Editing 1960s (section)

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1960s}}

===Wars===
[[File:DakToVietnam1966.jpg|thumb|250px|The [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975)]]
[[File:Soviet empire 1960.png|thumb|right|250px|The maximum territorial extent of countries in the world under Soviet [[Sphere of influence|influence]], after the [[Cuban Revolution]] of 1959 and before the official [[Sino-Soviet split]] of 1961]]
{{Main|List of wars 1945–1989#1960–1969}}
* The [[Cold War]] (1947–1991)
** The [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975)
*** 1961 – Substantial (approximately 700) American advisory forces first arrive in [[Vietnam]].
*** 1962 – By mid-1962, the number of U.S. military advisers in [[South Vietnam]] had risen from 900 to 12,000. 
*** 1963 – By the time of U.S. president [[John F. Kennedy]]'s death there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors to cope with rising guerrilla activity in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/conscientiousobjection/OverviewVietnamWar.htm |title=Brief Overview of Vietnam War |publisher=Swarthmore College Peace Collection |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160803124531/http://www.swarthmore.edu/library/peace/conscientiousobjection/OverviewVietnamWar.htm |archive-date=3 August 2016 }}</ref>
*** 1964 – In direct response to the minor naval engagement known as the [[Gulf of Tonkin incident]] which occurred on 2 August 1964, the [[Gulf of Tonkin Resolution]], a [[joint resolution]] of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], was passed on 10 August 1964. The resolution gave U.S. president [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] authorization, without a formal [[Declaration of war by the United States|declaration of war]] by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia. The Johnson administration subsequently cited the resolution as legal authority for its rapid escalation of U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/25/archives/gulf-of-tonkin-measure-voted-in-haste-and-confusion-in-1964.html |title=Gulf of Tonkin Measure Voted in Haste and Confusion in 1964 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=25 June 1970 |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723212757/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/06/25/archives/gulf-of-tonkin-measure-voted-in-haste-and-confusion-in-1964.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
*** 1966 – After 1966, with the draft in place more than 500,000 troops are sent to [[Vietnam]] by the Johnson administration and college attendance soars.
** The [[Bay of Pigs Invasion]] (1961) – an unsuccessful attempt by a CIA-trained force of Cuban exiles to invade southern Cuba with support from U.S. government armed forces, to overthrow the Cuban government of Fidel Castro.
** [[Portuguese Colonial War]] (1961–1974) – the war was fought between [[Portuguese military history|Portugal's military]] and the emerging nationalist movements in [[Portuguese Empire|Portugal's African colonies]]. It was a decisive ideological struggle and armed conflict of the [[Cold War]] in African (Portuguese Africa and surrounding nations) and European (mainland Portugal) scenarios. Unlike other European nations, the [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portuguese regime]] did not leave its African colonies, or the overseas provinces, during the 1950s and 1960s. During the 1960s, various armed independence movements, most prominently led by [[communist]]-led parties who cooperated under the [[CONCP]] umbrella and pro-U.S. groups, became active in these areas, most notably in [[Portuguese Angola|Angola]], [[Portuguese Mozambique|Mozambique]], and [[Portuguese Guinea]]. During the war, several atrocities were committed by all forces involved in the conflict. 
* The [[Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation]] began in January 1963 and ended in August 1966. 
* [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962 occurred between [[China]] and [[India]] over a border dispute. 
* The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] began in September.
* [[Arab–Israeli conflict]] (early-20th century-present)
** [[Six-Day War]] (June 1967) – a war between Israel and the neighboring states of [[Egypt]], [[Jordan]], and [[Syria]]. The Arab states of [[Iraq]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Sudan]], [[Tunisia]], [[Morocco]] and [[Algeria]] also contributed troops and arms.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/17/AR2007051701976.html |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |title=Prelude to the Six Days |first=Charles |last=Krauthammer |date=18 May 2007 |access-date=20 April 2010 |archive-date=24 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724024352/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/17/AR2007051701976.html |url-status=live }}</ref> At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the [[Sinai Peninsula]], the [[Gaza Strip]], the [[West Bank]], [[East Jerusalem]], and the [[Golan Heights]]. The results of the war affect the [[geopolitics]] of the region to this day.
[[File:Starved girl.jpg|150px|right|thumb|A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and [[Kwashiorkor|malnutrition]] during the Nigerian blockade of [[Biafra]] 1967–1970.]]
* The [[Algerian War]] came to a close in 1962.
* The [[Nigeria Civil War]] began in 1967.
* Civil wars in [[Laotian Civil War|Laos]] and [[First Sudanese Civil War|Sudan]] rage on throughout the decade.
* The [[Al-Wadiah War]] was a military conflict which broke out on 27 November 1969, between [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[South Yemen|the People's Republic of South Yemen]].

