Editing 1930s (section)

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1930s}}
[[File:Flag-map of the world (1930).png|thumb|750px|center|Flag map of the world from 1930, nine years before World War II]]

===Wars===
{{Main|List of wars: 1900–1944#1930–1944}}
[[File:Kamp-wrzes22-anim.gif|upright|thumb|At the outbreak of '''[[World War II]]''', both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invaded [[Poland]]; by October 1939, they had divided the occupied territory between them in accordance with the secret part of the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]].]]

* [[Colombia–Peru War]] (September 1, 1932 – May 24, 1933) – fought between the [[Republic of Colombia]] and the [[Republic of Peru]]
* [[Chaco War]] (June 15, 1932 – June 10, 1935) – fought between [[Bolivia]] and [[Paraguay]] over the disputed territory of [[Gran Chaco]], resulting in a Paraguayan victory in 1935; an agreement dividing the territory was made in 1938, formally ending the conflict
* [[Saudi–Yemeni War (1934)|Saudi–Yemeni War]] (March 1934 – May 12, 1934) – fought between [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen]]
* [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] (October 3, 1935 – February 19, 1937)
* [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] (July 7, 1937 – September 9, 1945) – fought between the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] and the [[Empire of Japan]]. It was the largest Asian war of the 20th century,<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=132824|author=Bix, Herbert P. |title=The Showa Emperor's 'Monologue' and the Problem of War Responsibility|journal=Journal of Japanese Studies|volume= 18|issue=2|year=1992|pages=295–363|doi=10.2307/132824 }}</ref> and made up more than 50% of the casualties in the [[Pacific War|Pacific theater of World War II]].
* [[World War II]] (September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945) – global war centered in Europe and the Pacific but involving the majority of the world's countries, including all of the major powers such as Germany, Russia, America, Italy, Japan, France and the United Kingdom.

===Internal conflicts===
* [[File:Golpe de Estado de 1930 en Argentina (1).jpg|thumb|Soldiers mobilizing during the [[1930 Argentine coup d'état|1930 Argentine coup.]]]][[Chinese Civil War]] (1927–1949) – The ruling [[Kuomintang]] and the rebel [[Chinese Communist Party]] fought a civil war for control of China. The Communists consolidated territory in the early 1930s and proclaimed a short-lived [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] that collapsed upon Kuomintang attacks, forcing a mass retreat known as the [[Long March]]. The Kuomintang and Communists attempted to put away their differences after 1937 to fight the [[Japanese invasion of China]], but intermittent clashes continued through the remainder of the 1930s. Even with some clashes they all fought the Japanese.
* [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine]].
* [[Spanish Civil War]] (July 17, 1936 – April 1, 1939) – Germany and Italy backed the anti-communist [[Falange Española y de las JONS|Falange]] forces of [[Francisco Franco]]. The [[Soviet Union]] and international communist parties (see [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]]) backed the left-wing republican faction in the war. The war ended in April 1939 with Franco's nationalist forces defeating the republican forces. Franco became [[List of heads of state of Spain|Head of State of Spain]] and [[List of Prime Ministers of Spain|President of Government]], and the Republic of Spain gave way to the [[Spanish State]], an [[authoritarian]] [[dictatorship]].
* The Argentine government of [[Hipólito Yrigoyen]] is overthrown by forces loyal to General [[José Félix Uriburu|José Féliz Uriburu]] in 1930, the [[1930 Argentine coup d'état|coup]] marked the start of the [[Infamous Decade]].

