Editing 1923 (section)

== Events ==

=== January–February ===
{{Main|January 1923|February 1923}}
* [[January 9|January 5]] – [[Lithuania]] begins the [[Klaipėda Revolt]] to annex the [[Klaipėda Region]] (Memel Territory).
* [[January 11]] – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium [[Occupation of the Ruhr|occupy the Ruhr area]], to force Germany to make reparation payments.
* [[January 17]] (or 9) – First flight of the first [[rotorcraft]], [[Juan de la Cierva]]'s [[Cierva C.4]] [[autogyro]], in Spain. (It is first demonstrated to the military on January 31.)
* [[February 5]] – Australian [[cricket]]er [[Bill Ponsford]] makes 429 runs to break the world record for the highest [[first-class cricket]] score for the first time in his third match at this level, at [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]], giving the [[Victoria cricket team]] an innings total of 1,059.
* [[February 9]] – [[Billy Hughes]], having resigned as [[Prime Minister of Australia]], after the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]] refuses to govern in coalition with him as the leader of the [[Nationalist Party (Australia)|Nationalist Party]], is succeeded by [[Stanley Bruce]]. A Liberal–National [[Coalition (Australia)|Coalition]] will persist in the [[politics of Australia]] for at least 100 years.

=== March–April ===
{{Main|March 1923|April 1923}} 
* [[March 1]] – [[Eskom]], the largest electricity producer in Africa, is established in [[South Africa]].
* [[March 3]] – The first issue of ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'' magazine is published.
* [[March 6]] – The [[Egyptian Feminist Union]] ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الاتحاد النسائي المصري), the first nationwide [[Feminism|feminist]] movement in [[Egypt]], is founded at the home of activist [[Huda Sha'arawi]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Mariz Tadros |title=Unity in diversity |journal=Al Ahram Weekly |date=March 18–24, 1999 |issue=421 |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm |access-date=September 30, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530205258/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/1999/421/li1.htm |archive-date=May 30, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Earl L. Sullivan|title=Women in Egyptian Public Life|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninegyptianp00sull|url-access=registration|access-date=October 6, 2014|date=January 1, 1986|publisher=Syracuse University Press|isbn=978-0-8156-2354-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/womeninegyptianp00sull/page/172 172]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Nadje S. Al Ali|title=Women's Movements in the Middle East: Case Studies of Egypt and Turkey|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/4889/2/UNRISD_Report_final.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/4889/2/UNRISD_Report_final.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live|publisher=SOAS|access-date=September 21, 2014|format=Report}}</ref>
* [[March 9]] – [[Vladimir Lenin]] suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires from his position as Chairman of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] government.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Dobrolyot]] is formed as the first [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] civil aviation service; it will become part of [[flag carrier]] [[Aeroflot]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Dobrolyot /Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet/ |url=https://asiamedals.info/threads/history-of-dobrolyot-russian-society-of-voluntary-air-fleet.24598/ |access-date=2025-04-06 |website=Medals of Asia |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[March 28|March 23]] –  The [[Posey War]], the last conflict between American Indians and settlers concludes, ending the [[American Indian Wars]].
* [[March 28]] – ''[[Regia Aeronautica]]'', the air force of Fascist Italy, is founded.
* [[April 6]] – The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed, in [[Victoria Institution]], [[Federated Malay States]].
* [[April 12]] – The [[Kandersteg International Scout Centre]] comes into existence in Switzerland.
* [[April 19]]
** [[Hjalmar Branting]] leaves office as [[Prime Minister of Sweden]], after the Swedish [[Riksdag]] has rejected a government proposal regarding unemployment benefits. Right-wing academic and jurist [[Ernst Trygger]] succeeds him.