===Internal conflicts===
* The massive [[Anpo protests|1960 Anpo protests]] in Japan against the [[U.S.-Japan Security Treaty]] were the largest and longest protests in Japan's history.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapur|first=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|title=Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2018|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=1|isbn=9780674988484|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216035041/https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Although they ultimately failed to stop the treaty, they forced the resignation of Japanese prime minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]] and the cancellation of a planned visit to Japan by U.S. president [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapur|first=Nick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|title=Japan at the Crossroads: Conflict and Compromise after Anpo|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|year=2018|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=4–6|isbn=9780674988484|access-date=26 July 2021|archive-date=16 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216035041/https://books.google.com/books?id=Re5hDwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
* The [[Congo Crisis]] was a period of [[Crisis|political upheaval]] and [[War|conflict]] in the [[Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)|Republic of the Congo]] between 1960 and 1965 that ended with the establishment of a unitary state led by [[Mobutu Sese Seko]].
* The [[Dominican Civil War]] leads to a brief international occupation of the country and the election of [[Joaquín Balaguer]] as president.
* The [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66]] occurred as part of the [[Transition to the New Order]] that marked the beginning of Suharto's 31-year presidency.
* [[Cultural Revolution|Cultural Revolution in China]] (1966–1976) – a period of widespread social and political upheaval in the People's Republic of China which was launched by [[Mao Zedong]], the chairman of the [[Chinese Communist Party]]. Mao alleged that "liberal bourgeois" elements were permeating the party and society at large and that they wanted to restore [[capitalism]]. Mao insisted that these elements be removed through post-revolutionary [[class struggle]] by mobilizing the thoughts and actions of China's youth, who formed [[Red Guards (China)|Red Guards]] groups around the country. The movement subsequently spread into the military, urban workers, and the party leadership itself. Although Mao himself officially declared the Cultural Revolution to have ended in 1969, the power struggles and political instability between 1969 and the arrest of the [[Gang of Four]] in 1976 are now also widely regarded as part of the Revolution.
*The [[Naxalite]] movement in India began in 1967 with an [[Naxalbari uprising|armed uprising]] of tribals against local landlords in the village of [[Naxalbari]], West Bengal, led by certain leaders of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. The movement was influenced by [[Maoism|Mao Zedong's ideology]] and spread to many tribal districts in Eastern India, gaining strong support among the radical urban youth. After counter-insurgency operations by the police, military and paramilitary forces, the movement fragmented but is still active in many districts.
* [[The Troubles]] in Northern Ireland began with the rise of the [[Northern Ireland civil rights movement]] in the mid-1960s, the conflict continued into the later 1990s.
* The [[Six point movement|Six-Point movement]] in Bangladesh (at the time East Pakistan). The movement gave way to the [[1969 East Pakistan mass uprising|1969 East Pakistan]] mass uprising, which released [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] from prison and put the country on the road to [[Bangladesh Liberation War|liberation]] in the early 1970s. 
* The [[Compton's Cafeteria Riot]] occurred in August 1966 in the [[Tenderloin, San Francisco, California|Tenderloin]] district of San Francisco. This incident was one of the first recorded [[transgender]] riots in United States history, preceding the more famous 1969 Stonewall Riots in New York City by three years.
* The [[Stonewall riots]] occurred in June 1969 in New York City. The Stonewall riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in the [[Stonewall Inn]], in the [[Greenwich Village]] neighborhood of New York City. They are frequently cited as the first instance in American history when people in the homosexual community fought back against a government-sponsored system that persecuted sexual minorities, and they have become the defining event that marked the start of the [[gay rights movement]] in the United States and around the world.
* In 1967, the [[National Farmers Organization]] withheld milk supplies for 15 days as part of an effort to induce a quota system to stabilize prices.
* [[May 1968 events in France|The May 1968 student and worker uprisings in France]].
* Mass socialist or Communist movement in most European countries (particularly France and Italy), with which the student-based new left was involved. The most spectacular manifestation of this was the [[May 1968 in France|May]] student revolt of 1968 in Paris that linked up with a general strike of ten million workers called by the trade unions; and for a few days seemed capable of overthrowing the government of [[Charles de Gaulle]]. De Gaulle went off to visit French troops in Germany to check on their loyalty. Major concessions were won for trade union rights, higher minimum wages and better working conditions.
* University students protested in the hundreds of thousands against the Vietnam War in London, Paris, Berlin and Rome.
* In Eastern Europe students also drew inspiration from the protests in the West. In Poland and [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] they protested against restrictions on free speech by [[communist]] regimes.
* The [[Tlatelolco massacre]] – was a government massacre of student and civilian protesters and bystanders that took place during the afternoon and night of 2 October 1968, in the [[Plaza de las Tres Culturas]] in the [[Tlatelolco (Mexico City)|Tlatelolco]] section of Mexico City.

