Editing 1913 (section)

== Events ==
=== January ===
{{Main|January 1913}}
* January &ndash; [[Joseph Stalin]] travels to [[Vienna]] to research his ''[[Marxism and the National Question]]''.<ref>Published as by K. Stalin in ''[[Prosveshcheniye]]'', March–May.</ref> This means that, during this month, Stalin, [[Hitler]], [[Trotsky]] and [[Tito]] are all living in the city.
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[First Balkan War]]: Greece completes its [[Battle of Chios (1912)|capture]] of the eastern Aegean island of [[Chios]], as the last Ottoman forces on the island surrender.<ref>{{cite book | title = Επίτομη Ιστορία των Βαλκανικών Πολέμων 1912-1913 | trans-title = Concise History of the Balkan Wars 1912–1913 | publisher = Hellenic Army General Staff, Army History Directorate | location = Athens | year = 1987 | pages = 125–130 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913 |last=Erickson |first=Edward J. |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood  |location=Westport, CT |isbn=0-275-97888-5 | pages = 157–158}}</ref>
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Edward Carson]] founds the (first) [[Ulster Volunteers|Ulster Volunteer Force]], by unifying several existing [[Ulster loyalism|loyalist]] [[militia]]s to resist [[home rule]] for Ireland.<ref name=Cottrell>{{cite book|first=Peter|last=Cottrell|title=The War for Ireland, 1913-1923|url=https://archive.org/details/warforirelandgen00cott|url-access=limited|location=Oxford|publisher=Osprey|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84603-9966|page=[https://archive.org/details/warforirelandgen00cott/page/n14 14]}}</ref>
* [[January 18]] &ndash; First Balkan War: [[Battle of Lemnos (1913)|Battle of Lemnos]] &ndash; Greek admiral [[Pavlos Kountouriotis]] forces the Turkish fleet to retreat to its base within the [[Dardanelles]], from which it will not venture for the rest of the war.<ref> {{cite book |last=Fotakis |first=Zisis |title=Greek Naval Strategy and Policy, 1910–1919 |year=2005 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-35014-3 | page=50}}</ref>
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[1913 Ottoman coup d'état]]: [[Enver Pasha]] comes to power.

=== February ===
{{Main|February 1913}}
* [[February 1]] &ndash; New York City's [[Grand Central Terminal]], having been rebuilt, reopens as the world's largest [[Train station|railroad station]].
* [[February 3]] &ndash; The [[Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is ratified, authorizing the Federal government to impose and collect [[income tax]]es on all sources of income, not just some.
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Mexican Revolution]]: "[[Ten Tragic Days|La Decena Trágica]]", the rebellion of some military chiefs against the President [[Francisco I. Madero]], begins.<ref name=desconocido />
* [[February 13]] &ndash; Thubten Gyatso, the [[13th Dalai Lama]], declares the independence of [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]] from [[Qing dynasty]] China.
* [[February 18]] &ndash; Mexican Revolution: President [[Francisco I. Madero]] and Vice President [[José María Pino Suárez]] are forced to resign. [[Pedro Lascuráin]] serves as president for less than an hour, before General [[Victoriano Huerta]], leader of the coup, takes office.<ref name=desconocido />
* [[February 22]] &ndash; Mexican Revolution: Francisco I. Madero and José María Pino Suárez are assassinated.<ref name=desconocido />
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Joseph Stalin]] is arrested by the Russian secret police, the [[Okhrana]], in [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]], and exiled to [[Siberia]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert|last=Service|title=Stalin: A Biography|location=Cambridge, MA|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2005|pages=90–91}}</ref>

