Editing 2002 Bali bombings (section)

== Attack ==
[[File:2004 Mitsubishi Colt L300 Star Wagon 2.5 L039P by Karya Logam (20200227).jpg|thumb|A [[Mitsubishi L300#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi L300]] van similar to the one in which the car bomb was planted]]
At 11:05&nbsp;p.m. on 12 October 2002, a suicide bomber inside the nightclub ''Paddy's Pub'' (sometimes referred to as ''Paddy's [[Irish pub|Irish Bar]]'' or ''Paddy's Bar'') detonated a bomb in his backpack, causing many patrons, with or without injuries, to immediately flee into the street.<ref name=bw-jos>{{cite journal|last1=West|first1=Brad|title=Collective memory and crisis: The 2002 Bali bombing, national heroic archetypes and the counter-narrative of cosmopolitan nationalism|journal=Journal of Sociology|date=December 2008|volume=44|issue=4|pages=337–353|doi=10.1177/1440783308097125|s2cid=144052465|url=https://www.academia.edu/540301|access-date=29 June 2015}}</ref> Twenty seconds later, a second and much more powerful [[car bomb]] hidden inside a white [[Mitsubishi L300#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi van]] was detonated by another suicide bomber outside the ''Sari Club'', a renowned [[wikt:open air|open-air]] [[Thatching|thatch-roof]] [[Bar (establishment)|bar]] located opposite ''Paddy's Pub''.

The bombing occurred during one of the busiest tourist periods of the year in [[Kuta Beach]], driven in part by many [[Australia]]n [[Sports team|sporting teams]] making their annual end-of-season [[holiday]].<ref name=bw-jos />

Damage to the densely populated residential and commercial district was immense, destroying neighbouring buildings and shattering windows several blocks away. The car bomb explosion left a {{convert|1|m|ft|adj=mid|-deep|spell=in}} crater.<ref name=forensic>Australian Department of Defence. "[http://www.defence.gov.au/dpe/dhs/infocentre/publications/journals/NoIDs/adfhealth_sep03/ADFHealth_4_2_50-55.html Aspects of forensic responses to the Bali bombings ]"  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918102440/http://www.defence.gov.au/dpe/dhs/infocentre/publications/journals/NoIDs/adfhealth_sep03/ADFHealth_4_2_50-55.html |date=18 September 2014 }}</ref>

The local [[Prof. Ngoerah Hospital|Sanglah Hospital]] was ill-equipped to deal with the scale of the disaster and was overwhelmed with the number of injured, particularly [[burn (injury)|burn]] victims. There were so many people injured by the explosion that some of the injured had to be placed in hotel pools near the explosion site to ease the pain of their burns. Many of the injured had to be flown extreme distances to [[Darwin, Australia|Darwin]] ({{convert|1800|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}) and [[Perth]] ({{convert|2600|km|disp=or|abbr=on}}) for specialist burn treatment.

A comparatively small bomb exploded outside the [[List of diplomatic missions of the United States|U.S. consulate]] in [[Denpasar]], causing minor injuries to one person and minimal property damage. It was reportedly packed with human [[excrement]],<ref name="afp">{{cite web|url=http://afp.gov.au/international/operations/previous_operations/bali_bombings_2002| access-date=18 March 2007| publisher=[[Australian Federal Police]] |title=Bali bombings 2002| work=International Activities|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060618005353/http://afp.gov.au/international/operations/previous_operations/bali_bombings_2002 |archive-date = 18 June 2006|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is thought to have exploded shortly before the two Kuta bombs.

