Editing 1891 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
[[File:Liliuokalani.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[January 21]]: Hawaii, Queen [[Liliuokalani of Hawaii|Lili'Uokalani]].]]
* [[January 1]] 
** A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence. 
**[[German Empire|Germany]] takes formal possession of its new African territories. 
* [[January 4]] &ndash; The [[Earl of Zetland]] issues a declaration regarding the famine in the western counties of Ireland. 
* [[January 5]]
**The [[1891 Australian shearers' strike|Australian shearers' strike]], that leads indirectly to the foundation of the [[Australian Labor Party]], begins. 
**A fight between the [[United States]] and [[Lakota people|Lakotas]] breaks out near Pine Ridge agency. 
**A fight between railway strikers and police breaks out at Motherwell, [[Scotland]]. 
* [[January 7]] 
** [[Nelson A. Miles|General Miles']] forces surround the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] in the [[Pine Ridge Reservation]]. 

** The Inter-American Monetary Commission meets in [[Washington DC]]. 
* [[January 9]] &ndash; The great shoe strike in [[Rochester, New York]] is called off. 
* [[January 10]] &ndash; in [[France]], the Irish Nationalist leaders hold a conference at [[Boulogne]]. The French government promptly takes loan. 
* [[January 11]]
**3,000 [[Lakota people|Lakotas]] approach Pine Ridge with a view to surrender. 
**[[Mahoning Valley|Mahoning Valley, Ohio]], sixteen blast furnaces shut down, putting 10,000 men out of work. 
* [[January 12]]
**[[Canada]] brings suit before the [[United States Supreme Court]] in re-seizures of vessels in the [[Bering Sea]]. 
**St. Mary's Cathedral dedicated in [[San Francisco]].
* [[January 14]] &ndash; Conference of [[Lakota people|Lakota]] chiefs with General Miles at [[Pine Ridge Reservation]], the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] agree to surrender. 
* [[January 15]] &ndash; Scottish railway strikers attempt to wreck a train near [[Greenock, Scotland]]. 
* [[January 16]] &ndash; The [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]] breaks out.<ref>{{cite book|title=Naval Institute Proceedings|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yDYaAAAAIAAJ|year=1962|publisher=U.S. Naval Institute|page=60}}</ref> 
* [[January 19]]
**General Miles officially announces the end of the native outbreak and congratulates his troops. 
**A [[British Navy|British]] squadron ordered to [[Chile]]. 
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Jim Hogg]] becomes the first native [[Texas|Texan]] to be governor of that state.
* [[January 27]]&ndash;[[May 2]] &ndash; The [[Jamaica International Exhibition]] is held.<ref>{{cite book|title=Revista Interamericana: Interamericana Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WCgdAQAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Inter American University Press|page=130}}</ref>
* [[January 29]] &ndash; [[Liliuokalani]] is proclaimed Queen of [[Hawaii]].
* [[January 31]] &ndash; The Portuguese [[Republicanism|republican]] [[revolution]] breaks out, in the northern city of [[Porto]].
* [[February]] &ndash; The [[Tobacco Protest]] begins in [[Iran]].
* [[February 14]] &ndash; In the [[FA Cup]] quarter final in English [[Association football]], a goal is deliberately stopped by handball on the [[Association football pitch|goal line]]. An [[indirect free kick]] is awarded, since the [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]], proposed the previous year by [[William McCrum]], has not yet been implemented. This event probably changes public opinion on the penalty kick, seen previously as ''an Irishman's motion''.
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Allmänna Idrottsklubben]] (AIK) sports club is founded in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]].
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[Springhill, Nova Scotia]] suffers a [[Springhill mining disasters|serious mining disaster]].
* [[March 3]] &ndash; The [[International Copyright Act of 1891]] is passed, by the [[51st United States Congress]].
* [[March 5]] &ndash; 1st [[Prime Minister of Canada]] [[Sir John A. Macdonald]] wins a 4th consecutive parliamentary victory over the [[Liberal Party]].
* [[March 9]]–[[March 12|12]] &ndash; The [[Great Blizzard of 1891]] in the south and west of England leads to extensive snow drifts and powerful storms off the south coast, with 14 ships sunk, and approximately 220 deaths attributed to the weather conditions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Woodward|first=Antony|author2=Penn, Robert|year=2007|title=The Wrong Kind of Snow|location=London|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|isbn=978-0-340-93787-7}}</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; [[Djurgårdens IF]] (DIF) sports club is founded in Stockholm.
* [[March 14]] &ndash; In [[New Orleans]], a [[Lynching|lynch mob]] storms the Old Parish Prison, and [[March 14, 1891 lynchings|lynches 11 Italians]] arrested but found innocent of the murder of Police Chief [[David Hennessy]].
