Editing 1897 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
[[File:Mckinley.jpg|thumb|120px|right| [[March 4]], President [[William McKinley]]]]
* [[January 2]] &ndash; The International [[Alpha Omicron Pi]] sorority is founded, in [[New York City]].
* [[January 4]] &ndash; A British force is ambushed by Chief [[Ologbosere]], son-in-law of the ruler. This leads to a [[punitive expedition]] against [[Benin City|Benin]].
* [[January 7]] &ndash; A [[1897 Darwin cyclone|cyclone]] destroys [[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]], [[Australia]].
* [[January 8]] &ndash; Lady [[Flora Shaw]], future wife of Governor General [[Frederick Lugard, 1st Baron Lugard|Lord Lugard]], officially proposes the name "Nigeria" in a newspaper contest, to be given to the British [[Niger Coast Protectorate]]. 
* [[January 22]] &ndash; In this date's issue of the journal ''Engineering'', the word ''[[computer]]'' is first used to refer to a mechanical calculation device.<ref>''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''. {{cite book|first=Lisa|last=McCoy|title=Computers and Programming|url=https://archive.org/details/computersprogram0000mcco|url-access=registration|publisher=Infobase Publishing|year=2010|page=[https://archive.org/details/computersprogram0000mcco/page/1 1]}}</ref>
* [[January 31]] &ndash; The [[Czechoslovak Trade Union Association]] is founded in [[Prague]].
* [[February 10]] &ndash; Freedom of religion is proclaimed in [[Madagascar]].
* [[February 16]] &ndash; The French conquer the island of [[Raiatea]] and capture the rebel chief [[Teraupo'o]], ending the [[Leeward Islands War]] and bringing all of the [[Society Islands]] under their control.
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Benin City|Benin]] is put to the torch by the British Army's [[Benin Expedition of 1897|Benin Expedition]]. [[Ovonramwen]], [[Oba of Benin]], is exiled from his kingdom and the [[Benin Bronzes]] are carried off to London.
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The [[Sigma Pi]] fraternity is founded in Vincennes, Indiana.
* [[February 27]] &ndash; The [[French Third Republic|French]] military governor of [[Madagascar]], [[Joseph Gallieni]], exiles Queen [[Ranavalona III]] to [[Réunion]], abolishing the [[Merina Kingdom|monarchy]] the next day.
* [[March 13]] &ndash; [[San Diego State University]] is founded.
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] unseats [[Andrés Bonifacio]] at the [[Tejeros Convention]], becoming the new head of the Filipino revolutionary group [[Katipunan]].

