Editing 1975 (section)

==Events==

===January===
{{Main|January 1975}}
* [[January 1]] – [[Watergate scandal]] (United States): [[John N. Mitchell]], [[H. R. Haldeman]]<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/watergate/haldeman.html |title=Washington Post profile of Haldeman |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=July 28, 2014 |archive-date=August 14, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814104855/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/watergate/haldeman.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[John Ehrlichman]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stout |first=David |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/us/john-d-ehrlichman-nixon-aide-jailed-for-watergate-dies-at-73.html |title=John D. Ehrlichman, Nixon Aide Jailed for Watergate, Dies at 73 |date=February 16, 1999 |work=The New York Times |access-date=February 20, 2017 |archive-date=February 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223220417/http://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/16/us/john-d-ehrlichman-nixon-aide-jailed-for-watergate-dies-at-73.html |url-status=live }}</ref> are found guilty of the [[Watergate]] cover-up.
* [[January 2]]
** The [[Federal Rules of Evidence]] are approved by the [[United States Congress]].<ref>{{cite book|author=United States|title=Federal Rules of Evidence for United States Courts and Magistrates: Approved January 2, 1975, Effective July 1, 1975 ... |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rK1PAQAAIAAJ|year=1990|publisher=West Publishing Company|isbn=9780314757395 }}</ref>
** A bomb blast at [[Samastipur]], Bihar, India, fatally wounds [[Lalit Narayan Mishra]], Minister of Railways.<ref>{{cite book |title=Limca Book of Records 1991 |year=1991 |publisher=Bisleri Beverages Ltd. |location=Bombay |page=41 |isbn=81-900115-1-0}}</ref>
* [[January 5]] – [[Tasman Bridge disaster]]: The [[Tasman Bridge]] in [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]], Australia, is struck by the bulk ore carrier {{MV|Lake Illawarra}}, causing a partial collapse resulting in 12 deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://australianetwork.com/nexus/stories/TASMANBRIDGE.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080801133559/http://australianetwork.com/nexus/stories/TASMANBRIDGE.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-08-01| title=Tasman Bridge|publisher=Australia Network|date=15 January 2007|accessdate=2008-10-02}}</ref>
* [[January 15]] – [[Alvor Agreement]]: Portugal announces that it will grant independence to [[Angola]] on [[November 11]].
* [[January 20]]
** In [[Hanoi]], [[North Vietnam]], the [[Politburo]] approves the final military offensive against [[South Vietnam]].
** Work is abandoned on the 1974 Anglo-French [[Channel Tunnel]] scheme.
* [[January 24]] – [[Jazz]] [[pianist]] [[Keith Jarrett]] plays the solo [[improvisation]] ''[[The Köln Concert]]'' at the [[Cologne Opera]]. The live recording becomes the best-selling piano recording in history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984 |title=Keith Jarrett – Biography |work=[[All About Jazz]] |access-date=2011-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318092416/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=7984 |archive-date=March 18, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===February===
{{Main|February 1975}}
* [[February 4]] – The [[1975 Haicheng earthquake|Haicheng earthquake]] in [[Haicheng, Liaoning]], China, kills 2,041 and injures 27,538, but much of the city has been evacuated in a claimed example of [[earthquake prediction]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qegIxnTcUccC&pg=PA58|title=Predicting the Unpredictable: The Tumultuous Science of Earthquake Prediction|first=Susan Elizabeth|last=Hough|authorlink=Susan Hough|isbn= 9780691138169|page=272|year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press}}</ref>
* [[February 5]] – The Argentinian president [[Isabel Perón]] decrees [[Operativo Independencia]], aiming to neutralize or annihilate the "subversive elements" in the province of Tucuman. Isabelita assumes extraordinary powers.
* [[February 11]]
** [[Margaret Thatcher]] defeats [[Edward Heath]] for the [[1975 Conservative Party leadership election|leadership]] of the opposition [[Conservative Party (UK)|UK Conservative Party]]. Thatcher, 49, is Britain's first female leader of any political party.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/11/newsid_2539000/2539451.stm|work=BBC News|title=1975: Tories choose first woman leader|date=February 11, 1975}}</ref>
** Colonel [[Richard Ratsimandrava]], President of [[Madagascar]], is assassinated.
* [[February 27]] – The [[2 June Movement]] kidnaps West German politician [[Peter Lorenz]]. He is released on [[March 4]] after most of the kidnappers' demands are met.