=== March ===
{{Main|March 1913}}
* [[March]]
** The [[House of Romanov]] celebrates the 300th anniversary of its succession to the throne, amidst an outpouring of [[monarchy|monarchist]] sentiment in [[Russian Empire|Russia]].
** Following the assassination of his rival [[Song Jiaoren]], [[Yuan Shikai]] uses military force to dissolve [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]'s parliament, and rules as a dictator.
* c. [[March 1]] &ndash; British steamship ''Calvados'' disappears in the [[Sea of Marmara]], with 200 on board.<ref>{{cite news|title=Over 200 Lost in Storm|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1913-03-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=British Steamer Lost|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article15403623|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=1913-03-10|page=9|access-date=2013-01-19|archive-date=December 7, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207123100/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/15403623|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[March 3]] &ndash; The [[Woman Suffrage Procession]] takes place in Washington, D.C. led by [[Inez Milholland]] on horseback.
* [[March 4]] &ndash; The [[U.S. Department of Commerce]] and [[U.S. Department of Labor]] are established, by splitting the duties of the 10-year-old [[Department of Commerce and Labor]]. The [[United States Census Bureau|Census Bureau]], [[U.S. Bureau of Fisheries]] and [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey]] form part of the Department of Commerce.
* [[March 4]]&ndash;[[March 6|6]] &ndash; [[First Balkan War]]: [[Battle of Bizani]] &ndash; Forces of the [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Kingdom of Greece]] capture the forts of [[Bizani]] (covering the approaches to [[Ioannina]]) from the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Alum Chine explosion|''Alum Chine'' explosion]]: British freighter ''Alum Chine'', carrying 343 tons of dynamite, explodes in the harbour of [[Baltimore]], Maryland.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ship Blows Up|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/08/100256597.pdf|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1913-03-08|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308022609/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1913/03/08/100256597.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Pancho Villa]] returns to Mexico from his self-imposed exile in the United States.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; The Military Aviation Academy (Escuela de Aviación Militar) is founded in Uruguay, to become the Military Air Force (Fuerza Aérea Militar) on [[4 December]] [[1952]] (the [[Uruguayan Air Force]] (FAU) will grow from this foundation).
* [[March 18]] &ndash; King [[George I of Greece]] is assassinated after 50 years on the throne; he is succeeded by his son [[Constantine I of Greece|Constantine I]].
* [[March 20]]
** [[Sung Chiao-jen]], a founder of the Chinese nationalist party ([[Kuomintang]]), is wounded in an assassination attempt, and dies two days later.
** The city of [[Canberra]], the center of the [[Australian Capital Territory]], becomes the official capital of the [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]].
* [[March 23]] &ndash; Supporters of [[Phan Xích Long]] begin a revolt against colonial rule in [[French Indochina]].
* [[March 25]] &ndash; The [[Great Dayton Flood]], after four days of rain in the [[Miami Valley]], kills over 360 and destroys 20,000 homes (chiefly in [[Dayton, Ohio]]).
*[[March 26]]
** [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Venustiano Carranza]] announces his [[Plan of Guadalupe]], and begins his rebellion against [[Victoriano Huerta]]'s government, as head of the ''Constitutionals''.
** [[Balkan Wars]]: The [[Siege of Adrianople (1912–13)|Siege of Adrianople]] ends, when [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]n forces take [[Adrianople]] from the Ottomans.
[[File:Naming of city of canberra capital hill 1913.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[March 12]]: Australia begins building the new capital of [[Canberra]].]]