** The [[Egyptian Constitution of 1923]] is adopted, introducing a [[parliamentary system]] of democracy in the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitutional history at a glance|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/732/eg3.htm|work=Al-Ahram Weekly On-line|date=March 3–9, 2005|issue=732|access-date=December 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050308055154/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2005/732/eg3.htm|archive-date=March 8, 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[April 23]] – The [[Gdynia]] seaport is inaugurated, on the [[Polish Corridor]].
* [[April 26]] – [[Wedding of Prince Albert, Duke of York, and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]: The future King [[George VI]] of the United Kingdom marries the future [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother]] in [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=King George VI {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/king-george-vi |website=thecanadianencyclopedia.ca |access-date=December 4, 2022}}</ref>
* [[April 28]] – The original [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] in London, England, opens its doors to the public for the first time, staging the [[1923 FA Cup Final|FA Cup Final]] between [[Bolton Wanderers]] and [[West Ham United F.C.|West Ham United]].

=== May–June ===
{{Main|May 1923|June 1923}}
* [[May 9]]
** Southeastern [[Michigan]] receives a record {{convert|15|cm|in}} of snow, after temperatures plummeted from {{convert|17|°F|°C|abbr=on}} to 1&nbsp;°F (-8&nbsp;°C to -17&nbsp;°C) between 1 and 6 pm on the previous day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/dtx/talesmay.php |title=National Weather Service |publisher=Crh.noaa.gov |access-date=August 25, 2013}}</ref>
** The premiere of [[Bertolt Brecht]]'s play ''[[In the Jungle of Cities|In the Jungle (Im Dickicht)]]'', at the [[Residenz Theatre|Residenztheater]] in [[Munich]], is interrupted by [[Nazism|Nazi]] demonstrators.
* [[May 20]] – British Prime Minister [[Bonar Law]] resigns, due to ill health.
* [[May 23]]
** [[Stanley Baldwin]] is appointed British Prime Minister.
** Belgium's ''[[Sabena]]'' Airlines is created.
* [[May 24]] – The [[Irish Civil War]] ends.
* [[May 26]] – The first [[24 Hours of Le Mans]] motor race is held, and is won by André Lagache and René Léonard.
* [[May 27]] – The [[Ku Klux Klan#Second Klan|Ku Klux Klan]] in the United States defies a law requiring publication of its membership.
* [[June 9]] – [[Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923]]: A military coup in [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] ousts prime minister [[Aleksandar Stamboliyski]] (he is killed [[June 14]]).
* [[June 12]] – [[William Walton]]'s ''[[Façade (suite)|Façade]]'' is performed for the first time, in London.
* [[June 13]] – President [[Li Yuanhong]] of [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]] abandons his residence because a warlord has commanded forces to surround the mansion and cut off its water and electric supplies in order to force him to abandon his post.
* [[June 16]] – The storming of [[Ayan, Russia|Ayan]] in [[Siberia]] concludes the [[Yakut Revolt]] and the [[Russian Civil War]].
* [[June 17]] – On the Savio Circuit in [[Ravenna]], Italy, [[Enzo_Ferrari#Racing_career|Enzo Ferrari]] won his first Grand Prix as a racecar driver. It also marked the first time he ever painted the prancing horse logo on his car, which would later become the symbol of [[Scuderia_Ferrari|Scuderia Ferrari]] and [[Ferrari|Ferrari S.p.A.]]
* [[June 18]] – [[Mount Etna]] erupts in [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], making 60,000 homeless.

=== July–August ===
{{Main|July 1923|August 1923}}
* [[July 10]] – Large hailstones kill 23 people in [[Rostov, Yaroslavl Oblast|Rostov]], [[Soviet Union]].
* [[July 13]] 
** The [[Hollywood Sign]] is inaugurated in [[California]] (originally reading ''Hollywoodland'').
** American explorer [[Roy Chapman Andrews]] discovers the first dinosaur eggs near [[Flaming Cliffs]], Mongolia.
* [[July 20]] – [[Pancho Villa]] is assassinated at [[Hidalgo del Parral]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]].