* [[February 28]]
** A [[Moorgate tube crash|major tube train crash]] at [[Moorgate station]], London kills 43 people.
** In [[Lomé]], [[Togo]], the [[European Economic Community]] and 46 African, Caribbean and Pacific countries sign a financial and economic treaty, known as the first [[Lomé Convention]].
** The [[National Liberation Front of Angola]] (FNLA) approaches the South African Embassy in London and requests 40 to 50 artillery pieces to assist their cause in the [[Angolan Civil War]].

===March===
{{Main|March 1975}}
* [[March 1]] 
** [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]] win the English [[Football League Cup]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley]], beating [[Norwich City F.C.|Norwich City]] 1–0 in the final.
** Australian television switches to full-time colour.
* [[March 6]]
** [[1975 Algiers Agreement|Algiers Agreement]]: [[Iran]] and [[Iraq]] announce a settlement in their border dispute.
** A bomb explodes in the Paris offices of [[Axel Springer SE|Springer]] publishers. The March 6 Group (connected to the [[Red Army Faction]]) demands amnesty for the [[Baader-Meinhof Group]].
* [[March 9]] – Construction of the [[Trans-Alaska Pipeline System]] begins.
* [[March 10]]
** [[Vietnam War]]: [[North Vietnam]]ese troops attack [[Ban Mê Thuột]] in [[South Vietnam]] on their way to capturing [[Saigon]].
** An extended portion of ''[[Sanyō Shinkansen]]'' between [[Okayama Station]] and [[Hakata Station]] opens, giving the Japanese Shinkansen high speed rail network access to the country's second island, [[Kyushu]].
* [[March 11]] – The leftist military government in Portugal defeats a rightist coup attempt involving former president [[António de Spínola]], who flees to Brazil.
* [[March 13]] – [[Vietnam War]]: [[South Vietnam]] President [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] orders the [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] evacuated. This turns into a mass exodus involving troops and civilians (the "Convoy of Tears").
* [[March 15]] – In Brazil, [[Guanabara (state)|Guanabara State]] merges into the [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|state of Rio de Janeiro]]. The state's capital moves from the city of [[Niterói]] to the city of [[Rio de Janeiro]].
* [[March 22]] – "Ding-a-dong" by [[Teach-In (band)|Teach-In]] (music by Dick Bakker, lyrics by Will Luikinga and Eddy Ouwens) wins the 20th [[Eurovision Song Contest 1975]] (staged in Stockholm) for the Netherlands.
* [[March 25]] – King [[Faisal of Saudi Arabia]] is shot and killed by his nephew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/years/1975/default.stm|publisher=BBC|title=On This Day|website=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref>
* [[March 27]] – The South African government announces that it will consolidate the 113 separate [[homeland]] areas into 36.
* [[March 28]] – A fire in the maternity wing at Kučić Hospital in [[Rijeka]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] ([[Croatia]]), kills 25 people.
* [[March 31]] – [[Süleyman Demirel]] of [[Justice Party (Turkey)|AP]] forms the new government of [[Turkey]] (39th government), a four-party coalition, the so-called First National Front ({{langx|tr|Milliyetçi cephe|links=no}}).

===April===
{{Main|April 1975}}
* [[April 4]]
** [[Vietnam War]]: The first military [[Operation Babylift]] flight, C5A 80218, crashes 27&nbsp;minutes after takeoff, killing 138 on board; 176 survive the crash.
** [[Bill Gates]] and [[Paul Allen]] found [[Microsoft]] (at this time known as Micro-Soft) in [[Albuquerque, New Mexico]] and release their [[Altair BASIC]] [[Interpreter (computing)|interpreter]].<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2008/04/dayintech-0404/|title=April 4, 1975: Bill Gates, Paul Allen Form a Little Partnership|newspaper=Wired.com|access-date=2016-01-25|last=Alfred|first=Randy}}</ref> ([[Microsoft]] becomes a [[registered trademark]] on November 26, 1976.)