=== April ===
{{Main|April 1913}}
* [[April]] &ndash; [[Bernhard Kellermann]]'s novel ''[[Der Tunnel (novel)|Der Tunnel]]'' is published.
* [[April 5]] &ndash; The [[United States Soccer Federation]] is formed.
* [[April 8]] – The [[Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution]] is passed, dictating the direct election of senators.
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Cunard Line|Cunard]] [[ocean liner]] {{RMS|Aquitania}}, built by [[John Brown & Company]], is launched on the [[River Clyde]].
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Woolworth Building]] opens in New York City. Designed by [[Cass Gilbert]], it is the [[List of tallest buildings in the world|tallest building in the world]] on this date, and for more than a decade after.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/|title=Study for Woolworth Building, New York|website=[[World Digital Library]]|date=1910-12-10|access-date=2013-07-25|archive-date=September 27, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927124658/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11376/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== May ===
{{Main|May 1913}}
* [[May 3]] &ndash; ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'', the first full-length Indian [[feature film]], is released, marking the beginning of the [[Cinema of India|Indian film industry]].
* [[May 9]]&ndash;[[July 11]] &ndash; A major industrial strike occurs in the [[Black Country]] of England, involving 25,000 workers, and threatening preparations for World War I in naval and steel industries. The workers demand 23 shillings minimum wage.
* [[May 14]] &ndash; New York Governor [[William Sulzer]] approves the charter for the [[Rockefeller Foundation]], which begins operations with a $100,000,000 donation from [[John D. Rockefeller]].
* [[May 24]]&ndash;[[May 25|25]] &ndash; [[Adolf Hitler]] moves from [[Vienna]] to [[Munich]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Ian|last=Kershaw|author-link=Ian Kershaw|title=Hitler: A Biography|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2010|page=45}}</ref>
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Princess Victoria Louise of Prussia]] marries [[Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick|Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover]] in Berlin, ending the decades-long rift between the [[House of Hohenzollern|Houses of Hohenzollern]] and [[House of Hanover|Hanover]] and marking the last great gathering of European sovereigns.
* [[May 26]] ([[May 13]] [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[Igor Sikorsky]] becomes the first person to pilot a 4-engine [[fixed-wing aircraft]].
* [[May 29]] &ndash; The [[ballet]] ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'' (music by [[Igor Stravinsky]], conducted by [[Pierre Monteux]], choreography by [[Vaslav Nijinsky]] and design by [[Nicholas Roerich]]) is premiered by [[Sergei Diaghilev]]'s [[Ballets Russes]], at the [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] in Paris; its [[modernism (music)|modernist]] style provokes one of the most famous [[classical music riot]]s in history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2006/04/21 |title=Radio Lab, Show 202: "Musical Language" |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901005957/http://www.wnyc.org/shows/radiolab/episodes/2006/04/21 |archive-date=September 1, 2010 |location=New York: WNYC |date=21 April 2006 |url-status=dead}} Host/Producer: [[Jad Abumrad]], Co-Host: [[Robert Krulwich]], Producer: Ellen Horne, Production Executives: Dean Capello and Mikel Ellcessor.</ref> The audience includes [[Gabriele D'Annunzio]], [[Coco Chanel]], [[Marcel Duchamp]], [[Harry Graf Kessler]] and [[Maurice Ravel]].<ref name=Illies>{{cite book|first=Florian|last=Illies|title=1913: The Year Before the Storm|year= 2013|publisher=Melville House|isbn=978-1-61219-352-6}}</ref>
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[First Balkan War]]: The [[Treaty of London (1913)|Treaty of London]] is signed, ending the war. Greece is granted those parts of southern [[Epirus]] which it does not already control, and the independence of [[Albania]] is recognised.
[[File:RiteofSpringDancers.jpg|thumb|150px|right| [[May 29]]: ''[[The Rite of Spring]]'' is premiered in Paris.]]

=== June ===
{{Main|June 1913}}
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913|Greek–Serbian Treaty of Alliance]] is signed, paving the way for the [[Second Balkan War]].
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[Emily Davison]], a British [[suffragette]], runs out in front of the King's horse, Anmer, at [[Epsom Derby|The Derby]]. She is trampled and dies four days later in hospital, never having regained consciousness.<ref name="Women's History Timeline">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1910.shtml|title=BBC Radio 4 - Woman's Hour - Women's History Timeline: 1910 - 1919|access-date=2007-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080106132003/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/1910.shtml |archive-date=January 6, 2008|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[June 8]] &ndash; The [[Deutsches Stadion (Berlin)|Deutsches Stadion]] in Berlin is dedicated with the release of 10,000 pigeons, in front of an audience of 60,000 people. It had been constructed in anticipation of the [[1916 Summer Olympics]] (later to be cancelled as the result of World War I).
* [[June 11]] 
** [[Women's suffrage]] is enacted in Norway.
** [[Battle of Bud Bagsak]]: Armed with guns and heavy artillery, U.S. and Philippine troops under General [[John J. Pershing|John J. "Black Jack" Pershing]] fight a four-day battle against 500 Moro rebels, who are armed mostly with [[kampilan]] swords. The rebels are killed in a final desperate charge on [[June 15]].
* [[June 18]] &ndash; The [[Arab Congress of 1913]] opens, during which Arab nationalists meet to discuss desired reforms under the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[June 19]] &ndash; The [[Parliament of South Africa]] passes the Natives Land Act, limiting land ownership for blacks to black territories.
* [[June 13]] &ndash; The predecessor of the [[Aldi]] store chain opens in [[Essen]], Germany.
* [[June 24]] &ndash; [[Joseph Cook]] becomes the 6th [[Prime Minister of Australia]].
* [[June 29]] &ndash; The [[Second Balkan War]] begins with Bulgaria attacking Serbia and Greece.