* [[July 24]] – The [[Treaty of Lausanne (1923)]], settling the boundaries of the modern [[Republic of Turkey]], is signed in Switzerland by [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greece]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] and other countries that fought in the First World War, bringing an end to the [[Ottoman Empire]] after 624 years.
* [[July]] – [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]] (Germany) sees the number of marks needed to purchase a single American dollar reach 353,000 – more than 200 times the amount needed at the start of the year.
* [[August 2]] – Vice President [[Calvin Coolidge]] becomes the 30th [[president of the United States]], upon the death of President [[Warren G. Harding]] in San Francisco.
* [[August 13]]
** The first major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia, the newly constructed [[Second Polish Republic|Polish]] seaport.
** [[Gustav Stresemann]] is named [[Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)|Chancellor of Germany]], and founds a [[coalition government]] for the [[Weimar Republic]], where hyperinflation means that more than 4,600,000 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar.
* [[August 18]] – [[1923 WAAA Championships|The first British Track & Field championships for women]] are held in London.
* [[August 30]] – Hurricane season begins, with a tropical storm northeast of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]].
* [[August 31]] – The Italian navy [[Corfu incident|occupies Corfu]], in retaliation for the murder of an Italian officer. The [[League of Nations]] protests, and the occupation ends on [[September 30]].

=== September–October ===
{{Main|September 1923|October 1923}}
* [[September 1]]
** The [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Great Kantō earthquake]] devastates Tokyo and [[Yokohama]], killing more than 100,000 people.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fRyglIx09ag|title=Remembering the Great Kanto Earthquake killingsーNHK WORLD-JAPAN NEWS|via=YouTube}}</ref>
** The [[Kantō Massacre]] begins and continues for several weeks. Ethnic Koreans are killed by lynch mobs based on rumors that Koreans are committing crimes and plotting to overthrow the government. The death toll (and even the occurrence of) the massacre is disputed, with figures ranging from a few dozen to over 6,000 deaths. Most of the deaths were of Korean people, although it is said that other ethnic minorities and even Japanese people with unusual dialects were also killed.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 25, 2021 |title=Un-remembering the Massacre: How Japan's "History Wars" are Challenging Research Integrity Domestically and Abroad |url=https://gjia.georgetown.edu/2021/10/25/un-remembering-the-massacre-how-japans-history-wars-are-challenging-research-integrity-domestically-and-abroad/}}</ref><ref name="JT130829">{{cite news |date=August 29, 2013 |title=Yokohama recalls texts describing 1923 'massacre' of Koreans |website=[[The Japan Times]] |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/08/29/national/history/yokohama-recalls-texts-describing-1923-massacre-of-koreans/ |access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref><ref name="KT160831">{{cite news |date=August 31, 2016 |title=1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints |website=[[The Korea Times]] |url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2016/08/317_213147.html |access-date=March 3, 2018}}</ref>
* [[September 4]] – The [[United States Navy]]'s first home-built rigid [[airship]] {{USS|Shenandoah|ZR-1}} makes her first flight at [[Naval Air Engineering Station Lakehurst|Naval Air Station Lakehurst]] (New Jersey); she contains most of the world's extracted reserves of [[helium]] at this time.<ref>Named and commissioned October 10. {{cite journal|last=Hayward|first=John T.|title=Comment and Discussion|journal=United States Naval Institute Proceedings|date=August 1978}}</ref>
* [[September 6]] – The [[Fukuda Village Incident]] occurs as a part of the larger Kantō Massacre. Nine Japanese people, including a pregnant woman and children, are killed based on false beliefs that they are ethnic Koreans.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Ishitobi |first=Noriki |date=September 12, 2022 |title=Director shining a light on the 'dark history' of 1923 killings {{!}} The Asahi Shimbun: Breaking News, Japan News and Analysis |url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14706604 |access-date=September 30, 2023 |website=The Asahi Shimbun}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=NEWS |first=KYODO |title=FEATURE: Efforts ongoing to shed light on 1923 Kanto quake's Korean massacre |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2023/09/de0a98e4df43-feature-efforts-ongoing-to-shed-light-on-1923-kanto-quakes-korean-massacre.html |access-date=September 30, 2023 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Gunji |first=Yasushi |date=September 6, 2023 |title=Panic, false rumors and massacre: martial law amid 1923 Kanto quake |url=https://english.kyodonews.net/news/2023/09/9af2c571c848-feature-panic-false-rumors-and-massacre-martial-law-amid-the-1923-kanto-quake.html |access-date=September 30, 2023 |website=Kyodo News+}}</ref>
* [[September 7]] – At the International Police Conference in Vienna, the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), better known as [[Interpol]], is set up.