[[File:Paul Allen and Bill Gates at Lakeside School in 1970.jpg|thumb|April 4: Allen and Gates four years prior to the founding of [[Microsoft]]]]
* [[April 5]] – The Soviet crewed space mission (''[[Soyuz 18a]]'') ends in failure during its ascent into [[orbit]] when a critical malfunction occurs in the second and third stages of the [[Soyuz rocket|booster rocket]] during staging at an altitude of 192&nbsp;km, resulting in the cosmonauts and their [[Soyuz spacecraft]] having to be ripped free from the vehicle. Both cosmonauts ([[Vasily Lazarev]] and [[Oleg Grigoryevich Makarov|Oleg Makarov]]) survive.
* [[April 9]] – Eight people in South Korea, who are involved in the [[People's Revolutionary Party Incident]], are hanged.
[[File:18thARVNsoldiersatxuanloc by Dirck Halstead.jpg|thumb|April 9th-21st: [[Battle of Xuân Lộc]]]]
* [[April 13]]
** [[Bus massacre]]: The [[Kataeb]] militia kills 27 [[Palestinians]] during an attack on their bus in Ain El Remmeneh, [[Lebanon]], triggering the [[Lebanese Civil War]] which lasts until [[1990]].
** A [[Chadian coup of 1975|coup d'état in Chad]] led by the military overthrows and kills President [[François Tombalbaye]].
* [[April 17]] – The [[Khmer Republic]] surrenders, when the [[Communism|Communist]] [[Khmer Rouge]] guerilla forces capture [[Phnom Penh]] ending the [[Cambodian Civil War]], with mass evacuation of American troops and Cambodian civilians. 
* [[April 18]] – The [[Khmer Rouge]] begins a forcible [[emergency evacuation|mass evacuation]] of the city and starts the [[Cambodian genocide|genocide]].
* [[April 19]] – [[Nico Diederichs]] becomes the 3rd [[State President of South Africa]].<ref name="RSA">[https://www.archontology.org/nations/south_africa/sa_pres1/ Archontology.org: A Guide for Study of Historical Offices: South Africa: Heads of State: 1961–1994] (Accessed on April 14, 2017)</ref>
* [[April 24]] – [[West German Embassy siege in Stockholm]]: Six [[Red Army Faction]] terrorists take over the West German embassy in [[Stockholm]], take 11 hostages and demand the release of the group's jailed members; shortly after, they are captured by Swedish police.
* [[April 25]] – [[Vietnam War]]: As [[People's Army of Vietnam|North Vietnamese Army]] forces close in on the [[South Vietnam]]ese capital [[Saigon]], the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost 10 years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.
* [[April 29]] – [[Vietnam War]]: North Vietnam concludes its [[East Sea Campaign]] by capturing all of the [[Spratly Islands]] that were being held by South Vietnam.
* [[April 30]] – The [[Vietnam War]] ends with the [[Fall of Saigon]]: The Vietnam War concludes as [[Communism|Communist]] [[People's Army of Vietnam|forces]] from [[North Vietnam]] take over [[Saigon]], resulting in mass evacuation of the remaining American troops and South Vietnam civilians. As the capital is taken, [[South Vietnam]] surrenders unconditionally and is replaced with a temporary [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|Provisional Government]].

===May===
{{Main|May 1975}}
* [[May 3]] – [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]] win the [[1975 FA Cup final|FA Cup]] at Wembley, beating Fulham 2–0 in the final.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hammers Nail Fulham |url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFACup/FACompetitions/TheFACup/History/HistoryOfTheFACup/1975WestHamFulham |website=TheFA.com |publisher=[[The Football Association]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329083013/http://www.thefa.com/TheFACup/FACompetitions/TheFACup/History/HistoryOfTheFACup/1975WestHamFulham |archive-date=29 March 2010 |access-date=11 August 2024}}</ref> 
* [[May 6]] – The South African government announces that it will provide all Black children with free and compulsory education.
* [[May 15]] – [[Mayaguez incident]]: The American merchant ship ''Mayaguez'', seized by Cambodian forces, is rescued by the U.S. Navy and Marines; 38 Americans are killed.