* [[March 17]] &ndash; The British steamship {{SS|Utopia}}, carrying Italian migrants to New York, sinks in the inner harbor of [[Gibraltar]] after collision with the battleship [[HMS Anson (1886)|HMS ''Anson'']], killing 564.<ref>562 passengers and crew from ''Utopia'' and two rescue sailors from [[HMS Immortalité (1887)|HMS ''Immortalité'']] - {{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/03/20/103299622.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1891/03/20/103299622.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=The Dead of the Utopia|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 20, 1891}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] &ndash; The London&ndash;Paris telephone system officially opens.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
[[File:Tchaikovsky.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[May 5]]: [[Tchaikovsky]] opens [[Carnegie Hall]]]]
* [[April 1]]
** The [[Wrigley Company]] is founded in Chicago.
** The London–Paris telephone system is opened to the general public.<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; [[Census in the United Kingdom]]: 15.6 million people live in cities of 20,000 or more in [[England and Wales]], and cities of 20,000 or more account for 54% of the total [[English people|English]] population.
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The first official game in the [[Association football]] league of [[Argentina]] ([[1891 Argentine Primera División]]) is held in [[Caballito, Buenos Aires]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Historia del Fútbol Amateur en la Argentina|first=Jorge|last=Iwanczuk|publisher=Autores Editores|year=1992|isbn=9504343848}}</ref>
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]]: [[Chilean ironclad Blanco Encalada|Chilean ironclad ''Blanco Encalada'']] is sunk at the [[Battle of Caldera Bay]] by [[torpedo boat]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090716/pags/20090716194359.html |title=Blanco Encalada, fragata blindada (1º). |publisher=Armada de Chile |access-date=2009-10-27 |language=es |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091203093344/http://www.armada.cl/prontus_armada/site/artic/20090716/pags/20090716194359.html |archive-date=3 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> This is the first [[ironclad warship]] lost to a self-propelled [[torpedo]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Stem|first=Robert|title=Destroyer Battles: Epics of Naval Close Combat|page=22|publisher=Seaforth Publishing|location=Barnsley|year=2008|isbn=978-1473813564|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lv_RAwAAQBAJ&q=Almirante+Lynch&pg=PA22}}</ref>
* [[May]] &ndash; [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] claims to be the Promised [[Messiah]] (the second coming of [[Jesus]]) and the [[Mahdi]] awaited in [[Islam]].
* [[May 1]] 
** Troops fire on a workers' [[International Workers' Day|May Day]] demonstration in support of the 8-hour workday in [[Fourmies, Nord|Fourmies]], France, killing 9 and wounding 30.
** The first ''[[Fasci Siciliani|Fascio dei lavoratori]]'' (Workers League) is founded by [[Giuseppe De Felice Giuffrida]] in [[Catania]], [[Sicily]].
* [[May 5]] &ndash; The Music Hall in New York (later known as [[Carnegie Hall]]) has its grand opening and first public performance, with [[Tchaikovsky|Peter Tchaikovsky]] as guest conductor.<ref>{{cite book|title=Stagebill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QOy2AAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=B & B Enterprises, Incorporated|page=17}}</ref>
* [[May 11]] &ndash; [[Ōtsu incident]]: [[Tsesarevich]] [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nikolay Alexandrovich]] (the future Czar Nicholas II) of Russia survives an assassination attempt while visiting Japan.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Pope Leo XIII]] issues the encyclical ''[[Rerum novarum]]'', on the rights and duties of capital and labor, resulting in the creation of many [[Christian Democrat]] parties throughout Europe.<ref>{{cite book|author=Pope Leo XIII|title=Rerum Novarum: Encyclical on the Rights and Duties of Capital and Labour|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI60PAAACAAJ|orig-year=1891|year=2002|publisher=Catholic Truth Society|isbn=978-1-86082-153-0}}</ref>
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Thomas Edison]]'s prototype [[kinetoscope]] is first displayed at Edison's Laboratory, for a convention of the National Federation of Women's Clubs.
* [[May 31]] N.S. ([[May 19]] O.S.) &ndash; In the Kuperovskaya district of [[Vladivostok]], a grand ceremonial inauguration of construction work on the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] is carried out by the Tsesarevich Nikolay Alexandrovich, and a religious service held.
* [[June]] &ndash; The [[clipper|clipper ship]] [[Cromdale (clipper)|Cromdale]] is completed. She is the last fully rigged ship built for the Australian [[Wool|wool trade]].
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Johnstown Inclined Plane]] opens in [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]].
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Minas Gerais]] was granted in 1891.
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The first long-distance transmission of [[alternating current]] is made, from the Ames power plant near [[Telluride, Colorado]], by Lucien and Paul Nunn.
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s detective [[Sherlock Holmes]] appears in ''[[The Strand Magazine]]'' (London) for the first time, in the issue dated July.<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
[[File:Kinetoscope.jpg|thumb|110px|right| [[May 20]]: [[Thomas Alva Edison|Edison]]'s [[kinetoscope]].]]

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 30]] &ndash; The [[South Africa national rugby union team|Springboks]] [[rugby union]] team of South Africa play their first international test match against the Lions team of the British Isles, and lose by 4–0.