A report released in August 2005 by the [[United States-Indonesia Society]] (USINDO) described the events as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usindo.org/publications/reports/pdf/WarOnTerror.pdf |title=terror layout 2|access-date=1 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326213002/http://www.usindo.org/publications/reports/pdf/WarOnTerror.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<blockquote>The investigators were thus able to recreate the bombers activities. Amrozi, [[Joni Hendrawan|Idris]] and Ali Imron had simply walked into a dealership and purchased a new [[Yamaha Motor Company|Yamaha]] motorbike, after asking how much they could re-sell it for if they returned it in a few days. Imron used the motorbike to plant the small bomb outside the U.S. Consulate. Idris then rode the motorbike as Imron drove two suicide bombers in the Mitsubishi to the nightclub district in Kuta. He stopped near the Sari Club, instructed one suicide bomber to put on his explosives vest and the other to arm the vehicle bomb. The first bomber headed to Paddy's Pub. Idris then left the second bomber, who had only learned to drive in a straight line, to drive the minivan the short distance to the Sari Club. Idris picked up Imron on the Yamaha and the duo headed back into Denpasar. Idris dialed the number of the Nokia to detonate the bomb at the Consulate. The two suicide bombers exploded their devices. Imron and Idris dropped the motorbike at a place where it eventually attracted the attention of the caretaker.</blockquote>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin:10px"
|- style="background: #E9E9E9;"
! Total fatalities !! 202
|-
| colspan="2" style="background: #E9E9E9;" | <div  style="text-align: center;">Fatalities by nationality <br /> (''Source: [[SBS Australia|SBS News Australia]]'')<ref>{{cite news|last1=Park|first1=Andrew|title=Bali bombings: Full list of victims' names|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/2012/10/10/bali-bombings-full-list-victims-names|access-date=28 June 2015|publisher=[[SBS Australia]]|date=10 October 2012}}</ref></div>
|-
! Nationality !! Deaths<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chang |first=Charis |date=29 September 2022 |title=202 people died in the 2002 Bali bombings. This is who they were |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/202-people-died-in-the-2002-bali-bombings-this-is-who-they-were/ow30ib8sw |website=SBS News}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagu|Australia}}
| 88
|-
| {{flagu|Indonesia}}
| 38
|-
| {{flagu|United Kingdom}}
| 23
|-
| {{flagu|United States}}
| 7
|-
| {{flagu|Germany}}
| 6
|-
| {{flagu|Sweden}}
| 5
|-
| {{flagu|Netherlands}}
| 4
|-
| {{flagu|France}}
| 4
|-
| {{flagu|Denmark}}
| 3
|-
|{{flagu|Switzerland}}
| 3
|-
| {{flagu|New Zealand}}
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|Brazil}}
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|Canada}}
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|Japan}}
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|South Africa}}
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|South Korea}}
| 2
|-
| {{flagu|Italy}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Ecuador}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Greece}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Poland}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Portugal}}
| 1
|-
| {{flagu|Taiwan}}
| 1
|-
| ''Unknown''
| 3
|-
| colspan="4" style="background: #E9E9E9;" | <div  style="text-align: center;">Fatalities by age <br /> (''Source: [[Sydney Morning Herald]]'')<ref>{{cite news|author-link1=Michael Bachelard|last1=Bachelard|first1=Michael|author2=Andrew Forbes|author3=Rodolfo Pazos|title=The first Bali bombing: ten years on|url=http://www.smh.com.au/data-point/bali-anniversary|access-date=29 June 2015|newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|archive-date=13 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213191425/http://www.smh.com.au/data-point/bali-anniversary|url-status=dead}}</ref></div>
|-
! Age !! Deaths
|-
| Under 21
| 20
|-
| 21–30
| 77
|-
| 31–40
| 73
|-
| Over 40
| 28
|-
| ''Unknown''
| 4
|}

The final death toll was 202, mainly comprising Western tourists and holiday-makers in their 20s and 30s who were in or near Paddy's Pub or the Sari Club, but also including many Balinese Indonesians working or living nearby, or simply passing by. Hundreds more people suffered horrific burns and other injuries. The largest group among those killed were tourists from Australia with 88 fatalities. On 14 October, the [[United Nations Security Council]] passed [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1438|Resolution 1438]] condemning the attack as a threat to international peace and security.

=== Awards ===
There were many acts of individual heroism in the aftermath of the bombings. Several of these acts would receive official recognition under Australia's honours and awards system, particularly in the [[2003 Special Honours (Australia)|Special Honours List for 2003]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.gg.gov.au/media-release/announcement-special-bali-honours-list |title=Announcement of the Special Bali Honours List |date=17 October 2003 |author=[[Governor-General of Australia]] |access-date=17 February 2020 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217140355/https://old.gg.gov.au/media-release/announcement-special-bali-honours-list |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/full-list-bali-honours-20031017-gdhltl.html |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=17 October 2003 |title=Full list: Bali honours}}</ref><ref name=braverydecorations>{{cite web |title=Australian Bravery Decorations 17 October 2003 |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2019-10/2003_10_17_oct_2003_s377_2003.pdf |website=www.gg.gov.au |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |date=17 October 2003}}</ref>