* [[May 16]]
** [[Sikkim]] accedes to India after a referendum and abolishes the [[Chogyal]], its monarchy.
** [[Junko Tabei]] from [[Japan]] becomes the first woman to reach the summit of [[Mount Everest]].
* [[May 25]] – [[Bobby Unser]] wins the [[Indianapolis 500]] for a second time in a rain-shorted 174 lap, {{convert|700|km|mi|abbr=on}} race.
* [[May 27]] – The [[Dibbles Bridge coach crash]] near [[Grassington]], [[North Yorkshire]], England, results in 32 deaths (the highest toll in a United Kingdom road accident).
* [[May 28]] – Fifteen West African countries sign the [[Treaty of Lagos]], creating the [[Economic Community of West African States]].

===June===
{{Main|June 1975}}
* [[June 5]] – The [[Suez Canal]] opens for the first time since the [[Six-Day War]].
* [[June 6]] – The [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] Agreement, formally creating the [[ACP Group]], is signed.
* [[June 9]] – The [[Order of Australia]] is awarded for the first time.
* [[June 11]] – After a referendum and seven years of military rule, modern-day [[Greece]] is established as the [[Third Hellenic Republic|Hellenic Republic]].
* [[June 25]]
** Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] declares [[The Emergency (India)|a state of emergency]] in India, suspending civil liberties and elections.
** [[Mozambique]] gains [[independence]] from Portugal.

===July===
{{Main|July 1975}}
* [[July 1]] – The [[Postmaster-General's Department]] is disaggregated into the Australian Telecommunications Commission (trading as [[Telstra|Telecom Australia]]) and the Australian Postal Commission (trading as [[Australia Post]]). 
* [[July 4]] – [[Zion Square refrigerator bombing]]. A terrorist attack in downtown [[Jerusalem]] kills 15 civilians and wounds 77.
* [[July 5]] – [[Cape Verde]] gains independence after 500 years of Portuguese rule.
* [[July 6]] – The [[Comoros]] declares and is granted its independence from France.
* [[July 9]] – The National Assembly of [[Senegal]] passes a law that will pave way for a [[multi-party system]] (albeit highly restricted).
* [[July 12]] – [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] declare independence from Portugal.
* [[July 17]] – [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]]: A crewed American [[Apollo spacecraft]] and the crewed Soviet [[Soyuz spacecraft]] for the ''[[Soyuz 19]]'' mission dock in [[orbit]], marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the 2 nations.
* [[July 21]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of India]] votes to approve Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]'s declaration of a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]], with a 301–76 vote in the lower house and a 147–32 vote in the upper house.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8v7Vr2iQUHkC&dq=indira+gandhi+july+21+1975+parliament+of+india&pg=PA159 | title=India Since Independence: Making Sense of Indian Politics | isbn=978-81-317-3465-0 | last1=Krishna | first1=Ananth V. | date=September 2011 | publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref>
* [[July 30]] – [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon Nina]] forms over the Philippine Sea.

===August===
{{Main|August 1975}}
* The first Cuban forces arrive in Angola to join Soviet personnel who are there to assist the [[MPLA]] that controls less than a quarter of Angolan territory. The [[United States]], [[Zaire]] and [[Zambia]] request South Africa to provide training and support for the [[FNLA]] and [[UNITA]] forces.<ref name="Jeffery">{{Jeffery-People's War|pages=11–12, 14–15}}</ref>
* [[August 1]] – The [[Helsinki Accords]], which officially recognize Europe's national borders and respect for human rights, are signed in Finland.
* [[August 8]] – The [[Banqiao Dam]], in China's [[Henan Province]], fails after [[Typhoon Nina (1975)|Typhoon Nina]]; over 200,000 people perish.
* [[August 11]] – Governor [[Mário Lemos Pires]] of [[Portuguese Timor|Portuguese East Timor]] abandons the capital [[Dili]], following a [[Timorese Democratic Union|UDT]] coup and the outbreak of civil war between UDT and [[Fretilin]].
* [[August 15]]
** Founder President [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] of [[Bangladesh]] is killed during a [[coup]] led by Major [[Syed Faruque Rahman]].