* [[September 8]] – [[Honda Point disaster]]: Nine United States Navy [[destroyer]]s run aground off the [[California]] coast.
* [[September 9]] – Turkish head of state [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] founds the [[Republican People's Party]] (CHP).
* [[September 10]] – The [[Irish Free State]] joins the [[League of Nations]].
* [[September 11]] – Struggling for a foothold in southern China, [[Sun Yat-sen]] decides to ally his Nationalist Kuomintang party with the Comintern and the Chinese Communist Party.
* [[September 13]] – Military coup in Spain: [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] takes over, setting up a [[dictatorship]]. [[Trade union]]s are prohibited for 10 years.
* [[September 17]] – [[1923 Berkeley fire]]: A major fire in [[Berkeley, California]], erupts, consuming some 640 structures, including 584 homes in the densely built neighborhoods north of the campus of the [[University of California]].
* [[September 18]]–[[September 26|26]] – Newspaper printers strike in New York City.
* [[September 24]] – [[Atlantic hurricane season]]: The second major hurricane strikes north of [[Hispaniola]].
* [[September 26]] – In [[Bavaria]], [[Gustav Ritter von Kahr]] takes dictatorial powers.
* [[September 29]]
** The [[1923 USA Outdoor Track and Field Championships|first American Track & Field championships for women]] are held in New Jersey.
** The League of Nations [[Mandate for Palestine]] ([[1922]]) comes into effect, officially creating under British administration the [[protectorate]]s of [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]], to provide a [[homeland for the Jewish people]], and the separate [[Emirate of Transjordan]] under [[Abdullah I of Jordan|Abdullah I]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F |title=Palestine Royal Commission Report, Presented by the Secretary of State for the Colonies to Parliament by Command of His Majesty |series=Cmd. 5479 |publisher=His Majesty's Stationery Office |location=London |date=July 1937 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127035141/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/88A6BF6F1BD82405852574CD006C457F|archive-date=January 27, 2012}}</ref> The French-administered [[Mandate for Syria and Lebanon]] also takes effect.
* [[September 30]] – [[Küstrin Putsch]]: Outside Berlin, Major [[Bruno Ernst Buchrucker|Ernst Buchrucker]], a leader of the [[Black Reichswehr]], attempts a ''[[putsch]]'' by seizing several forts.
* [[October 1]] – The [[Johor–Singapore Causeway]] opens to public traffic.
* [[October 2]] – [[Küstrin Putsch]]: After two days of siege, Major Buchrucker and his men surrender.
* [[October 6]] – The [[Occupation of Constantinople]] ends when the great powers of World War I withdraw.
* [[October 13]]
** [[Ankara]] replaces [[Istanbul]] (Constantinople), as the capital of [[Turkey]].
** The first recorded example of a [[1923 Atlantic hurricane season#Hurricane Six|storm crossing from the Eastern Pacific into the Atlantic]] occurs in [[Oaxaca]].
* [[October 14]] – The fourth tropical storm of the year forms just north of [[Panama]].
* [[October 15]] – The fifth tropical storm of the year forms north of the [[Leeward Islands]].
* [[October 16]]
** A sixth tropical storm develops in the [[Gulf of Mexico]]; a rare occurrence, it consists of four active [[tropical storm]]s simultaneously.