===Coups===
[[File:Detención del presidente argentino Arturo Frondizi tras el golpe de Estado de 1962.jpg|thumb|366x366px|Overthrown Argentine President [[Arturo Frondizi]] is arrested (1962).]]
{{Main|List of coups d'état and coup attempts#1960–1969}}
Prominent [[coups d'état]] of the decade included:
* On 27 May 1960, a coup in [[Turkey]] led by [[Cemal Gürsel]] and [[Cemal Madanoğlu]] overthrew the government of [[Adnan Menderes]].
* On 16 May 1961, a coup in [[South Korea]] led by army officer [[Park Chung Hee]] made the establishment of temporary military rule.
* On March 29, 1962, a coup in [[Argentina]] led by the military overthrew Argentine President [[Arturo Frondizi]].
* In 1963, a [[Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem|coup]] in [[South Vietnam]] leads to the death of President [[Ngô Đình Diệm]] and the establishment of temporary military rule.
* On 31 March and 1 April 1964, a [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|military coup]] in Brazil overthrows President João Goulart and starts a 21-year period of [[Military dictatorship in Brazil|military dictatorship]].
* On 21 April 1967, in Greece a group of colonels established a [[Greek military junta of 1967–1974|military dictatorship]] for seven years.
* In 1968, a [[17 July Revolution|coup in Iraq]] led to the overthrow of [[Abdul Rahman Arif]] by the [[Arab socialism|Arab Socialist]] [[Baath Party]].
* On 1 September 1969, a small group of military officers led by the army officer [[Muammar Gaddafi]] [[1969 Libyan coup d'état|overthrows]] monarchy in [[Libya]].

===Nuclear threats===
[[File:Cuban missiles.jpg|thumb|150px|Pictures of Soviet missile silos in [[Cuba]], taken by United States spy planes on 1 November 1962.]]
* The [[Cuban Missile Crisis]] (16–28 October 1962) – a near-military confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union about the presence of Soviet missiles in [[Cuba]]. After an American [[United States Navy|Naval]] (quarantine) blockade of Cuba the Soviet Union under the leadership of [[Nikita Khrushchev]] agreed to remove their missiles from Cuba in exchange for the U.S. removing its missiles from Turkey.
* On 13 February 1960, [[Gerboise Bleue|France detonated its first atomic bomb]]. France possessed a [[hydrogen bomb]] by 1968.
* On 16 October 1964, [[596 (nuclear test)|China detonated its first atomic bomb]]. China possessed a [[hydrogen bomb]] by 1967.