** Some members of [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] believe that [[Armageddon]] will occur this year based on the group's chronology<ref>''[[The Watchtower]]'', August 15, 1968, pp. 494–501; ''Awake!'', May 22, 1969, p. 15; ''The Watchtower'', March 15, 1980, p. 17, para. 5–6.</ref> and some sell their houses and businesses to prepare for the new world paradise which they believe will be created when [[Jesus]] establishes God's Kingdom on Earth.
* [[August 20]] – [[Viking program]]: [[NASA]] launches the ''[[Viking 1]]'' planetary probe toward [[Mars]].
* [[August 24]] – Officers responsible for the military coup in Greece in 1967 are sentenced to death in [[Athens]]. The sentences are later commuted to [[life imprisonment]].
* [[August 25]] – The [[Victoria Falls Conference (1975)|Victoria Falls Conference]] between Rhodesian Prime Minister [[Ian Smith]] and the [[United African National Council]] is held in a [[South African Railways]] coach on the [[Victoria Falls Bridge]], officiated by [[Zambia]]n President [[Kenneth Kaunda]] and South African Prime Minister [[John Vorster]].

===September===
{{Main|September 1975}}
* September–October – In New Zealand, [[Māori people|Māori]] leader [[Whina Cooper]] leads a march of 5,000 people, in support of Maori claims to their land.
* [[September 5]]
** In [[Sacramento, California]], [[Lynette Fromme]] [[Gerald Ford assassination attempt in Sacramento|attempts to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford]], but is thwarted by a [[United States Secret Service|Secret Service]] agent.
** The [[London Hilton Hotel]] is bombed by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]]; two people are killed and 63 injured.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/5/newsid_2499000/2499203.stm |title=1975: London Hilton bombed |work=BBC News |date=1975-09-05 |access-date=2013-11-24}}</ref>
* [[September 6]] – An earthquake of magnitude {{M|s|6.7}} kills at least 2,085 in [[Diyarbakır]] and [[Lice, Turkey]].
* [[September 14]] – [[Rembrandt]]'s painting ''[[The Night Watch]]'' is slashed a dozen times at the [[Rijksmuseum]] in Amsterdam.
* [[September 15]] – The French department of ''Corse'', comprising the entire island of [[Corsica]], is divided into two departments: [[Haute-Corse]] (Upper Corsica) and [[Corse-du-Sud]] (Southern Corsica).
[[File:Flag of Papua New Guinea.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Papua New Guinea]]]]
* [[September 16]]
** [[Papua New Guinea]] gains its independence from Australia.
** [[Cape Verde]], [[Mozambique]] and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]] join the [[United Nations]].
* [[September 19]] – General [[Vasco Gonçalves]] is ousted as Prime Minister of Portugal.
* [[September 20]] – The term of [[Tuanku Al-Mutassimu Billahi Muhibbudin Sultan Abdul Halim Al-Muadzam Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Badlishah]], as the 5th [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]], ends.
* [[September 21]] – [[Sultan Yahya Petra ibni Almarhum Sultan Ibrahim Petra]] of [[Kelantan]], becomes the 6th [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] of [[Malaysia]].
* [[September 22]] – In [[San Francisco]], [[Sara Jane Moore]] [[Attempted assassination of Gerald Ford in San Francisco|tries to assassinate]] U.S. President Ford, but is foiled by the Secret Service.
* [[September 27]] – [[Francoist Spain]] executes five [[ETA (separatist group)|ETA]] and [[Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front|FRAP]] members, the [[Last use of capital punishment in Spain|last executions in Spain]] to date.