[[Timothy Britten]], a Senior Constable with the Western Australia Police Force, and Richard Joyes were both awarded the [[Cross of Valour (Australia)|Cross of Valour]], Australia's highest civilian honour, for entering the burning remains of the Sari Club to free a badly injured woman from the wreckage; after they had rescued the woman on the third attempt, both men then searched for other potential survivors until the increasing intensity of the flames and of secondary explosions made this impossible. Both men were aware of the possibility of being injured or even killed (Britten specifically believed in the possibility of yet another bomb being detonated at any moment in order to disrupt rescue efforts and kill emergency workers) and would indeed sustain several injuries during their efforts to rescue the woman and find other survivors.<ref name=AustralianBraveryAssociation>{{cite web | title = Cross of Valour Citations | url = http://www.forbravery.org/crossvalour.html | accessdate = 12 December 2009 | date = 14 May 2003 | publisher = Australian Bravery Association | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20091105163654/http://www.forbravery.org/crossvalour.html | archivedate = 5 November 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = BRITTEN, Timothy Ian | work = It's an Honour | publisher = [[Government of Australia]] | url = https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044243 | accessdate = 31 March 2007 | date = 17 October 2003 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151223115952/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1044243&search_type=simple&showInd=true | archive-date = 23 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = JOYES, Richard John | url = https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044249 | accessdate = 31 March 2007 | date = 17 October 2003 | work = It's an Honour | publisher = [[Government of Australia]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222154308/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1044249&search_type=simple&showInd=true | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name=abc>{{cite news |title=After Bali |work=Four Corners |url=http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2003/transcripts/s946351.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |year=2003 |access-date=18 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117085833/http://www.abc.net.au/4corners/content/2003/transcripts/s946351.htm |archive-date=17 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=braverydecorations />

Natalie Goold initially escaped from Paddy's Bar after the bombings but then went back into the now-burning building, sustaining burns to her right arm and hand in the process, in order to rescue her friend, Nicole McLean, who had been heavily injured by the blasts. After asking two men for their shirts in order to use these as improvised [[tourniquet]]s for her friend's wounds, Goold secured McLean's transportation to a local hospital and then stayed with her during their medical evacuation to Australia.<ref name=ABAcitations>{{cite web |title=Star of Courage Recipients |url=http://www.forbravery.org.au/star-of-courage-recipents/ |website=www.forbravery.org.au |publisher=Australian Bravery Association |access-date=28 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325114312/http://www.forbravery.org.au/star-of-courage-recipents/ |archive-date=25 March 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=smhnatgoold>{{cite news |title=Bali blast survivors honoured |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/bali-blast-survivors-honoured-20031213-gdhz19.html |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |access-date=1 October 2023 |date=13 December 2003}}</ref><ref name=gooldsc>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044251 GOOLD, Natalie Joy], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref>

Robert Meredith and his group of friends were caught up in the bombing of the Sari Club; he was thrown onto his back and badly winded. Despite intense heat and flames, Meredith and his friends managed to help about ten other survivors escape by lifting them over a wall; while the wall ended up collapsing under people's weight, injuring Meredith's feet and depriving him of the already limited protection of his thong sandals, he managed to get to a staircase from where he helped yet more survivors get to safety. Meredith would ultimately be left with several burns and cuts to his feet.<ref name=ABAcitations /><ref name=meredithsc>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044252 MEREDITH, Robert Alan], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref>

Lauren Munro was also caught up in the Sari bombing, being rendered unconscious; when he came to, he pulled free an injured woman who had been trapped under roof beams, and carried her out of the building and over a wall of rubble. Munro helped several other people get over the same wall before re-entering the Sari Club and spending the next two hours carrying out many more injured people and helping to fight the fire.<ref name=ABAcitations /><ref name=munrosc>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044253 MUNRO, Lauren John], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref> Ben Clohessy was also rendered unconscious by the blast that destroyed the Sari Club and also rescued or helped to rescue other survivors after regaining consciousness.<ref name=clohessysc1>{{cite news |title=Western Australians recognised for their bravery |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2003-12-16/western-australians-recognised-for-their-bravery/106932 |website=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |date=16 December 2003}}</ref><ref name=clohessysc2>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044250 CLOHESSY, Ben Michael], SC, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref> Goold, Meredith, Munro, and Clohessy were all awarded the [[Star of Courage (Australia)|Star of Courage]] (SC) on 17 October 2003 for their respective actions.<ref name=ABAcitations /><ref name=braverydecorations /><ref name=smhnatgoold /><ref name=gooldsc /><ref name=meredithsc /><ref name=munrosc /><ref name=clohessysc1 /><ref name=clohessysc2 />