** [[Roy O. Disney|Roy]] and [[Walt Disney]] found [[The Walt Disney Company]], at this time known as the Disney Brothers Studio.
* [[October 23]] – [[Hamburg Uprising]]: In Germany, the Communists attempt a ''[[putsch]]'' in Hamburg, which results in street battles in that city for the next two days, when it ends unsuccessfully.
* [[October 27]] – In Germany, General [[Hans von Seeckt]] orders the ''Reichswehr'' to dissolve the Social Democratic-Communist government of Saxony, which is refusing to accept the authority of the ''Reich'' government.
* [[October 28]] – In [[Qajar dynasty]] Persia, [[Reza Shah|Reza Khan]] becomes [[Ahmad Shah Qajar]]'s prime minister.
* [[October 29]] – [[Turkey]] becomes a [[republic]], following the dissolution of the [[Ottoman Empire]]; [[Kemal Atatürk]] is elected as first president.
* [[October 30]] – [[İsmet İnönü]] is appointed as the first prime minister of Turkey.

=== November–December ===
{{Main|November 1923|December 1923}}
* [[November 1]]
** The Finnish flag carrier airline [[Finnair]] is started, as Aero oy.
** The [[1923 Victorian Police strike]] begins in Australia, with half of the [[Victoria Police]] force standing down over the use of labor spies. Rioting and looting take place in [[Melbourne]] city centre.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://museumvictoria.com.au/marvellous/contrasts/protest.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080413182421/http://museumvictoria.com.au/marvellous/contrasts/protest.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 13, 2008|title=1923 Police Strike|work=Marvellous Melbourne|publisher=[[Museum Victoria]]|access-date=February 19, 2018}}</ref>
* [[November 8]] – [[Beer Hall Putsch]]: In [[Munich]], [[Adolf Hitler]] leads the [[Nazism|Nazis]] in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the attempt the next day in one of several significant events on [[9 November in German history]]. 20 people die as a result of associated violence.
* [[November 11]] – [[Adolf Hitler]] is arrested for his leading role in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]].
* [[November 12]] – Her Highness [[Princess Maud, Countess of Southesk|Princess Maud of Fife]] marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie, in Wellington Barracks, London.
* [[November 15]] – [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic]]: [[Hyperinflation]] in Germany reaches its height. One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 [[German Papiermark|Papiermark]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Stephen|last=Tonge|title=Weimar Germany 1919–1933|work=A Web of English History|url=http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/weimar.htm|access-date=March 14, 2012}}</ref> (4.2&nbsp;trillion on the [[short scale]]). [[Gustav Stresemann]] abolishes the old currency and replaces it with the [[Rentenmark]], at an exchange rate of one Rentenmark to 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale) Papiermark (effective November 20).
* [[November 23]] – [[Gustav Stresemann]]'s coalition government collapses in Germany.
* [[December 1]] – In [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], the [[Gleno Dam]] on the Gleno River, in the Valle di Scalve in the northern province of Bergamo bursts, killing at least 356 people.
* [[December 6]]
** [[1923 United Kingdom general election]]: The governing [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] under [[Stanley Baldwin]] are reduced to a minority status, with the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour party]] gaining second party status. 
** [[Calvin Coolidge]] addresses the [[68th United States Congress|United States Congress]] in the first [[Radio broadcasting|radio broadcast]] from a [[President of the United States|President of the U.S.]]
* [[December 21]] – The [[Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923|Nepal–Britain Treaty]] is the first to define the international status of [[Nepal]] as an independent sovereign country.
* [[December 27]] – [[Toranomon Incident]]: In [[Tokyo]], [[Hirohito|Crown Prince Hirohito]] of [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] survives an assassination attempt by [[communist]] student [[Daisuke Nanba]].
* [[December 29]] – [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]] files his first [[patent]] (in the United States) for "television systems".