=== July ===
{{Main|July 1913}}
* [[July 10]]
** Romania declares war on Bulgaria.
** [[Death Valley]], [[California]] hits 134&nbsp;°F (~56.7&nbsp;°C), the all-time [[highest temperature recorded on Earth]] (although its validity has been challenged, and in 2020 a temperature of {{convert|54.4|°C|°F}} was recorded at the same location, which would make it the world's highest ''verified'' air temperature, subject to confirmation).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/17/death-valley-temperature-rises-to-544c-possibly-the-hottest-ever-reliably-recorded|title=Death Valley temperature rises to 54.4C – possibly the hottest ever reliably recorded|first=Graham|last=Readfearn|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London|date=2020-08-17|access-date=August 17, 2020|archive-date=August 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817204338/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/17/death-valley-temperature-rises-to-544c-possibly-the-hottest-ever-reliably-recorded|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[July 13]] &ndash; The [[1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak]] during the Second Balkan War starts.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281820179|title=A novel method to combat the cholera epidemic among the Romanian Army during the Balkan War - 1913|first1=Florin|last1=Leașu|first2=Codruța|last2=Nemeț|first3=Cristina|last3=Borzan|first4=Liliana|last4=Rogozea|journal=Acta medico-historica Adriatica|volume=13|issue=1|pages=159–170|year=2015|pmid=26203545}}</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; The town of [[San Javier, Uruguay]], is founded<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/toponimico/Categorizaci%F3n%20localidades%20urbanas%20orden%20alfab%E9tico.pdf |title=Statistics of urban localities (1908–2004) |publisher=INE |year=2012 |access-date=2012-09-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323054815/http://www.blayney.nsw.gov.au/ArticleDocuments/329/3h%20-%20Hobbys%20Yards%20Heritage%20Items.pdf.aspx |archive-date=March 23, 2015 }}</ref> by Russian settlers.

=== August ===
{{Main|August 1913}}
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The first known ascent of [[Mount Olympus]] in Greece is made by Swiss mountaineers Daniel Baud-Bovy and [[Frédéric Boissonnas]] guided by [[Christos Kakkalos]].
* [[August 4]] &ndash; [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]: The city of [[Chongqing]] (Chungking) declares independence; Republican forces crush the rebellion in a couple of weeks.
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Second Balkan War]]: The [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]] is signed, ending the war. [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] is divided, and [[Northern Epirus]] is assigned to [[Provisional Government of Albania|Albania]].
* [[August 13]] &ndash; [[Harry Brearley]] invents [[stainless steel]] in [[Sheffield]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006|pages=94}}</ref>
* [[August 20]] &ndash; After his airplane fails at an altitude of {{convert|900|ft|m}}, aviator [[Adolphe Pégoud]] becomes the first person to bail out from an airplane and land safely.<ref>"Airman Uses Parachute". ''New York Times''. August 20, 1913.</ref>
* [[August 23]] &ndash; [[The Little Mermaid (statue)|The Little Mermaid]] statue is finished in [[Copenhagen]], Denmark.
* [[August 26]] &ndash; [[Dublin Lock-out]] in Ireland: Members of [[James Larkin]]'s [[Irish Transport and General Workers' Union]] employed by the [[Dublin United Transport Company|Dublin United Tramways Company]] begin strike action in defiance of the dismissal of [[trade union]] members by its chairman.<ref name=Yeates>{{cite journal|first=Padraig|last=Yeates|title=The Dublin 1913 Lockout|url=http://www.historyireland.com//volumes/volume9/issue2/features/?id=259|year=2009|journal=[[History Ireland]]|volume=9|issue=2|access-date=2012-10-19|archive-date=September 26, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926003531/http://www.historyireland.com/volumes/volume9/issue2/features/?id=259|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[August 31]] &ndash; Dublin Lock-out: "Bloody Sunday": The dispute escalates when the [[Dublin Metropolitan Police]] kill one demonstrator and injure 400, in dispersing a demonstration.<ref name=Cottrell/><ref name=Yeates/>