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 15]]
** Drillers near [[Bartlesville, Oklahoma]] strike oil for the first time, in the designated "Indian Territory", on land leased from the [[Osage Nation|Osage Indians]]. The gusher, at the [[Osage Hills#The Osage|Nellie Johnstone Number One]] well, leads to rapid population growth.<ref>{{cite book|first1=W. David|last1=Baird|first2=Danney|last2=Goble|title=The Story of Oklahoma|publisher=University of Oklahoma Press|year=1994|page=8}}</ref>
** [[Yamaichi Securities]] founded in Japan; it will cease trading a hundred years later.<ref name="jt19971209">{{cite web |title=Yamaichi chief gives Diet testimony on 'tobashi' trades |website=The Japan Times |date=9 December 1997 |access-date=2011-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119230750/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/1997/12/09/news/yamaichi-chief-gives-diet-testimony-on-tobashi-trades/ |archive-date=2015-11-19|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/1997/12/09/news/yamaichi-chief-gives-diet-testimony-on-tobashi-trades/}}</ref>
* [[April 18]] &ndash; the [[Greco-Turkish War of 1897]] Breaks out. 
* [[April 19]] &ndash; The first [[Boston Marathon]] is held in the United States, with fifteen men competing, and won by [[John McDermott (runner)|John McDermott]].<ref>{{cite dictionary|article=Boston Marathon|dictionary=Historical Dictionary of Track and Field|first=Peter|last=Matthews|publisher=Scarecrow Press|year=2012|page=40}}</ref>
*  [[April 23]] &ndash; Representatives of the [[Chickasaw Nation]], [[Choctaw Nation]] and U.S. [[Dawes Commission]] sign the [[Atoka Agreement]], which becomes an important precursor for creating the State of Oklahoma.
* [[April 27]]–[[6 May]] &ndash; [[Greco-Turkish War of 1897]]: [[Battle of Velestino]].<ref>{{Great Military and Naval Encyclopaedia | volume = 2 | last = Spyropoulos | first = N. | article = Βελεστῖνον | pages = 335–337}}</ref>
*  [[April 30]] &ndash; [[J. J. Thomson]] of the [[Cavendish Laboratory]] announces his discovery of the [[electron]] as a [[subatomic particle]], over 1,800 times smaller than a [[proton]] (in the atomic nucleus), at a lecture at the [[Royal Institution]] in London.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ninety years around the atom|first=Christine|last=Sutton|journal=New Scientist|date=8 January 1997|page=49}}</ref>
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[John Jacob Abel]] announces the successful isolation of [[epinephrine]] ([[adrenaline]]), in a paper read before the Association of American Physicians.<ref>"On the Blood-Pressure-Raising Constituent of the Suprarenal Capsule", by John J. Abel, M.D., and Albert C. Crawford, M.D., in ''Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital'' (July, 1897) p151</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; 19 zinc miners die of [[carbon monoxide poisoning]] at [[Snaefell Mine]] on the [[Isle of Man]].
* [[May 11]] &ndash; A patent is awarded for the invention of the first automotive [[muffler]], with the granting by the U.S. Patent Office of application number 582,485 to [[Milton Reeves]] and his brother Marshall T. Reeves, of the Reeves Pulley Company of [[Columbus, Indiana]].<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US582485 "Exhaust Muffler for Engines"]; [http://www.k3ir.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/QRZnewsSep2014.pdf QRZ News, September 2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717014931/http://www.k3ir.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/QRZnewsSep2014.pdf |date=July 17, 2015 }}</ref>
* [[May 14]]
** ''[[The Stars and Stripes Forever]]'', an [[American patriotic march]] by [[John Philip Sousa]], is performed for the first time.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=John Philip Sousa|title=All Music Guide to Classical Music|author=Woodstra, Chris|publisher=Hal Leonard Corporation|year=2005|page=1296|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
** (or [[May 15]]) &ndash; The [[Scientific-Humanitarian Committee]] (''[[:de:Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee|Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee]]'', WhK) is founded in Berlin as an [[LGBT social movements|LGBT campaigning organization]], [[List of lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender firsts by year|the first]] such in history.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Early Homosexual Rights Movement (1864–1935)|first1=John|last1=Lauritsen|first2=David|last2=Thorstad|publisher=Times Change Press|location=New York|edition=Revised|year=1995|isbn=0-87810-041-5}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] &ndash; [[Oscar Wilde]] is released from prison in England, and goes into voluntary exile on the continent. <ref>{{cite book|first=Norman|last=Page|title=An Oscar Wilde Chronology|publisher=Macmillan|year=1991|pages=74–75}}</ref>
* [[May 22]] &ndash; The [[Blackwall Tunnel]], at this time the longest underwater road tunnel in the world, is opened for traffic beneath the [[River Thames]] in the [[East End of London]] by the [[Edward VII|Prince of Wales]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=978-0-14-102715-9|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[May 26]] &ndash; Irish-born theatrical manager [[Bram Stoker]]'s contemporary Gothic horror novel ''[[Dracula]]'' is first published (in London); it will influence the direction of [[vampire literature]] for the following century.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Dracula (Stoker)|title=Encyclopedia of the Vampire: The Living Dead in Myth, Legend, and Popular Culture|editor=Joshi, S. T.|publisher=ABC-Clio|year=2010|page=82}}</ref>
* [[May 31]] &ndash; On Decoration Day (later [[Memorial Day]]) the [[Robert Gould Shaw Memorial]] is dedicated in Boston. The bronze bas relief by [[Augustus St. Gaudens]] depicts the [[54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment]] of black Civil War soldiers.
* [[June 12]] &ndash; [[1897 Assam earthquake]]: An earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks [[Assam]], [[India]], killing over 1,500 people.
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[Kyoto University]] is officially established in [[Japan]].<ref>[[:ja:京都大学#年表#明治]] (Japanese language) Retrieved 2017-05-17.</ref>
* [[June 22]] &ndash; The [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] is celebrated in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book|first=Anne E.|last=Keeling|title=Great Britain and Her Queen|publisher=Echo Library|year=2008|page=77}}</ref> No other British monarch will celebrate such a jubilee until [[Elizabeth II]] in [[2012]].

[[File:Diamonds are a girl's best friend (8527831550).jpg|thumb|Display in celebration of [[Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee]] on Alma Place in [[Coleraine]], [[County Londonderry]], [[Ulster]]]]