===Decolonization and independence===
* The transformation of Africa from [[colonialism]] to independence in what is known as the [[decolonisation of Africa]] dramatically accelerated during the decade, with 32 countries gaining independence between 1960 and 1968, marking the end of the European empires that once dominated the African continent. However, many of these new post-colonial states would struggle with internal and external issues including famine, corruption, genocide, disease, and violent conflicts in the 1960s and succeeding decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2014.936700|title=The Nigeria–Biafra war: postcolonial conflict and the question of genocide|first1=Lasse|last1=Heerten|first2=A. Dirk|last2=Moses|date=3 July 2014|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=16|issue=2–3|pages=169–203|via=Taylor and Francis+NEJM|doi=10.1080/14623528.2014.936700|s2cid=143878825  | issn = 1462-3528 }}</ref> Many of these issues were caused or exacerbated by American and Soviet involvement during the [[Cold War#Third World escalations|Cold War]] with each side supporting various strongmen, dictators, and guerillas favorable to their causes in these countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/proxy-wars-during-cold-war-africa|title=Proxy Wars During the Cold War: Africa|website=Atomic Heritage Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1961-1968/congo-decolonization|title=Milestones: 1961–1968 – Office of the Historian|website=history.state.gov}}</ref> [[Economy of Africa|Economic development]] on the continent has been difficult, but many nations who decolonized in the 1960s began to see a rebound and unprecedented growth in the first quarter of the 21st century. As a whole, Africa's GDP rose by an average of over 6% a year between 2013 and 2022, a rate only outpaced by China.<ref>{{cite news|title=Africa rising A hopeful continent|url=https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21572377-african-lives-have-already-greatly-improved-over-past-decade-says-oliver-august|newspaper=The Economist|publisher=The Economist Newspaper Limited|access-date=15 December 2013|author=Oliver August|date=2 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ocran|first=Matthew Kofi|title=Post-Independence African Economies: 1960–2015|date=2019|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10770-3_9|work=Economic Development in the Twenty-first Century: Lessons for Africa Throughout History|pages=301–372|editor-last=Ocran|editor-first=Matthew Kofi|series=Palgrave Studies in Economic History|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-030-10770-3_9|isbn=978-3-030-10770-3|s2cid=159395862 |access-date=2021-07-07}}</ref>

===Prominent political events===

====North America====
=====United States=====
[[File:Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mathew Ahmann in a crowd.) - NARA - 542015 - Restoration.jpg|thumb|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] and others at the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] in 1963]]
* 1960 – [[1960 United States presidential election]] – The very close campaign was the series of four Kennedy–Nixon debates; they were the first presidential debates held on television. Kennedy won a close election.
* 1961 – President [[John F. Kennedy]] promised some more aggressive confrontation with the Soviet Union; he also established the [[Peace Corps]].
* 1963 – [[Betty Friedan]] published the book ''[[The Feminine Mystique]]'', reawakening the feminist movement and being largely responsible for its second wave.
* 1963 – Civil rights becomes a central issue as the [[Birmingham campaign]] and [[Birmingham riot of 1963|Birmingham riot]] lead to President Kennedy's [[Civil Rights Address]], [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech at the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] on 28 August and the [[16th Street Baptist Church bombing]].
* 1963 – Kennedy was assassinated and replaced by Vice President [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]. The nation was in shock. For the next half-century, conspiracy theorists concocted numerous alternative explanations to the official report that a lone gunman killed Kennedy.
* 1964 – Johnson pressed for [[civil rights]] legislation. [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]] signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson. This landmark piece of legislation in the United States outlawed [[racial segregation]] in schools, public places, and employment. The first black riots erupt in major cities.
* 1964 – Johnson was reelected over Conservative spokesman Senator [[Barry Goldwater]] by a wide landslide; Liberals gained full control of Congress.
* 1964 – The [[Wilderness Act]] was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on 3 September.
* 1965 – After the events of the [[Selma to Montgomery marches]], the [[National Voting Rights Act of 1965]] was lobbied for (and then signed into law) by President Lyndon B. Johnson. The Voting Rights Act outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had caused the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the United States.
* 1968 – U.S. president [[Richard M. Nixon]] was elected, defeating Vice President [[Hubert H. Humphrey]], in November.
* 1969 – U.S. president [[Richard Nixon]] was inaugurated in January 1969; he promised "peace with honor" to end the [[Vietnam War]].