=== September ===
{{Main|September 1913 (month)}}
[[Image:The Balkan boundaries after 1913.jpg|thumb|175px|The Balkan boundaries after 1913]]
* [[September 7]]&ndash;[[September 8|8]] &ndash; The Fourth Congress of the [[International Psychoanalytical Association]] (the last occasion on which [[Carl Jung]] and [[Sigmund Freud]] will meet) takes place in [[Munich]].
* [[September 9]]
** In Germany, [[BASF]] starts the world's first plant for the production of [[fertilizer]] based on the [[Haber process|Haber-Bosch process]], feeding in modern times about a third of the world's population.
** [[Imperial Russian Army]] pilot [[Pyotr Nesterov]] becomes the first person to [[Aerobatic maneuver|loop]] an airplane, flying a [[Nieuport IV]] [[monoplane]] over Syretzk Aerodrome near [[Kiev]], in the [[Russian Empire]].
** [[Helgoland Island air disaster]]: The first fatalities aboard a German [[airship]] occur, when the [[Imperial German Navy]] [[Zeppelin]] dirigible ''LZ&nbsp;14'' (naval designation ''L&nbsp;1'') is forced down into the [[North Sea]] off [[Heligoland]] during a [[thunderstorm]], killing 16 of the 22 men on board.
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Jean Sibelius]]'s tone poem ''[[Luonnotar (Sibelius)|Luonnotar]]'' is premiered in [[Gloucester Cathedral]], England, with soprano [[Aino Ackté]].
* [[September 17]] &ndash; In Chicago, the [[Anti-Defamation League]] of [[B'nai B'rith]] is founded, with [[Sigmund Livingston]] as its first president.
* [[September 23]] &ndash; French aviator [[Roland Garros (aviator)|Roland Garros]] crosses the Mediterranean in an airplane flying from [[Fréjus]], France to [[Bizerte]], Tunisia.
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Second Balkan War]]: The [[Treaty of Constantinople (1913)|Treaty of Constantinople]] is signed in [[Istanbul]], between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]].

=== October ===
{{Main|October 1913}}
[[Image:A-line1913 edit.jpg|thumb|225px|right|Nearly-completed Ford Model Ts at the Highland Park Plant]]
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Mexican Revolution]]: [[Pancho Villa]]'s troops take [[Torreón]] after a 3-day battle, when government troops retreat.
* [[October 7]]–[[December 1]] &ndash; The [[Ford Motor Company]] adopts a moving [[assembly line]] for [[chassis]] production of the [[Model T]] at its [[Highland Park Plant]] in [[Highland Park, Michigan]] ([[Detroit]]), reducing assembly time from 12½ hours to 2 hours 40 minutes, a landmark in [[mass production]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/fords-assembly-line-turns-100-how-it-really-put-the-world-on-wheels-feature|title=Ford's Assembly Line Turns 100: How It Really Put the World on Wheels|first=Tony|last=Swan|journal=[[Car and Driver]]|date=April 2013|access-date=2017-03-26|archive-date=2017-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419222733/http://www.caranddriver.com/features/fords-assembly-line-turns-100-how-it-really-put-the-world-on-wheels-feature|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/moving-assembly-line-at-ford|title=October 7 1913: Moving assembly line debuts at Ford factory|publisher=[[History (U.S. TV channel)|The History Channel]]|work=This Day in History|date=March 4, 2010 |access-date=2025-02-15|archive-date=2016-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915141050/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/moving-assembly-line-at-ford|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=December 1 1913: Ford's assembly line starts rolling|work=This Day in History|date=November 13, 2009 |url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/fords-assembly-line-starts-rolling|publisher=The History Channel|access-date=2025-02-15}}</ref> Between 1912 and 1914 the retail price of a Model T drops by US$150.
* [[October 9]] &ndash; Canadian-owned ocean liner {{SS|Volturno|1906}}, carrying passengers (mostly immigrants) and a chemical cargo from [[Rotterdam]] to New York City, catches fire in a North Atlantic gale; 136 die, but 521 are saved by ships summoned by [[SOS]] messages to the scene.
* [[October 10]]
** U.S. President [[Woodrow Wilson]] triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, ending construction on the [[Panama Canal]].
** [[Yuan Shikai]] is elected [[President of the Republic of China]].<ref>  Hill, Joshua. “Warlord Democracy: Coercion and Coordination, 1913–1921.” Voting As a Rite, 1st ed., vol. 417, Harvard University Asia Center, 2019, pp. 137-, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvrs90d2.10</nowiki>.</ref>
* [[October 11]] &ndash; The [[Philadelphia Athletics]] win the deciding game of the [[1913 World Series]], over baseball's [[New York Giants_(baseball)|New York Giants]], winning 3–1 to take the series in five games.
* [[October 14]] &ndash; [[Senghenydd colliery disaster]]: An explosion at the [[Universal Colliery]], Senghenydd in [[South Wales]] kills 439 miners, the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
* [[October 16]] &ndash; The British [[Royal Navy]]'s {{HMS|Queen Elizabeth|1913|6}} is launched at [[Portsmouth Dockyard]] as the first oil-fired [[battleship]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Crowhurst|title=A History of Firsts: Portsmouth Historic Dockyard|url=http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/museums/portsmouth.shtml|work=TimeTravel-Britain.com|year=2005|access-date=2010-09-09|archive-date=July 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120706130633/http://www.timetravel-britain.com/articles/museums/portsmouth.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[Image:Völkerschlachtdenkmal Leipzig.JPG|thumb|115px|right|Monument to the Battle of the Nations at Leipzig]]
* [[October 18]] &ndash; The [[Monument to the Battle of the Nations]] at [[Leipzig]], Germany is finished.
* [[October 19]] &ndash; The [[DLRG]] (German Life-Saving Society) is founded.
* [[October 26]] &ndash; [[Victoriano Huerta]] elected president of Mexico.
* [[October 28]]&ndash;[[December 2]] &ndash; [[Zabern Affair]]: Acts of aggression by the [[Prussia]]n garrison at [[Zabern]], [[Alsace-Lorraine]] provoke political debate across the [[German Empire]].
* [[October 31]] &ndash; The [[Lincoln Highway]], the first automobile road across the United States, is dedicated.