===Major political changes===
====Germany – Rise of Nazism====
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Hitlermusso2 edit.jpg|thumb|upright|right|German dictator [[Adolf Hitler]] (right) and Italian dictator [[Benito Mussolini]] (left) pursue agendas of territorial expansion for their countries in the 1930s, eventually leading to the outbreak of [[World War II]] in 1939]] -->
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-14468, Berlin, NS-Boykott gegen jüdische Geschäfte.jpg|thumb|[[Sturmabteilung|SA]] paramilitaries outside a Berlin store during the [[Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses]], 1933]]
* The [[Nazi Party|NSDAP]] (Nazi Party) under [[Adolf Hitler]] wins the [[German federal election, March 1933]]. Hitler becomes [[List of Chancellors of Germany|Chancellor of Germany]]. [[Night of the Long Knives]] with 85 victims, Following the 1934 death in office of [[Paul von Hindenburg]], [[List of German presidents since 1919|President of Germany]], Hitler's cabinet passes a law proclaiming the presidency vacant and transferring the role and powers of the head of state to Hitler, hereafter known as ''[[Führer|Führer und Reichskanzler]]'' (leader and chancellor). The [[Weimar Republic]] effectively gives way to [[Nazi Germany]], a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[Autocracy|autocratic]] [[Nazism|national socialist]] [[dictatorship]] committed to repudiating the [[Treaty of Versailles]], persecuting and removing [[Jews]] and other minorities from German society, expanding Germany's territory, and opposing the spread of [[communism]].
* Hitler pulls Germany out of the League of Nations, but hosts the [[1936 Summer Olympics]] to show his new Reich to the world as well as the supposed superior athleticism of his [[Aryan race|Aryan]] troops/athletes.
* [[Neville Chamberlain]], [[List of Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (1937–1940), attempts the [[appeasement]] of Hitler in hope of avoiding war by allowing the dictator to annex the [[Sudetenland]] (the German-speaking regions of [[Czechoslovakia]]) and later signing the [[Munich Agreement]] and promising constituents "[[Peace for our time]]". He is ousted in favor of [[Winston Churchill]] in May 1940, following the German [[Operation Weserübung|invasion of Norway]].<ref>Hunt, Lynn. "The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures" Vol. C since 1740.Bedford/St. Martin's, 2009.</ref>
* The assassination of the German diplomat [[Ernst vom Rath]] by a German-born Polish Jew triggers the ''[[Kristallnacht]]'' ("Night of Broken Glass") which occurred between 9 and 10 November 1938, carried out by the [[Hitler Youth]], the [[Gestapo]], and the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]], during which much of the Jewish population living in Nazi Germany and Austria was attacked – 91 Jews were murdered, and between 25,000 and 30,000 more were arrested and sent to [[Nazi concentration camps]]. Some 267 synagogues were destroyed, and thousands of homes and businesses were ransacked. ''Kristallnacht'' also served as the pretext for the wholesale confiscation of firearms from German Jews.[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H12943, Münchener Abkommen, Hitler und Mussolini.jpg|thumb|Cheering crowds greet [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Benito Mussolini]] in Munich, 1938]]
* Germany and Italy pursue territorial expansionist agendas. Germany demands the annexation of the [[Federal State of Austria]] and of other German-speaking territories in Europe. Between 1935 and 1936, Germany recovers the [[Saar (League of Nations)|Saar]] and re-militarizes the [[Rhineland]]. Italy initially opposes Germany's aims for Austria, but in 1936 the two countries resolve their differences in the aftermath of Italy's diplomatic isolation following the start of the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]], and Germany becomes Italy's only remaining ally. Germany and Italy improve relations by forming an alliance against communism in 1936 with the signing of the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]]. Germany annexes Austria in the [[Anschluss]]; the annexation of the [[Sudetenland]] follows negotiations which result in the [[Munich Agreement]] of 1938. The [[Italian invasion of Albania]] in 1939 succeeds in turning the [[Albania under Italy|Kingdom of Albania]] into an Italian [[protectorate]]. The vacant Albanian throne is claimed by [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy]].<ref name="isbn0-8240-7029-1">{{cite book|author=Zabecki, David T.|title=World War II in Europe: an encyclopedia|publisher=Garland Pub|location=New York|year=1999|pages=1353|isbn=0-8240-7029-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&q=albania+%22Italian+protectorate%22&pg=PA1353|access-date=12 January 2011 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222063745/https://books.google.com/books?id=gYDN-UfehEEC&pg=PA1353|archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> Germany receives the [[Klaipėda Region|Memel]] territory from [[Lithuania]], occupies what remains of [[Czechoslovakia]], and finally invades the [[Second Polish Republic]], the last of these events resulting in the outbreak of [[World War II]].
* In 1939, several countries of the Americas, including Canada, [[Cuba]], and the United States, controversially deny asylum to hundreds of German Jewish refugees on board the [[MS St. Louis|MS ''St. Louis'']] who are fleeing the Nazi regime's racist agenda of [[anti-Semitic]] persecution in Germany. In the end, no country accepts the refugees, and the ship returns to Germany with most of its passengers on board. Some commit suicide, rather than return to [[Nazi Germany]].

====United States – Combating the Depression====
[[File:Roosevelt signing TVA Act (1933).jpg|thumb|upright|right|[[New Deal]]: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]] Act, May 18, 1933]]

* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] is elected President of the United States in November 1932. Roosevelt initiates a widespread social welfare strategy called the "[[New Deal]]" to combat the economic and social devastation of the [[Great Depression]]. The economic agenda of the "New Deal" was a radical departure from previous [[laissez-faire]] economics.

====Saudi Arabia – Founding====
* The [[Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd]] is proclaimed the Kingdom of [[Saudi Arabia]], concluding the country's [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unification]] under the rule of [[Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia|Ibn Saud]].

====Spain – Turmoil and Civil War====
* The Republican parties win the [[Spanish local elections, 1931|local elections]], and proclaim the [[Second Spanish Republic|Second Republic]], kicking out the monarchy of [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|Alfonso XIII of Borbón]].
* The [[Spanish coup of July 1936]] against the Republic marks the beginning of the [[Spanish Civil War]].