* [[September 30]]
** The [[Hughes Helicopters]] (later [[McDonnell-Douglas]] and [[Boeing IDS]]) [[AH-64 Apache]] makes its first flight.
** (US time) [[HBO|Home Box Office]] becomes the first pay television network to deliver a continuous signal via [[Satcom (satellite)|satellite]] by broadcasting the "[[Thrilla in Manila]]" boxing match live.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Evolution of the Cable-Satellite Distribution System|url=http://comm.louisville.edu/~al/421/pdfs/parsons.pdf|author=Patrick Parsons|journal=Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media|publisher=Broadcast Education Association|volume=47|issue=1|pages=1–17|date=2003|access-date=October 19, 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102123231/http://comm.louisville.edu/~al/421/pdfs/parsons.pdf|archive-date=November 2, 2014|doi=10.1207/s15506878jobem4701_1|s2cid=62196864}}</ref>

===October===
{{Main|October 1975}}
* [[October 1]] – "[[Thrilla in Manila]]": Muhammad Ali defeats Joe Frazier in a boxing match in Manila, Philippines. The fight is viewed live by well over 100 million people worldwide.
* [[October 14]] 
** The South African Defence Force invades Angola during [[Operation Savannah (Angola)|Operation Savannah]] in support of the [[National Liberation Front of Angola|FNLA]] and [[UNITA]] prior to the Angolan elections scheduled for November 11.<ref name="Magnus">Malan, Magnus (2006). ''My lewe saam met die SA Weermag'' (1st ed.). Pretoria: Protea Boekhuis. p. 121. {{ISBN|978-1-86919-113-9}}.</ref>
** A British [[Royal Air Force]] [[Avro Vulcan]] bomber [[1975 Żabbar Avro Vulcan crash|explodes and crashes]] over [[Żabbar]], [[Malta]] after an aborted landing, killing five crew members and one person on the ground.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chetcuti |first1=Kristina |title=The Vulcan tragedy over Zabbar, 35 years on |url=https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/the-vulcan-tragedy-over-zabbar-30-years-on.331187 |work=[[Times of Malta]] |date=14 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202112314/https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/the-vulcan-tragedy-over-zabbar-30-years-on.331187 |archive-date=2 February 2020}}</ref>
* [[October 16]]
** The "[[Balibo Five]]", Australian television journalists are killed at [[Balibo]] by [[Indonesian Army]] special forces in the buildup to the [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]].
** The last naturally occurring case of [[smallpox]] is diagnosed and treated, the victim being two-year-old [[Rahima Banu]] in [[Bangladesh]].<ref name=PHIL7762>Image caption of U.S. [[Centers for Disease Control]] [http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp Public Health Image LibraryC image number 7762].</ref>
* [[October 30]] – [[Juan Carlos I of Spain]] becomes acting [[head of state]] after General [[Francisco Franco]] concedes that he is too ill to govern. His death on [[November 20]] effectively marks the end of the dictatorship established following the [[Spanish Civil War]] and the beginning of the [[Spanish transition to democracy]].<ref>{{cite book|author=J. Paxton|title=The Statesman's Year-Book 1977-78|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0-jIDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1321|date=22 December 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-0-230-27106-7|pages=1321}}</ref>
* [[October 31]]
** The [[Racial Discrimination Act 1975]] takes effect in [[Australia]].
** [[Tun Mustapha]] resigns as [[Chief Minister of Sabah]], a state in [[Malaysia]], bringing to an end speculation that he would attempt to lead secession for Sabah to become an independent nation.

===November===
{{Main|November 1975}}
[[File:Protest in Sydney at Whitlam Government dismissal 11 November 1975 (16704857809).jpg|thumb|250px|Protestors in [[Sydney]] immediately after the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|dismissal of Gough Whitlam]], 11 November 1975]]
* [[November 6]] – The [[Green March]] begins: 300,000 unarmed [[Morocco|Moroccans]] converge on the southern city of [[Tarfaya]] and wait for a signal from King [[Hassan II of Morocco]] to cross into [[Western Sahara]].
* [[November 7]] – A vapor cloud explosion at a petroleum cracking facility in [[Geleen]], Netherlands, leaves 14 dead and 109 injured, with fires lasting for five days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Explosion and fire at DSM, Beek. 7th November 1975 |url=https://www.hse.gov.uk/comah/sragtech/casebeek75.htm |website=Health and Safety Executive |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>
* [[November 10]] 
** [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379]]: By a vote of 72–35 (with 32 abstentions), the [[United Nations]] General Assembly approves a resolution equating [[Zionism]] with [[racism]]. The resolution provokes an outcry among Jews around the world. It is repealed in [[1991]].
