Editing 2nd millennium (section)

==Political history==
{{cleanup section|reason=sort, arrange, comment|date=September 2018}}
{{further|Human history}}

===Middle Ages===
{{main|Middle Ages}}
{{further|List of states during the Middle Ages|List of political entities in the 11th century}}

====Europe====
*Western/Central Europe
**[[Kingdom of Scotland]] (843–1707): see [[Medieval Scotland]]
** [[Kingdom of England]] (927–1707): see [[Medieval England]]
** [[Holy Roman Empire]] (962–1806): see [[Medieval Germany]]
** [[Kingdom of France]] (987–1789): see [[Medieval France]]
** [[Kingdom of Hungary]] (1000–1526)
** [[Kingdom of Portugal]] (1139–1910)
** [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)]]: see [[Medieval Poland]]
** [[Old Swiss Confederacy]] (from {{Circa|1300}}): see [[Medieval Switzerland]]
*[[Medieval Italy]]
**[[Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)|Kingdom of Italy]]
**[[Papal States]]
**[[Maritime republics]]
**[[Kingdom of Sicily]]
*[[Medieval Spain]]: see also [[Reconquista]]
** [[Caliphate of Córdoba]] (929–1031)
** [[Crown of Aragon]] (1035–1479)
** [[Crown of Castile]] (1030–1479)
** [[Emirate of Granada]] (1230–1492)
*[[History of Scandinavia#Middle Ages (1100–1600)|Medieval Scandinavia]]: see also [[Viking Age]]
** [[Denmark#Viking and Middle Ages|Kingdom of Denmark]] ({{Circa|936}}–1397)
** [[History of Sweden (800–1521)|Kingdom of Sweden]] ({{Circa|970}}–1397)
** [[History of Norway#Middle Ages|Kingdom of Norway]] ({{circa|1015}}–1397)
** [[Kalmar Union]] (1397–1523)
*Eastern/Southeastern Europe
** [[Byzantine Empire]] (330–1453) 
** [[Kievan Rus]] (880–1150)
** [[Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)]], [[Croatia in union with Hungary]] (1102–1526)
** [[Kingdom of Bosnia]] (1154–1463)
** [[Second Bulgarian Empire]] (1185–1396)
** [[Kingdom of Serbia]] (1217–1346)
** [[Serbian Empire]] (1346–1371)
** [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] ({{circa|1236}}–1795)
** [[Golden Horde]] (1240s–1502), see also: [[Tatar yoke]]
** [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] (1283–1547)

====Near East====
: see also [[Crusades]], [[Mongol invasions]]
* [[Byzantine Empire]] (330–1453)
* [[Abbasid Caliphate]] (750–1517)
* [[Bagratid Armenia]] (880s–1045)
* [[Fatimid Caliphate]] (910–1171)
* [[Kingdom of Georgia]] (1008–1493)
* [[Seljuk Empire]] (1037–1194)
* [[Khwarazmian dynasty]] (1077–1231)
* [[Crusader states]]
**[[County of Edessa]] (1098–1144)
**[[Principality of Antioch]] (1098–1268)
**[[Kingdom of Jerusalem]] (1099–1291)
**[[County of Tripoli]] (1102–1289)
**[[Latin Empire]] (1204–1261)
* [[Ayyubids]] (1171–1260)
* [[Sultanate of Rum]] (1194–1308)
* [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk Sultanate]]  (1250–1517)
* [[Ilkhanate]] (1256–1353)
* [[Rise of the Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] (1299–1924)
* [[Timurid Empire]] (1370–1507)

====North Africa====
* [[Mamluk Sultanate|Mamluk Egypt]] (1250–1517)
* [[Almoravid dynasty]] (1040–1147)
* [[Almohad dynasty]] (1121–1269)
* [[Marinid dynasty]] (1244–1465)
* [[Hafsid dynasty]] (1229–1574)
* [[Kingdom of Tlemcen]] (1235–1554)