===Colonization===
* The [[Ethiopian Empire]] is invaded by the [[Kingdom of Italy]] during the [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War]] from 1935 to 1936. The occupied territory merges with [[Eritrea]] and [[Italian Somaliland]] into the colony of [[Italian East Africa]].
* The [[Empire of Japan]] captures [[Manchuria]] in 1931, creating the [[puppet state]] of [[Manchukuo]]. A puppet government was created, with [[Puyi]], the last [[Qing dynasty]] [[Emperor of China]], installed as the nominal regent and emperor.<ref>[http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371137/Manchukuo "Manchukuo "] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221081805/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371137/Manchukuo |date=2007-12-21 }} ''Encyclopædia Britannica''</ref>

===Decolonization and independence===
* In March 1930 [[Mohandas Gandhi]] leads the non-violent [[Satyagraha]] movement in the [[Declaration of the Independence of India]] and the [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt March]].
* The [[Government of India Act 1935]] creates new directly elected bodies, although with a limited franchise, and increases the autonomy of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India]].
* The [[Anglo-Egyptian treaty of 1936]] is signed which gradually decreased British influence in Egypt and increased Egyptian sovereignty. It led to the withdrawal of British troops across Egypt to the Suez Canal Zone and decreased the number of British troops in the country to 10,000 men.

===Other prominent political events===
* The [[Great Depression]] seriously affects the economic, political, and social aspects of society across the world.
* The [[League of Nations]] collapses as countries like Germany, the [[Kingdom of Italy]], and the [[Empire of Japan]] abdicate the League.

====Europe====
[[File:GolodomorKharkiv.jpg|thumb|[[Soviet famine of 1930–1933]]. Starved peasants in the streets of Kharkiv, 1933]]

* In 1930, [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]], [[Prime Minister of Spain]] and head of a [[military dictatorship]] is forced to resign in response to a financial crisis (part of the [[Great Depression]]). [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]], who had previously backed the dictatorship, attempts to return gradually to the previous system and restore his prestige. This failed utterly, as the King was considered a supporter of the dictatorship, and more and more political forces called for the establishment of a republic. In 1931, republican and socialist parties won a major victory in the local elections, while the monarchists were in decline. Street riots ensued, calling for the removal of the monarchy. The [[Spanish Army]] declared that they would not defend the King. Alfonso flees the country, effectively abdicating and ending the [[Spain under the Restoration|Bourbon Restoration]] phase which had started in the 1870s. A [[Second Spanish Republic]] emerges.
* In the [[Soviet Union]], [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|agricultural collectivization]] and rapid [[History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)|industrialization take place]].<ref>{{cite journal|author = A. L. Unger|title = Stalin's Renewal of the Leading Stratum: A Note on the Great Purge|journal = [[Soviet Studies]]| volume = 20|number = 3|pages = 321–330 |jstor=149486|doi = 10.1080/09668136808410659 |date= January 1969}}</ref> Millions died during the [[Holodomor]].
* More than 25 million people migrate to cities in the Soviet Union.
* [[Anglo-German Naval Agreement]] is signed in 1935, removing the [[Treaty of Versailles]]' level of limitation on the size of the ''[[Kriegsmarine]]'' (navy). The agreement allows Germany to build a larger naval force.
* [[Éamon de Valera]] introduces a new [[constitution]] for the [[Irish Free State]] in 1937, effectively ending its status as a [[Dominion|British Dominion]].
*The [[Silver Jubilee of George V]] was celebrated on 6 May 1935 to mark 25 years of [[King George V]] as the King of the [[United Kingdom]] and the British Dominions, and [[Emperor of India]]. It was the first ever Silver Jubilee celebration of any British monarch in history.
* The "[[Great Purge]]" of "[[Old Bolsheviks]]" from the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] takes place from 1936 to 1938, as ordered by Soviet Union leader [[Joseph Stalin]], resulting in hundreds of thousands of people being killed. This purge was due to mistrust and political differences, as well as the massive drop in grain produce. This was due to the method of collectivization in Russia. The Soviet Union produced 16 million lbs of grain less in 1934 compared to 1930. This led to the starvation of millions of Russians.
* The [[Abdication of Edward VIII]] in 1936, gives the British Crown to [[George VI]], 325 days after the death of his father [[George V]]. The [[Coronation of George VI and Elizabeth]] takes place in May 1937.
* The [[Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937)|1937 World's Fair]] in Paris displays the growing political tensions in Europe. The pavilions of the rival countries of [[Nazi Germany]] and the Soviet Union face each other. Germany at the time was internationally condemned for [[Luftwaffe]] (its air force) having performed a [[Bombing of Guernica|bombing]] of the [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque]] town of [[Guernica (town)|Guernica]] in Spain during the [[Spanish Civil War]]. Spanish artist [[Pablo Picasso]] depicted the bombing in his masterpiece painting ''[[Guernica (painting)|Guernica]]'' at the World Fair, which was a [[Surrealism|surrealist]] depiction of the horror of the bombing.
* Referendum in the [[Irish Free State]] in December 1937 on whether Ireland should continue to be a constitutional monarchy under King [[George VI]] or to become a [[republic]] results in citizens voting in favour of a republic, ending the remains of British sovereignty through monarchial authority over the state.