** The [[Treaty of Osimo]] is signed between [[Italy]] and [[Yugoslavia]], resolving their dispute over [[Trieste]]. Under the agreement, a majority of the land area and residents go to Italy.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Osimo Treaty, 1975|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: A to F|first1=Edmund Jan|last1=Osmańczyk|author1-link=Edmund Osmańczyk|first2=Anthony|last2=Mango|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2003|page=1705}}</ref>
** The {{convert|729|ft|m|adj=on}}-long freighter {{SS|Edmund Fitzgerald}} sinks during a storm {{convert|27|km|mi}} from the entrance to [[Whitefish Bay]] on [[Lake Superior]], killing all 29 crew members on board (an event immortalized in song by [[Gordon Lightfoot]]).
** [[Lev Leshchenko]] revives "[[Den Pobedy]]", one of the most popular World War II songs in the [[Soviet Union]].
* [[November 11]]
** [[Angola]] becomes independent from Portugal and [[Angolan Civil War|civil war]] erupts.[[File:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Angola]]]]
**[[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]]: [[Governor-General of Australia]] Sir [[John Kerr (governor-general)|John Kerr]] controversially dismisses the [[Whitlam government|Whitlam Labor government]] and commissions [[Malcolm Fraser]] of the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]/[[National Party of Australia|National Country]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] as caretaker [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]].
** The first annual [[Vogalonga]] rowing "race" is held in [[Venice]], Italy.
*[[November 12]] – The [[Comoros]] joins the United Nations.
*[[November 14]] – [[Madrid Accords]]: Spain agrees to hand over power of the [[Spanish Sahara]] to Morocco and Mauritania by the end of February 1976.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Giniger |first1=Henry |title=Morocco and Mauritania In Sahara Pact With Spain |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/15/archives/morocco-and-mauritania-in-sahara-pact-with-spain-madrid-agrees-to.html |website=The New York Times |access-date=19 May 2022 |date=15 November 1975}}</ref>
*[[November 15]] – The "[[Group of Seven#History|Group of 6]]" industrialized nations (G-6) is formed and holds its [[1st G6 summit|1st summit]] at the [[Château de Rambouillet]] in [[France]].
*[[November 16]] – Beginning of the [[Third Cod War]] between UK and Iceland, which lasts until June 1976.
*[[November 19]] – The [[United States Congress]] approves the [[Clark Amendment]], ending aid to the [[FNLA]] and [[UNITA]].
*[[November 22]] – [[Juan Carlos I of Spain|Juan Carlos]] is declared [[List of Spanish monarchs|King of Spain]] following the death of General [[Francisco Franco]]; he will reign until his abdication in [[2014]].
[[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|thumb|120px|Flag of [[Suriname]]]]
* [[November 25]] 
** [[Suriname]] gains independence from the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Surinam, to Be Independent Nov. 25. Adopts a Charter |work=The New York Times |date=November 22, 1975 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/11/22/archives/surinam-to-be-independent-nov-25-adopts-a-charter.html |access-date=15 September 2022}}</ref>
** A [[Coup of 25 November 1975|failed military coup d'état]] by [[far-left]] activists occurs in [[Portugal]].
* [[November 28]]
** [[Portuguese Timor]] declares its independence from Portugal as [[East Timor]].
** [[South African Navy]] [[Rothesay-class frigate|frigates]] evacuate 26 SADF members from behind enemy lines at [[Ambrizete]], {{convert|160|km|mi}} north of [[Luanda]] in Angola.
* [[November 29]]
** While disabled, the submarine tender {{USS|Proteus|AS-19|6}} discharges radioactive coolant water into [[Apra Harbor]], Guam. A Geiger counter at two of the harbor's public beaches shows 100 millirems/hour, 50 times the allowable dose.
** [[1975 New Zealand general election]]: The [[New Zealand National Party]] led by [[Robert Muldoon]] defeats the incumbent [[New Zealand Labour Party]] led by Prime Minister [[Bill Rowling]].