=====Canada=====
* [[The Quiet Revolution]] in Quebec altered the province-city-state into a more secular society. The Jean Lesage [[Quebec Liberal Party|Liberal]] government created a welfare state (''État-Providence'') and fomented the rise of active nationalism among Francophone French-speaking Quebecer Québécois.
* On 15 February 1965, the new [[flag of Canada]] was adopted in Canada after a much-anticipated debate known as the [[Great Canadian flag debate]].
* In 1960, the [[Canadian Bill of Rights]] becomes law and suffrage (as well as the right for any Canadian citizen to vote) was finally adopted by John Diefenbaker's Progressive Conservative government. The new election act allowed [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|First Nations]] people to vote for the first time.

=====Mexico=====
* The student and [[New Left]] protests in 1968 coincided with political upheavals in a number of other countries. Although these events often sprung from completely different causes, they were influenced by reports and images of what was happening in the United States and France.<ref>Jaime Pensado, "The (forgotten) Sixties in Mexico." ''The Sixties: A Journal of History, Politics and Culture'' (2008) 1#1: 83–90.</ref>

[[File:Che Guevara - Guerrillero Heroico by Alberto Korda.jpg|thumb|150px|By the late 1960s, Argentine revolutionary [[Che Guevara]]'s [[Guerrillero Heroico|famous image]] had become a popular symbol of rebellion for the New Left]]

====Europe====
[[File:Berlin Wall 1961-11-20.jpg|250px|thumb|East German construction workers building the Berlin Wall, 20 November 1961]]
* British prime minister [[Harold Macmillan]] delivered his "[[Wind of Change (speech)|Wind of Change]]" speech in 1960.
* The government of the [[East Germany]] authorized construction of the [[Berlin Wall]] on 13 August 1961 to prevent East Germans from leaving [[East Berlin]] to [[West Berlin]].<ref>Curtis Cate, ''The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisis–1961'' (1978).</ref>
* [[Pope John XXIII]] calls the [[Second Vatican Council]] of the Catholic Church, continued by [[Pope Paul VI]] (after John XXIII died in 1963), which met from 11 October 1962 until 8 December 1965.<ref>Giuseppe Alberigo, and Matthew Sherry, ''A Brief History of Vatican II'' (2006)</ref>
* In October 1964, Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] was expelled from office due to his increasingly erratic and authoritarian behavior. [[Leonid Brezhnev]] and [[Alexei Kosygin]] then became the new leaders of the Soviet Union.<ref>William Taubman, ''Khrushchev: The Man and His Era'' (2003),</ref>
* In [[Czechoslovakia]], 1968 was the year of [[Alexander Dubček]]'s [[Prague Spring]], a source of inspiration to many Western leftists who admired Dubček's "socialism with a human face". The Soviet [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia|invasion of Czechoslovakia]] in August ended these hopes and also fatally damaged the chances of the orthodox communist parties drawing many recruits from the student protest movement.<ref>Günter, et al. eds. Bischof, ''The Prague Spring and the Warsaw Pact Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968'' (Lexington Books, 2010)</ref>

====Asia====
=====China=====
* The [[Cultural Revolution]] (1966–1976) and the [[Sino-Soviet split]] (1961–1989)
**1966 marked the beginning of the Cultural Revolution that was launched by Mao Zedong and lasted until he died in 1976. The goal of the revolution was to preserve Chinese communism by purging Chinese society of its traditional and remaining capitalist elements. Though it failed to achieve its main objectives, the revolution marked the effective return of Mao to the center of power.
** Following Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's removal from power in 1964, Sino-Soviet relations devolved into [[Sino-Soviet split|open hostility]]. The Chinese were deeply disturbed by the Soviet suppression of the [[Prague Spring]] in 1968 as the latter now claimed the right to intervene in any country it saw as deviating from the correct path of socialism. In March 1969, armed clashes took place along the [[China–Russia border|Sino-Soviet border]] in the former Manchuria and this finally drove the Chinese to restore relations with the U.S. as Mao Zedong decided that the Soviet Union posed the bigger threat to China.