* [[August 5]] &ndash; The first [[American Express]] [[traveler's cheque]] is cashed.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866900-7,00.html|title=Host With The Most|date=1959-04-09|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616020709/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,866900-7,00.html|archive-date=2010-06-16}}</ref>
* [[August 27]] &ndash; France and Russia conclude a defensive alliance.
* [[September 14]] &ndash; The first [[Penalty kick (association football)|penalty kick]] is awarded in an [[Association football]] match: John Heath scores it for [[Wolverhampton Wanderers]] in England.
* [[September 18]] &ndash; The [[Chilean Civil War of 1891]] ends with the suicide of deposed President [[José Manuel Balmaceda]] and victory for the Congressional party, beginning the country's [[History of Chile during the Parliamentary Era (1891–1925)|Parliamentary Era]].
* [[September 22]] &ndash; The first [[hydropower plant]] of [[Finland]] is commissioned along the [[Tammerkoski]] rapids in [[Tampere]], [[Pirkanmaa]].<ref>[https://www.suomenkalakirjasto.fi/vesistorakentamisen-historiaa/ Vesistörakentamisen historiaa - Suomen Kalakirjasto] (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; Club Atlético [[Peñarol]] is founded in Montevideo, under the name of the [[CURCC]] (Central Uruguay Railway Cricket Club).
* [[September 29]] &ndash; [[Thyssen AG|Thyssen]], predecessor of the [[Thyssen Krupp]] worldwide [[Conglomerate (company)|conglomerate]], is founded in [[Duisburg]], Germany.<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2024-08-05|title=History|url=https://www.thyssenkrupp.com/en/company/history|publisher=ThyssenKrupp}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October]] &ndash; [[Eugène Dubois]] finds the first fragmentary bones of [[Homo erectus|''Pithecanthropus erectus'' (later redesignated ''Homo erectus'')]], or "[[Java Man]]", at [[Trinil]] on the [[Solo River]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Sean B.|last=Carroll|title=Remarkable Creatures: Epic Adventures in the Search for the Origin of Species|location=London|publisher=Quercus|year=2009|isbn=978-1-84916-072-8|pages=90–91}}</ref>
* [[October 1]]
** [[Stanford University]] in [[California]] opens its doors.[[File:Stanford University Quad Memorial Church.JPG|thumb|110px|right| [[October 1]] [[Stanford University]] opens its doors.]]
** [[Skansen]] is established as the world's first [[open-air museum]] by [[Artur Hazelius]], on the island of [[Djurgården]] in [[Stockholm]], Sweden.
* [[October 28]] &ndash; The 8.0 {{M|s}} [[1891 Mino–Owari earthquake|Mino–Owari earthquake]] strikes the [[Gifu (region)|Gifu region]] of Japan. This [[Fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|oblique-slip]] event kills over 7,200, injures more than 17,000, and creates [[fault scarp]]s that still remain visible.
*[[October 30]] &ndash; A [[Personal care|personal care brand]] in [[Japan]] and [[Asia]], [[Lion Corporation]] was founded, as predecessor name was Kobayashi Tomijirō Shōten (小林富次郎商店).{{citation needed|date=December 2020}} 
* [[November 11]] &ndash; [[Jindandao Incident]]: The Chinese Juu Uda League in [[Inner Mongolia]] massacres tens of thousands of Mongols, before being suppressed by government troops in late [[December]].
* [[November 15]] &ndash; The constitution of the [[First Brazilian Republic]] is promulgated.
* [[November 28]] &ndash; The [[International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers]] is organized in [[St. Louis]], Missouri.
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Drexel University]] is inaugurated as the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry in [[Philadelphia]].
* [[December 22]] &ndash; Asteroid ''[[323 Brucia]]'' becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography.

=== Date unknown ===
* Brahmin teacher and nationalist [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] begins agitation for [[Indian Home Rule]].
* [[James Naismith]] invents [[basketball]] in the United States.
* [[Seattle University]] is established as the Immaculate Conception school.
* [[Nikola Tesla]] invents the [[Tesla coil]].
* [[Michelin]] patents the removable pneumatic [[bicycle tire]].<ref>{{cite book|first1=John|last1=Lloyd|author-link=John Lloyd (producer)|first2=John|last2=Mitchinson|title=The Second Book of General Ignorance|location=London|publisher=Faber|year=2010|isbn=978-0-571-26965-5|page=163}}</ref>
* Production of the [[Swiss Army knife|Swiss Army Knife]] by [[Victorinox]] begins.
* [[Philips]] founded in [[Eindhoven]], [[Netherlands]], for the production of carbon-filament lamps and other electro-technical products.<ref>{{cite book|first=A.|last=Heerding|title=The Origin of the Dutch Incandescent Lamp Industry|series=The history of N.V. Philips Gloeilampenfabriek, vol. '''1'''|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1986|isbn=0-521-32169-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofnvphili0000unse}}</ref>
* [[New Mexico Military Institute]] is founded (as Goss Military Institute) in Roswell, New Mexico Territory.