Awards of the [[Commendation for Brave Conduct]] were made to, among other people, Hanabeth Luke.<ref>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1044272  LUKE, Hanabeth], Commendation for Brave Conduct, 17 October 2003. For unknown reasons, there is no actual citation. itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 2 October 2023.</ref> Luke was in the Sari Club with her partner Marc Gajado at the time of the second bombing, with the explosion throwing her to the ground. After managing to escape the now-burning building by climbing through its collapsed roof using severed electrical wire, Luke began a search for Gajado, during which she came across a badly injured Tom Singer. Singer was lying close to a burning car and Luke believed that he would be engulfed in flames if he remained there.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Bravery Decorations 17 October 2003 - Biographical notes |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-01/20031017_-_bravery_-_biographical_notes.pdf#page=9 |website=www.gg.gov.au |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |page=9 |date=17 October 2003}}</ref><ref name=reutershanabethluke>{{cite news |last1=Gralow |first1=Jill |title=Bali bombings survivor looks ahead as Australia marks 20th anniversary |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/bali-bombings-survivor-looks-ahead-australia-marks-20th-anniversary-2022-10-11/ |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=[[Reuters]] |date=11 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=smhhanabethluke>{{cite news |last1=Baker |first1=Jordan |title='More at peace': Bali survivor has become the last link to families' sons |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/more-at-peace-bali-survivor-has-become-the-last-link-to-families-sons-20221011-p5boui.html |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=12 October 2022}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{cite news |last1=Morris |first1=Jonathan |title=Hanabeth Luke: My life after Bali bombings |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cornwall-19797155 |access-date=2 October 2023 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=8 October 2012}}</ref>

When Singer confirmed that he could not stand up independently, Luke helped him to his feet and supported him in walking away. Luke then tried to return to the Sari Club to resume looking for Gajado, but was persuaded by a friend that it was too dangerous to do so (Gajado was ultimately determined to have been killed instantly); she thus went back to attending to Singer, helping other people to get him into a car to be taken to hospital. Singer died in hospital a month later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Australian Bravery Decorations 17 October 2003 - Biographical notes |url=https://www.gg.gov.au/sites/default/files/2020-01/20031017_-_bravery_-_biographical_notes.pdf#page=9 |website=www.gg.gov.au |publisher=[[Governor-General of Australia|The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |page=9 |date=17 October 2003}}</ref><ref name=reutershanabethluke/><ref name=smhhanabethluke/><ref name="BBC News"/> Separately from her Commendation for Brave Conduct award, a photograph of Luke helping Singer was published in news media around the world in the days after the bombings.<ref name=smhhanabethluke /><ref name=reutershanabethluke />