=====India=====
* A literary and cultural movement started in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], [[Patna]] and other cities by a group of writers and painters who called themselves "Hungryalists", or members of the [[Hungry generation]]. The band of writers wanted to change virtually everything and were arrested with several cases filed against them on various charges; they ultimately won these cases.<ref>{{cite book|author=Krishna Dutta|title=Calcutta: A Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=59wfjyIIJAkC&pg=PA220|year=2008|publisher=Interlink Books|page=220|isbn=978-1-56656-721-3|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627142825/http://books.google.com/books?id=59wfjyIIJAkC&pg=PA220|url-status=live}}</ref>

=====Indonesia=====
* President [[Sukarno]] banned the [[Masyumi Party]] on 15 August 1960 and caused tension between the government and Islamist groups.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Akbarzadeh |first=Shahram |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8a8wefN4bd8C&q=political+islam+sukarno&pg=PA160 |title=Islam and Political Legitimacy |last2=Saeed |first2=Abdullah |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-38056-5 |language=en}}</ref>
* The [[Transition to the New Order]] (1965–1968)
** In the early hours of 1 October 1965, [[30 September Movement|a group of army officers]] launched a coup d'état attempt in [[Jakarta]], assassinated six senior [[Indonesian Army]] generals and a junior army officer. They also seized [[Merdeka Square, Jakarta|Merdeka Square]] and proclaimed the establishment of "the Revolutionary Council" through a radio broadcast later in the morning, with [[Untung Syamsuri|Lieutenant Colonel Untung Syamsuri]] as its leader.
** On the same day, [[Suharto|Major General Suharto]] successfully persuaded the soldiers on Merdeka Square to join forces with the Indonesian [[Army Strategic Reserve Command]] divisions and launched a counterattack on the movement, ending the coup attempt. Three days later, the bodies of seven army officers were found buried in an old well in [[Lubang Buaya]] and the bodies were recovered.
** In the aftermath of the coup d'état attempt, the people blamed the attempt on the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]], prompting a [[Indonesian mass killings of 1965-66|mass purge]] against leftists and communist sympathizers across the country. Around 500,000-1,000,000 casualties were massacred. The killings were mostly done by the locals with the help of the Army.
** Soon, mass demonstrations and protests from the [[KAMI (Indonesia)|Indonesian Students' Action Front]] against [[Guided Democracy in Indonesia|President Sukarno's government]] occurred. President Sukarno was notorious for his friendly approach towards the leftists, particularly the Communist Party of Indonesia.
** In the climax of the protests, President Sukarno signed the [[Supersemar]] on 11 March 1966, effectively transferring authority to Major General Suharto to restore order and ensure security in the country. On 12 March 1967, President Sukarno was stripped of his political power by the [[People's Consultative Assembly|Provisional People's Consultative Assembly]] (MPRS) and Major General Suharto became [[Acting presidency of Suharto|acting president]]. Later, he became president [[First inauguration of Suharto|formally]] on 27 March 1968. Sukarno lived under house arrest until his death in June 1970.