=== November ===
{{Main|November 1913}}
* [[November 5]] &ndash; King [[Otto, King of Bavaria|Otto of Bavaria]] is deposed by his cousin, Prince Regent Ludwig, who assumes the title [[Ludwig III of Bavaria|Ludwig III]].
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[Mohandas Gandhi]] is arrested, while leading a march of Indian miners in South Africa.
* [[November 7]]&ndash;[[November 11|11]] &ndash; The [[Great Lakes Storm of 1913]] in North America claims 19 ships, and more than 250 lives.

=== December ===
{{Main|December 1913}}
* [[December 1]]
** [[Crete]], having obtained [[self rule]] from [[Ottoman Empire|Turkey]] after the [[First Balkan War]], is annexed by [[Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)|Greece]].
**[[Buenos Aires Underground]], the first in South America, opens.
* [[December 12]] &ndash; [[Vincenzo Peruggia]] tries to sell the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' in [[Florence]], and is arrested.
* [[December 19]] &ndash; The [[Raker Act]] is signed by President [[Woodrow Wilson]], allowing the City of [[San Francisco]] to dam [[Hetch Hetchy]] Valley in [[Yosemite National Park]].
* [[December 23]] &ndash; The [[Federal Reserve System]] is created as the [[central bank]]ing system of the United States, by [[Woodrow Wilson]]'s signature of the [[Federal Reserve Act]].
* [[December 24]] &ndash; [[Italian Hall disaster]]: seventy-three people – mostly striking mine workers and their families – are crushed to death in a stampede in [[Calumet, Michigan]].
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] returns the ''[[Mona Lisa]]'' to [[French Third Republic|France]].

=== Date unknown ===
* Between the two Balkan Wars, a group of Bulgarian teachers and priests including teacher [[Gligor Zisov]] are deported by the newly-established Greek authorities to Bulgaria but killed by Greek soldiers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shklifov|first=Blagoy|authorlink=Blagoy Shklifov|title=На кол вода пиехме. Записки за Христовите мъки на българите в Егейска Македония през ХХ век|trans-title=At stake drinking water, Notes on Christ's passion of Bulgarians in Aegean Macedonia during the twentieth century|location=Sofia|language=Bulgarian|year=2011|pages=51–53}}</ref>
* The [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] is established in [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] (modern-day [[Bangladesh]]).
* [[America Cultural Center]] is inaugurated in [[Salta]], Argentina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centro Cultural América, City of Salta. Art Destination Argentina |url=https://universes.art/en/art-destinations/argentina/northwest/salta/city/centro-cultural |access-date=2024-03-03 |website=universes.art |language=en}}</ref>
* French physicist [[Georges Sagnac]] shows that light propagates at a speed independent of the speed of its source.
* [[Camel (cigarette)|Camel]] [[cigarettes]] are introduced by [[R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company|R. J. Reynolds]] in the United States (the first packaged cigarettes).
* The [[State Security Investigations Service]], the Middle East’s first internal security service is established in [[Khedivate of Egypt|Egypt]].
* [[Prada]] is established as a leather goods dealer in [[Milan]], by [[Mario Prada]] and his brother.
* [[Astra AB|Astra]], a predecessor of the [[AstraZeneca]] global [[healthcare]] and pharmaceutical brand, is founded in [[Södertälje]], [[Sweden]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuglCgAAQBAJ&q=Knut+Sj%C3%B6berg%2C+Astra%2C+CEO&pg=PT69|title=L'industria delle Medicine|last=Zirulia|first=Giuliano|year=2015|publisher=Edra Masson|isbn=9788821439049|language=it}}</ref>
* The value of [[International trade|world trade]] reaches roughly $38&nbsp;billion.