Editing 490 BC (section)

== Events ==
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=== By place ===

==== Greece ====
* [[Darius I]] sends an expedition, under [[Artaphernes]] and [[Datis]] the Mede, across the [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] to attack the Athenians and the Eretrians. [[Hippias (tyrant)|Hippias]], the aged ex-tyrant of Athens, is on one of the Persian ships in the hope of being restored to power in Athens.
* When the Ionian Greeks in [[Anatolia|Asia Minor]] rebelled against [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]] in [[499 BC]], [[Eretria]] joined [[Athens]] in sending aid to the rebels. As a result, Darius makes a point of punishing Eretria during his invasion of Greece. The city is sacked and burned and its inhabitants are enslaved. He intends the same fate for Athens.
* [[September 12]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Marathon]] takes place as a Persian army of more than 20,000 men is advised by Hippias to land in the Bay of [[Marathon, Greece|Marathon]], where they meet the Athenians supported by the [[Plataea]]ns. The Persians are repulsed by 11,500 Greeks under the leadership of [[Callimachus (polemarch)|Callimachus]] and [[Miltiades the Younger|Miltiades]]. Some 6,400 Persians are killed at a cost of 192 Athenian dead. Callimachus, the war-archon of Athens, is killed in the battle. After the battle, the Persians return home.
* Before the Battle of Marathon, the Athenians send a runner, [[Pheidippides]], to seek help from [[Sparta]]. However, the Spartans delay sending troops to Marathon because religious requirements (the [[Carneia]]) mean they must wait for the full moon.
* The Greek historian [[Herodotus]], the main source for the [[Greco-Persian Wars]], mentions Pheidippides as the messenger who runs from [[Athens]] to [[Sparta]] asking for help, and then runs back, a distance of over 240 kilometres<ref>[http://www.spartathlon.gr/TheRace.html International Spartathlon Association] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080629083320/http://www.spartathlon.gr/TheRace.html |date=June 29, 2008 }}</ref> each way.<ref>[http://www.coolrunning.co.nz/articles/2002a007.html#appendix The Great Marathon Myth] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828223341/http://www.coolrunning.co.nz/articles/2002a007.html#appendix |date=August 28, 2009 }}</ref> After the battle, he runs back to Athens to spread the news and raise the spirits. It is claimed that his last words before collapsing and dying in Athens are "Chairete, nikomen" ("Rejoice, we are victorious").
* Hippias dies at [[Lemnos]] on the journey back to [[Sardis]] after the Persian defeat.
* [[Cleomenes I]] is forced to flee [[Sparta]] when his plot against [[Demaratus]] is discovered, but the Spartans allow him to return when he begins gathering an army in the surrounding territories. However, by this time he has become insane, and the Spartans put him in prison. Shortly after, he commits suicide. He is succeeded as King of Sparta by a member of the [[Kings of Sparta|Agiad]] house, his half-brother, [[Leonidas I|Leonidas]].

==== Europe ====
* Carthaginian navigator [[Himilco]] is the first known explorer from the Mediterranean Sea to reach the northwestern shores of Europe (approximate date).

=== By topic ===

==== Architecture ====
* The Athenians begin the building of a temple to [[Athena Parthenos]] (approximate date).
* Stelae are once again allowed in Athenian cemeteries, having been banned since [[510 BC]].
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