====East Asia====
* [[Goryeo]] (918–1392)
* [[Hoysala Empire]] (1026–1343)
* [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin dynasty]] (1115–1234)
* [[Joseon|Joseon dynasty]] (1392–1897)
* [[Khmer Empire]] (802–1431)
* [[Liao dynasty]] (907–1125)
* [[Mongol Empire]] (1206–1368)
* [[Ming dynasty]] (1368–1644)
* [[Pagan Kingdom]] (849–1287)
* [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279)
* [[Western Xia]] (1038–1227)
* [[Yuan dynasty|Yuan (Mongol) dynasty]] (1271–1368)

====India====
{{further|Medieval India|Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent}}
*[[Eastern Chalukyas]] (7th to 12th centuries)
*[[Pala Empire]] (8th to 12th centuries)
*[[Chola Empire]] (9th century to 13th centuries)
*[[Western Chalukya Empire]] (10th to 12th centuries)
*[[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri dynasty]] (10th to 12th centuries)
*[[Eastern Ganga dynasty]]  (11th to 15th centuries)
*[[Hoysala Empire]] (10th to 14th centuries)
*[[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya Kingdom]] (1083–1323)
*[[Sena dynasty]] (11th to 12th centuries)
*[[Delhi Sultanate]] (1206–1526)
*[[Bengal Sultanate]] (1352–1576)
*[[Ahom Kingdom]] (from 1228)
*[[Reddy dynasty|Reddy Kingdom]] (1325–1448)
*[[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty]] (1190–1315)
*[[Vijayanagara Empire]]  (1375–1591)

====Sahel / Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africa====
{{further|Islamization of the Sudan region|List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa}}
* [[Gao Empire]], Sahel ({{circa|9th}} to 15th centuries)
* [[Benin Empire]], West Africa (from {{circa|1180}})
* [[Sultanate of Ifat]], Horn of Africa (1285–1415)
<!--* Warsangali Sultanate, Horn of Africa (1218–1886)-->
* [[Mali Empire]], Sahel  ({{circa|1230}}–1600)
* [[Songhai Empire]], Sahel  ({{circa|1464}}–1591)
* [[Ife Empire]], West Africa ({{circa|1200}}–1420)
* [[Oyo Empire]], West Africa (from {{Circa|1300}})
* [[Kongo Empire]], West Africa (from {{Circa|1390}})
* [[Kingdom of Nri]], West Africa (from {{Circa|1200}}?<!--certainly before 15th c.-->)

====Pre-Columbian Americas====
* [[Baracoa|Taíno]]
* [[Maya civilisation]]
* [[Toltec]]
* [[Mississippian culture]]
* [[Vinland]]
* [[Chimú]]
* [[Kingdom of Cuzco]]
* [[Aztec Empire]] <!--(1428–1521)-->
* [[Inca Empire]] <!--(1438–1533)-->

===Early Modern period===
{{main|Early Modern period}}
{{further|Age of Discovery|European Colonization of the Americas|Great Divergence|label2=Colonial Era}}
{{further|List of sovereign states in 1528|List of sovereign states in 1648|List of sovereign states in 1660|List of sovereign states in 1777}}

====Europe====
{{further|Early modern Europe|Thirty Years' War}}
{{further|European wars of religion|French Revolution|Napoleonic wars|Monarchies_in_Europe#Early_Modern_Europe}}
* [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] <!--([[1271]]–[[1569]])-->
* [[Holy Roman Empire]] (see [[German Renaissance]], [[early modern Germany]] )
* [[Kingdom of France]], (see [[early modern France]] )
* [[Kingdom of England]]  (before 1707)
* [[Kingdom of Scotland]]  (before 1707)
* [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] (1707–1801)
* [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] (1526–1867)

====[[Colonial empires]]====
* [[Cuba–Mexico relations|Spanish Empire]] (1492–1976)
* [[Angola–Brazil relations|Portuguese Empire]] (1415–2002)
* [[Indonesia–Suriname relations|Dutch Empire]] (1602–1975)
* [[Hong Kong–United Kingdom relations|British Empire]] (1583–1997)  
* [[Algeria–France relations|French Empire]] (1534–1980)
* [[Haiti–United States relations|American Empire]] (1898–1994) 
* [[Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations|Belgian Empire]] (1908–1962)