===December===
{{Main|December 1975}}
* [[December 2]] – In [[Laos]], the [[Communism|communist]] party of the [[Pathet Lao]] takes over [[Vientiane]] and defeats the [[Kingdom of Laos]], forcing King [[Sisavang Vatthana]] to abdicate and creating the Lao People's Democratic Republic. This ends the [[Laotian Civil War]], with mass evacuation of American troops and Laotian civilians, but effectively begins the [[Insurgency in Laos]] with the Pathet Lao fighting the [[Hmong people]], Royalist-in-exile and the Right-wings. The Insurgency in Laos wouldn't end until March 30, [[2022]], when the last unorganized resistance against the [[Lao People's Armed Forces|Lao People's Army]] was finally put down.
* [[December 3]] – Wreck of {{HMHS|Britannic}} (sunk by mine 1916) is found in the [[Kea Channel]] by [[Jacques Cousteau]].
* [[December 7]] – [[Indonesian invasion of East Timor]]: [[Indonesia]] invades [[East Timor]]; the occupation continues until 1999 when [[UNTAET|U.N. peacekeepers take control]], which they did until 2002.
* [[December 13]]
** [[1975 Australian federal election]]: The [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]]/[[National Party of Australia|National Country]] [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] led by [[Malcolm Fraser]] defeats the [[Australian constitutional crisis of 1975|recently dismissed]] [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] [[Whitlam government|government]] led by [[Gough Whitlam]]. The [[Fraser government]] achieves what is so far the largest parliamentary majority in federal Australian political history. Whitlam would subsequently survive a [[Australian Labor Party leadership spill, 1976|leadership challenge]] against him.
** United Nations [[Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness]] (1961) comes into effect.<ref>Françoise Bouchet-Saulnier, et al., ''The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) p.435.</ref>
* [[December 18]] – The [[Algerian president]] [[Houari Boumédiène|Houari Boumediene]] orders the [[Expulsion of Moroccans from Algeria|expulsion of all Moroccans from Algeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/morocco-algeria-diplomacy-severed-ties-fear-future|title = Moroccans in Algeria fear for the future after diplomatic ties severed}}</ref>
* [[December 21]] – Six people, including [[Carlos the Jackal]], [[OPEC siege|kidnap]] delegates of an [[OPEC]] conference in [[Vienna]].
* [[December 29]] – A bomb explosion at [[LaGuardia Airport]] in New York City kills 11 people.

===Date unknown===
* The Spanish Army quits [[Spanish Sahara]] (modern-day Western Sahara), last remnant of the [[Spanish Empire]]. The [[Western Sahara|Sahrawi]] Republic (RASD) is created. [[Morocco]] invades the former territory.
* The government of [[Colombia]] announces the finding of [[Ciudad Perdida]].
* [[Benoit Mandelbrot]] coins the mathematical term ''[[fractal]]''.
* [[Victoria (Australia)]] abolishes [[capital punishment]].
* [[South Australia]] becomes the first Australian state to decriminalize homosexual acts between consenting adults.

===World population===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!colspan="7"|[[World population]]
|-
!
!1975
!colspan="2"|[[1970]]
!colspan="2"|[[1980]]
|-
!World
|align="right"|'''4,068,109,000'''
|align="right"|3,692,492,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 375,617,000
|align="right"|4,434,682,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 366,573,000
|-
!Africa
|align="right"|'''408,160,000'''
|align="right"|357,283,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 50,877,000
|align="right"|469,618,001
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 61,458,000
|-
!Asia
|align="right"|'''2,397,512,000'''
|align="right"|2,143,118,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 254,394,000
|align="right"|2,632,335,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 234,823,000
|-
!Europe
|align="right"|'''675,542,000'''
|align="right"|655,855,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 19,687,000
|align="right"|692,431,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 16,889,000
|-
!South America
|align="right"|'''321,906,000'''
|align="right"|284,856,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 37,050,000
|align="right"|361,401,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 39,495,000
|-
!North America
|align="right"|'''243,425,000'''
|align="right"|231,937,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 11,488,000
|align="right"|256,068,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 12,643,000
|-
!Oceania
|align="right"|'''21,564,000'''
|align="right"|19,443,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 2,121,000
|align="right"|22,828,000
|align="right"|[[File:Green Arrow Up.svg|10px]] 1,264,000
|}