Kusitino 'Kossy' Halemai, a [[Territory of the Wallis and Futuna Islands|Wallis and Futuna]]-born Australian citizen who was managing the Bounty Hotel in Kuta at the time of the attacks, sheltered survivors in the immediate aftermath of the blasts.<ref name=oam_kossy>{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Kossy-Halemai-Tears-came-much-later-for-Bali-rescuer/2005/06/12/1118514930545.html |date=12 June 2005 |title=Tears came much later for Bali rescuer |work=The Sydney Morning Herald|first=Neil |last=McMahon | access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref name=oam_kossy2>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1136178 HALEMAI, Kusitino] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110153317/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1136178&search_type=simple&showInd=true |date=10 November 2013 }}, Medal of the Order of Australia (OAM), 13 June 2005, Citation: "For service to the victims and families affected by the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002 and to continuing support for an international recovery program for Bali."</ref> A makeshift [[triage]] area in the hotel's reception area was organised by [[Richard B. Poore|Richard]]<ref name=oam_rpoore>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1129383 POORE, Richard Beresford] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001111220/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1129383 |date=1 October 2022 }}, OAM, 22 August 2005, Citation: "For service to Australia by providing assistance to the victims of the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002 and to their families.", itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</ref> and Gilana Poore,<ref name=oam_gpoore>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1058040 POORE, Gilana Lea] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110153320/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1058040&search_type=advanced&showInd=true |date=10 November 2013 }}, OAM, 26 January 2005, Citation: "For service through the provision of assistance to victims in the immediate aftermath of the bombings which occurred in Bali on 12 October 2002, and subsequently to the people of Bali.", itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 11 March 2012.</ref> with the couple also fielding phone calls from the media and from families trying to trace loved ones. After three days of this, the Poores flew to Richard's native New Zealand where they organised the collection of eighty boxes of medical supplies; they then returned to Bali with these supplies as well as two burns nurses.<ref name=nzheraldrpooreoam>{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Derek |title=Aussie award for Kiwi Bali bombing helper |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/aussie-award-for-kiwi-bali-bombing-helper/OWD2DM4HLZ2VRU4G343CL7O5SQ/ |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=2 October 2023 |date=26 August 2005}}</ref> Halemai and the Poores were honoured with the [[Medal of the Order of Australia]] (OAM), with Gilana Poore's OAM being awarded on 26 January 2005,<ref name=oam_gpoore /> Halemai's OAM being awarded on 13 June 2005,<ref name=oam_kossy /><ref name=oam_kossy2 /> and Richard Poore's OAM being awarded on 22 August 2005.<ref name=oam_rpoore /><ref name=nzheraldrpooreoam />

James Parkinson, an emergency nurse, worked alongside Doctor Hogg from [[Wollongong]] in the Denpasar Sanglah Hospital running the trauma centre for the bombing victims. After he disappeared in [[Africa]] and [[Europe]] for three years, the [[Governor General of Australia|Governor General]]'s department finally tracked him down and awarded Parkinson the Medal of the Order of Australia in 2005.<ref name=oam_jpark>[https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/1058029 PARKINSON, James] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629115318/http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=1058029&search_type=simple&showInd=true |date=29 June 2011 }}, Medal of the Order of Australia, 26 January 2005, itsanhonour.gov.au. Retrieved 21 March 2010.</ref>

=== The bomb ===
The [[Mitsubishi L300#Second generation (1979)|Mitsubishi L300 van]] bomb was initially thought to have consisted of [[C4 explosive|C4]], a military grade [[plastic explosive]] which is difficult to obtain. However, investigators discovered the bomb was made from [[potassium chlorate]], aluminium powder, and [[sulfur]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=N. C. Asthana|author2=Anjali Nirmal|title=Urban Terrorism: Myths and Realities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8EqWnqdsgZMC&pg=PA263|year=2009|publisher=Pointer Publishers|location=Jaipur|isbn=978-81-7132-598-6|page=263}}</ref> For the Sari club bomb with the L300 van, the terrorists assembled 12 plastic filing cabinets filled with explosives. The cabinets, each containing a potassium chlorate, aluminum powder, sulfur mixture with a [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] booster, were connected by {{convert|150|m}} of [[PETN]]-filled detonating cord. Ninety-four [[RDX]] electric detonators were fitted to the TNT. The total weight of the van bomb was {{convert|2250|lb|order=flip}}.<ref name="terrorcent">"[http://www.terrorismcentral.com/Library/terroristgroups/JemaahIslamiyah/JITerror/BaliPreps.html#_ftnref6 Bali: Preparations ]" ''[[Terrorism central]]'' {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629122322/http://www.terrorismcentral.com/Library/terroristgroups/JemaahIslamiyah/JITerror/BaliPreps.html#_ftnref6|date=29 June 2015}}</ref>
The large, high-temperature blast damage produced by this mixture was similar to a [[thermobaric]] explosive,<ref name=def_up>"[http://www.defense-update.com/commentary/24-1-06.htm Is the world facing Thermobaric Terrorism? ]" ''[[Defense-update]].com'' {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607231414/http://www.defense-update.com/commentary/24-1-06.htm |date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> although the bombers may not have known this.<ref name="timeson1">{{Cite news |last=Sheridan |first=Michael |others=Additional reporting by Dewi Loveard and Sara Hashash |date=2 March 2008 |title=We killed too many, say Bali bombers |language=en |work=The Sunday Times |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/indonesia/bali/we-killed-too-many-say-bali-bombers-0d0xf0hx2j9 |access-date=20 March 2023 |issn=0140-0460}}</ref>