Editing 1940 Summer Olympics (section)

==1940 Tokyo Olympics (canceled)==
The campaign to choose a city for 1940 began in 1932, with [[Barcelona]], [[Rome]], [[Helsinki]], and Tokyo participating. Tokyo city officials suggested a campaign as a means of international diplomacy following Japan's alienation from the [[League of Nations]] due to the [[Mukden Incident]], in which Japan occupied Manchuria and created the puppet state of [[Manchukuo]].

While both Tokyo officials and [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) representatives were behind the campaign, the national government, which was ever more interested in military matters, did not have any strong supporters for such a diplomatic gesture.<ref>Sandra Collins. ''The 1940 Tokyo Games: The Missing Olympics: Japan, the Asian Olympics and the Olympic Movement''. p. 51</ref> In 1936, Tokyo was chosen in a surprise move, making it the first non-Western city to win an Olympic bid.

===1930s Japan and international sports===
During the [[1930 Far Eastern Games]] in Tokyo, Indian participants were spotted flying the flag of their independence movement rather than the [[Flag of India#History|flag of British India]]. This caused a complaint from the [[British Olympic Association]]. In 1934, Japan attempted to invite European colonies to the [[Far Eastern Games]].<ref>[http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/limedio/dlam/M74/M744147/6.pdf Historical Significance of the Far Eastern Championship Games]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Tsukuba University</ref>

===Planning===
[[File:Twelfth Tokyo Olympics (1940 Summer Olympics) souvenir handflag, 1936 AD - Edo-Tokyo Museum - Sumida, Tokyo, Japan - DSC06952.jpg|thumb|right|Souvenir flag (1936)]]
The main stadium was initially to be the [[Meiji Jingu Gaien Stadium]] — later used at the [[1964 Summer Olympics]] — reconstructed to accommodate 100,000 spectators; however, the Shrines Bureau of [[Home Ministry]], which had jurisdiction over the [[Meiji Shrine|Meiji Jingu]] precinct, strongly opposed the reconstruction. Subsequently, a new stadium was planned at the [[Komazawa Olympic Park]], away from the city center. The Olympic Village was to be built on the present sites of [[Kinuta Park]] or Todoroki Gorge. A schedule was drawn up, and guidelines were printed in four languages. Monthly magazines and posters were printed and distributed internationally. Construction began on some buildings, and arrangements were made with hotels, travel agents, and airlines for easy access.<ref name="la84">{{cite web |url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1940/OR1940.pdf |title=Report of the Organizing Committee on Its Work for the Xiith Olympic Games of 1940 in Tokyo Until the Relinquishment |access-date=12 March 2014 |archive-date=5 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305120632/http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1940/OR1940.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Forfeiture of Games===
When the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] broke out on 7 July 1937, [[Ichirō Kōno]], a member of the [[Imperial Diet (Japan)|Imperial Diet]] (legislature), immediately requested that the Olympics be forfeited.<ref>Sandra Collins. ''The 1940 Tokyo Games: The Missing Olympics: Japan, the Asian Olympics and the Olympic Movement''. p. 144</ref> The [[1938 Far Eastern Games]] were also canceled, but Japan's IOC delegates persisted under a belief that the war would soon be over.<ref>Sandra Collins. ''The 1940 Tokyo Games: The Missing Olympics: Japan, the Asian Olympics and the Olympic Movement''. p. 146</ref> Amid the intensification of the war, the feasibility of both the Summer Olympics and the [[1940 Winter Olympics]] grew increasingly questionable to other countries, who suggested a different site be chosen and spoke of the possibility of boycotting the Games were they to proceed in Japan.<ref>Sandra Collins. ''The 1940 Tokyo Games: The Missing Olympics: Japan, the Asian Olympics and the Olympic Movement''. p. 149</ref>

In March 1938, [[Kanō Jigorō]], then-IOC member who also represented Japanese Olympic Committee, provided reassurances to the IOC at the organization's [[Cairo]] conference that Tokyo would still be able to serve as the host city. However, many Diet members in Japan had already openly questioned hosting the Olympics in wartime, and the military was demanding that the organizers build the venues from wood because they needed metals for the war front.<ref>橋本一夫『幻の東京オリンピック』（日本放送出版協会、1994年） {{ISBN|4-14-001709-0}}</ref> In July, a legislative session was held to decide the matters of the Summer and Winter Olympics and the planned 1940 [[World's fair|World's Fair]] all at once. The World's Fair was only "postponed", under a belief that Japan would be able to wrap up the war, but the Olympics could not be moved and were canceled.<ref>Sandra Collins. ''The 1940 Tokyo Games: The Missing Olympics: Japan, the Asian Olympics and the Olympic Movement''. pp. 161&ndash;163</ref>

[[Kōichi Kido]], who would later be instrumental in the [[surrender of Japan]] in 1945, announced the forfeiture on 16 July 1938. He closed his speech saying, "When peace reigns again in the Far East, we can then invite the Games to Tokyo and take that opportunity to prove to the people of the world the true Japanese spirit."<ref name="la84"/> This would come to pass in [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]].

Despite the cancellation of the 1940 Olympics, the Tokyo organizing committee released its budget for the Games.  In a departure from standard practice, the budget included all capital outlays as well as direct organizing costs.  The total budget was [[Japanese yen|¥]]20.1 million, one-third of which would have been paid by the Tokyo metropolitan government.<ref name=Zarnowski>{{cite journal | author-link1 = Frank Zarnowski | last = Zarnowski | first = C. Frank | date =Summer 1992 | title = A Look at Olympic Costs | journal = Citius, Altius, Fortius | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 16–32 | url = http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf | access-date = 24 March 2007 | archive-date = 28 May 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080528012143/http://www.la84foundation.org/SportsLibrary/JOH/JOHv1n1/JOHv1n1f.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>