=====Japan and South Korea=====
* The [[Japanese economic miracle]] (1960s–1990s)
** Japan's remarkable economic growth between the post-[[World War II]] era and the end of the [[Cold War]]. During the economic boom, Japan rapidly became the world's [[Economic history of Japan|second-largest economy]] at the time (after the United States).
** In 1960, Japan was wracked by the massive [[Anpo protests]] against the revision of the [[Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan|U.S.-Japan Security Treaty]], resulting in the resignation of Prime Minister [[Nobusuke Kishi]]; Kishi's successor, [[Hayato Ikeda]], began implementing economic policies, known as the [[Income Doubling Plan]] removed most of Japan's anti-monopoly laws and promised to double the size of Japan's economy within 10 years. [[Eisaku Satō]] became Prime Minister of Japan four years later, succeeding Ikeda due to health issues.
** The [[1964 Summer Olympics]] were held in Japan, the first time the country hosted them and the first time that the [[Olympic Games]] were held in Asia. The world's first bullet train (the [[Tōkaidō Shinkansen]] between [[Tokyo Station]] and [[Shin-Ōsaka Station]]) commences operations; it is the oldest high-speed rail system in the world.
* The [[Second Republic of Korea|Second]] and [[Third Republic of Korea|Third Republics of Korea]] (1960–1972)
** The [[April Revolution]] were mass protests in [[South Korea]] against President [[Syngman Rhee]] and the [[First Republic of South Korea|First Republic]] from 11 to 26 April 1960, which led to Rhee's resignation. The Second Republic was established as a [[parliamentary system|parliamentary government]] under President [[Yun Bo-seon]] and Prime Minister [[Chang Myon]]. The Second Republic ended the First Republic, formed a liberal democracy, and formulated the first [[Five-Year Plans of South Korea|Five-Year Plans]] to develop the formerly-neglected economy.
** The [[May 16 coup]] and the establishment of the [[Supreme Council for National Reconstruction|SCNR]], led by Major General [[Park Chung Hee]] on 16 May 1961, put an effective end to the Second Republic. Park was one of a group of military leaders who had been pushing for the de-politicization of the military.
** The [[Miracle on the Han River]] began with the [[Five-Year Plans of South Korea]], a series of economic development projects implemented by President Park Chung Hee. South Korea received US$800&nbsp;million from Japan under property claims and was mostly dependent on [[Aid|foreign aid]] (largely from the U.S. in exchange for South Korea's involvement in the [[Vietnam War]]).
** South Korea's first diplomatic relations with Japan were established under the Third Republic and [[Japan–South Korea relations|South Korea-Japan relations]] were normalized in the [[Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea|Treaty on Basic Relations]] signed on 22 July 1965 and in an agreement ratified on 14 August 1965. Japan agreed to provide a large amount of compensation, grants, and loans to South Korea and the two countries began economic and political cooperation.
[[File:Nasser making a speech in 1960.jpg|thumb|207x207px|[[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], African leader]]
[[File:Cordobazo.jpg|thumb|265x265px|[[Cordobazo]] uprising in [[Córdoba, Argentina|Córdoba]], [[Argentina]] (1969)]]

====Africa====
[[File:WP Eichmann Passport.jpg|thumb|False passport used by [[Adolf Eichmann]] to emigrate to Argentina.]]
* On 1 September 1969, the [[Libya|Libyan]] monarchy was overthrown and a radical, revolutionary government headed by dictator [[Muammar Gaddafi]] took power.
* On 1 October 1960, [[Nigeria]] gained its independence from Great Britain.

====South America====
* In 1960, the [[Mossad]] carries out [[:es:Operación_Garibaldi|Operation Garibaldi]], which consisted in the kidnapping and transportation of Nazi fugitive [[Adolf Eichmann]], who was living in [[Argentina]].
* In 1963, Argentine military officers start a revolt to instigate the government to take a hardline stance against the political participation of [[Peronist]] politicians. The revolt failed after some fighting that left 24 dead in both sides. This event is known in Argentine historiography as [[1963 Argentine Navy revolt|Azules y Colorados]].
* In 1964, a [[1964 Brazilian coup d'état|successful coup]] against the democratically elected government of [[Brazil|Brazilian]] president [[João Goulart]] initiated a military dictatorship that caused over 20 years of oppression.
* The [[Argentina|Argentine]] revolutionary [[Che Guevara|Ernesto "Che" Guevara]] travelled to Africa and then [[Bolivia]] in his campaign to spread worldwide revolution. He was captured and executed in 1967 by the Bolivian army and afterwards became an iconic figure for leftists around the world.
* [[Juan Velasco Alvarado]] took power by means of a coup in [[Peru]] in 1968.
* In 1969, the labour union [[General Confederation of Labour (Argentina)|CGT]] of Argentina decided to do a [[general strike]], which brought police repression and a civil uprising, an episode later known as [[Cordobazo]].