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July 11]] &ndash; [[S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897]] begins. The ill-fated expedition to fly over the Arctic results in the death of the entire team within months.
* [[July 17]] &ndash; The [[Klondike Gold Rush]] begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in [[Seattle]]
* [[July 25]] &ndash; Writer [[Jack London]] sails to join the [[Klondike Gold Rush]], where he will write his first successful stories.
* [[July 26]]&ndash;[[August 2]] &ndash; [[Siege of Malakand]]: British troops are besieged by [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] tribesmen in [[Malakand Agency|Malakand]], on the Northwest frontier of [[British Raj|British India]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]).
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Mount Saint Elias]], the second highest peak in the United States and Canada, is first ascended.
* [[August 10]] &ndash; At the [[Bayer]] pharmaceutical company, pharmacist [[Felix Hoffmann]] successfully synthesizes [[acetylsalicylic acid]], after isolating a compound from a plant of the [[Spiraea]] family; the company markets it under the brand name "[[Aspirin]]".<ref>Diarmuid Jeffreys, ''Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug'' (Bloomsbury, 2005) p70</ref>
* [[August 21]] &ndash; The [[Oldsmobile|Olds Motor Vehicle Co.]] is founded in [[Lansing, Michigan]], by [[Ransom E. Olds]].
* [[August 29]] &ndash; The [[First Zionist Congress]] convenes in [[Basel]], Switzerland.
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[Thomas Edison]] is granted a patent for the [[Kinetoscope]], a precursor of the [[movie projector]].
[[File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg|thumb|150px|right| [[October 6]], [[Ethiopia]]n flag.]]
* [[September 1]] &ndash; The [[Tremont Street subway]] is opened in Boston, Massachusetts.
* [[September 10]] &ndash; [[Lattimer massacre]]: A sheriff's posse kills 19 unarmed immigrant miners in [[Pennsylvania]].
* [[September 11]] &ndash; After months of searching, generals of [[Menelik II of Ethiopia]] capture [[Gaki Sherocho]], the last king of [[Kingdom of Kaffa|Kaffa]], bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[Battle of Saragarhi]]: Twenty-one [[Sikh]]s of the [[36th Sikhs]] regiment of the [[British Indian Army]] defend an army post to the death, against 10,000 [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] and [[Orakzai]] tribesmen, in the [[Tirah Campaign]] on the Northwest frontier of the [[British Raj]] (modern-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]).
* [[September 20]] &ndash; Greece and Turkey sign a peace treaty to end the [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Greco-Turkish War]].
[[Image:Uss baltimore c-3.jpg|thumb|150px|right| October: {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}} in Hawaii]]
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Francis P. Church]] responds (anonymously) to a letter to the editor of [[The Sun (New York City)|''The Sun'' (New York City)]] that is known as the famous "[[Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus]]" letter.

===October–December===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take [[Canudos]] in north Brazil, crushing [[Antônio Conselheiro]] and his followers.
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Ethiopia]] adopts the tricolor flag: green is for the land, yellow for gold, and red is symbolic of strength and the blood shed.
* [[October 12]]
** The [[Korean Empire]] is proclaimed, marking the end of the [[Joseon]] dynasty after just over 500 years.
** The city of [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian [[planned city]] is completed successfully; an immigration of 1,000,000 people is estimated.
** {{USS|Baltimore|C-3|6}} (Cruiser # 3, later CM-1) is recommissioned, since [[1890]], for several months of duty in the [[Hawaiian Islands]].
* [[October 13]] &ndash; {{HMS|Canopus|1897|6}}, a [[pre-dreadnought battleship]] of the [[Royal Navy]], is launched at [[Portsmouth]], England; she will be deployed widely in World War I.
* [[October 23]] &ndash; The [[Kappa Delta]] sorority is founded in Farmville, [[Virginia]].
* [[November 1]] &ndash; [[Juventus FC]] is founded as an [[association football]] club in [[Turin]].
* [[November 25]] &ndash; Spain grants [[Puerto Rico]] autonomy.
* [[December 9]] &ndash; The first issue of the feminist newspaper ''[[La Fronde (newspaper)|La Fronde]]'' is published by [[Marguerite Durand]] in Paris.
* [[December 12]]
** The comic strip ''[[The Katzenjammer Kids]]'' debuts in the ''[[New York Journal]]''.
** [[Belo Horizonte]], the first planned city in Brazil, is incorporated.
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]]: The [[Philippine Revolution]] is settled, with Spanish promises to reform.
* [[December 28]] &ndash; The play ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac (play)|Cyrano de Bergerac]]'', by [[Edmond Rostand]], premieres in Paris.
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Colony of Natal|Natal]] annexes [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]].

===Date unknown===
* The first [[electric bicycle]] is invented.
* [[Karl Lueger]] becomes [[mayor]] of [[Vienna]].
* [[Zhejiang University]] is founded in China.
* [[Émile Durkheim]] publishes his classic study ''[[Suicide (Durkheim book)|Suicide]]''.
* The pan-African anthem "[[Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika]]" ("God Bless Africa") is composed as a [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] hymn by South African teacher [[Enoch Sontonga]].
* ''[[Dos Equis]]'' beer is first brewed in Mexico, in anticipation of the new century. "Dos equis" is Spanish for "two x", a reference to the 20th Century (XX in Roman numerals)
* [[Alexander Scriabin]] publishes his [[Piano Sonata No. 2 (Scriabin)|Piano Sonata no. 2 "Sonata-Fantasia"]] in G sharp minor