====Asia====
* [[Ottoman Empire]] (1299–1922) 
* [[Safavid Persia]] (1501–1736)
* [[Portuguese Macau]] (1557–1999)
* [[Zand dynasty]] (1750–1794)
* [[Tokugawa shogunate|Edo shogunate]] (1603–1868)
* [[Qing Dynasty]] (1644–1912)
* [[Afsharid dynasty]] (1736–1796)
* [[Mughal Empire]] (1526–1858)
* [[Sikh Empire]] (1799–1849)

====Sub-Saharan Africa====
* [[Zulu Kingdom]]
* [[Kingdom of Kongo]]

===Modern history===
{{main|Modern history}}
{{further|Timeline of the 19th century|Timeline of the 20th century|World Wars}}
{{further|List of political entities in the 19th century|List of sovereign states in the 1900s|List of sovereign states in the 1950s|List of sovereign states in the 1990s}}

====Europe====
* [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (1801–1922)
* [[History of Ireland (1801–1923)|British rule in Ireland]] (1801–1922)
* [[French First Empire]] (1804–1814; 1815)  
* [[Russian Empire]] (1721–1917)
* [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (1867–1918)
* [[Kingdom of Italy]] (1861–1946)
* [[French Second Empire]] (1852–1870)
* [[German Empire]] (1871–1918)
* [[French Third Republic]] (1870–1940)
* [[Fascist Italy]] (1922–1943)
* [[Nazi Germany]] (1933–1945)
* [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]] (since 1922)
* [[Soviet Union]] (1922–1991)
* [[East Germany]] (1949–1990)
* [[West Germany]] (1949–1990)
* [[Germany|Federal Republic of Germany]] (since 1990)

====Asia====
* [[Thailand|Kingdom of Thailand]] (since 1939)
* [[Singapore|Republic of Singapore]] (since 1965)
* [[Qing dynasty]] (1644–1912)
* [[1984 in North Korea|Democratic People's Republic of Korea]] (from 1948)
* [[South Korea|Republic of Korea]] (since 1948)
* [[Qajar dynasty]] (1794–1925)
* [[British Hong Kong]] (1841–1997)
* [[British Raj]] (1858–1947)
* [[Empire of Japan]]  (1868–1947)
* [[Democratic Kampuchea]] (1975–1982)
* [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] (1912–1949)
* [[People's Republic of China]] (from 1949)
* [[Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] (from 1976)
* [[Partition of India]] (1947)
*[[Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire]] (1828–1908)
*[[Russian conquest of Central Asia]] (1839–1895)
*[[First Philippine Republic]] (1898–1901)

====Middle East====
* [[Ba'athist Syria|Syria]]
* [[United Arab Emirates]] (since 1971)
* [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi|Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]

====Africa====
{{further|History of Africa}}
*[[European exploration of Africa]]
*[[Scramble for Africa]]
*[[History of Egypt under the British|Egypt]]
*[[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] 
*[[Union of South Africa]]
*[[French Algeria]]
*[[French West Africa]]
*[[French Equatorial Africa]]
*[[French Madagascar]] 
*[[Portuguese Angola]]
*[[German South West Africa]]
*[[Belgian Congo]]
*[[Italian Libya]]
*[[Italian East Africa]]
*[[Spanish Guinea]]
*[[Decolonisation of Africa|Decolonisation]]
*[[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa]]

====Americas====
* [[United States|United States of America]] (from 1776)
* [[First Empire of Haiti|Empire of Haiti]] (1804–1806)
* [[First Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]] (1821–1823)
* [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889)
* [[Federal Republic of Central America]] (1823–1841)
* [[Gran Colombia]] (1819–1831)
* [[Canadian Confederation]] (1867)
{{further|United Nations geoscheme for the Americas|South_America#Countries_and_territories|Northern_America#Countries_and_dependent_territories}}