BC)|Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus]] [[Roman-Aequian_wars#Aequi_incursions_in_494_BC|defeats]] the [[Aequi]] at the request of Rome's [[Latin League|Latin]] allies.
* At the end of the military campaigns, the plebs retire to the [[Monte Sacro|Sacred Mountain]] outside [[Rome]] in the [[First secessio plebis in 494 BC|Secession of the Plebs]].  To end the secession, the plebeians gain acceptance from the patricians that they may choose two leaders to whom they give the title of [[Tribune]]s. The office of the tribunate is thereby established.
* The [[aediles]], magistrates of ancient Rome who are in charge of the temple and cult of [[Ceres (mythology)|Ceres]], are first established. They are two officials of the plebeians, created at the same time as the tribunes, whose sanctity they share.
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