====Africa====
[[File:Omar Mokhtar arrested by Italian Fascists.jpg|thumb|[[Senusiyya|Senussi]] rebel leader [[Omar al-Mukhtar]] after his arrest by Italian armed forces in 1931]]
* [[J. B. M. Hertzog]] of South Africa, whose National Party had won the 1929 election alone after splitting with the Labour Party, received much of the blame for the devastating economic impact of the Depression.

====Americas====
* Canada and other dominions  under the [[British Empire]] sign the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] in 1931, establishing effective parliamentary independence of Canada from the parliament of the United Kingdom.
* [[1939 New York World's Fair]], the USA displays the pavilions showing art, culture, and technology from the whole world.
* [[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland]] voluntarily returns to British colonial rule in 1934 amid its economic crisis during the Great Depression with the creation of the [[Commission of Government]], a non-elected body.
* [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[William Lyon Mackenzie King|W. L. Mackenzie King]] meets with German [[Führer]] [[Adolf Hitler]] in 1937 in Berlin. King is the only North American head of government to meet with Hitler.
* [[Amelia Earhart]] receives major attention in the 1930s as the first woman pilot to conduct major air flights. Her disappearance for unknown reasons in 1937 while on flight prompted search efforts that failed.
* Southern [[Great Plains]] devastated by decades-long [[Dust Bowl]]
* In 1932, the Polish [[Cipher Bureau (Poland)|Cipher Bureau]] broke the German Enigma cipher and overcame the ever-growing structural and operating complexities of the evolving [[Enigma machine]] with [[plugboard]], the main German cipher device during [[World War II]].
* [[Getúlio Vargas]] became the President of Brazil after the [[Revolution of 1930|1930 coup d'état]].

====Asia====
[[File:Marche sel.jpg|thumb|right|[[Mohandas Gandhi]] on the [[Salt Satyagraha|Salt March]] in 1930]]
* Major international media attention follows [[Mohandas Gandhi]]'s [[Nonviolent resistance|peaceful resistance]] movement against the British colonial rule in India.
* [[Chinese Communist Party]] leader [[Mao Zedong]] forms the small enclave state called the [[Chinese Soviet Republic]] in 1931.
* The [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] is signed by Mohandas Gandhi and [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], [[Viceroy of India]], on March 5, 1931. Gandhi agrees to end the campaign of [[civil disobedience]] being carried out by the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) in exchange for Irwin accepting the INC to participate in roundtable talks on British colonial policy in India.
* The [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act of 1935]] is enacted by the [[Governor-General of India]], separating [[British rule in Burma|British Burma]] to become a separate British possession and also increasing the political autonomy of the remaining [[presidencies and provinces of British India]].
* Mao Zedong's Chinese communists begin a large retreat from advancing nationalist forces, called the [[Long March]], beginning in October 1934 and ending in October 1936 and resulting in the collapse of the Chinese Soviet Republic.[[File:First pictures of the Japanese occupation of Peiping in China.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese march into [[Zhengyangmen]] of [[Beijing]] after capturing the city in July 1937]]
* Colonial India's [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] leader [[Muhammed Ali Jinnah]] delivers his "[[Day of Deliverance (India)|Day of Deliverance]]" speech on December 2, 1939, calling upon [[Muslims]] to begin to engage in civil disobedience against the British colonial government starting on December 12. Jinnah demands redress and resolution to tensions and violence occurring between Muslims and [[Hindus]] in India. Jinnah's actions are not supported by the largely Hindu-dominated [[Indian National Congress]] whom he had previously closely allied with. The decision is seen as part of an agenda by Jinnah to support the eventual creation of an independent Muslim state called [[Pakistan]] from British Empire.

====Australia====
* Australia and New Zealand sign the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] in 1931 which established legislative equality between the self-governing [[dominion]]s of the [[British Empire]] and the United Kingdom, with a few residual exceptions. The [[Parliament of Australia]] and [[Parliament of New Zealand]] gain full legislative authority over their territories, no longer sharing powers with the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].
* The [[New Guinea Highlands]] were first visited by Western explorers in the 1930s. The highland valleys were found to be inhabited by over a million people.<ref>{{cite web |title=Papua New Guinea – The colonial period |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Papua-New-Guinea/The-colonial-period |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>