Editing 1890s (section)

==Politics and wars==
{{Expand section|date=January 2010}}
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1890s}}

===Colonization===
[[Harbin]] founded as a [[Russian Empire|Russian]] city within [[Manchuria]], founded to serve as the center of construction and the main junction and administration center of the Russian-built [[Chinese Eastern Railway]]. The location for the city was largely chosen strategically to cross the [[Songhua river|Songhua River]], a tributary of the [[Amur]], and the largest [[river]] in Manchuria.<ref>Bakich, O. (1986). A Russian City in China: Harbin before 1917. Canadian Slavonic Papers, 28(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/00085006.1986.11091827</ref>

===Wars===
{{further|List of wars: 1800–1899#1890–1899}}
[[File:Infobox_collage_for_Spanish-American_War.jpg|right|thumb|[[Spanish–American War]]]]
* [[First Franco-Dahomean War]] (1890)
* [[Second Franco-Dahomean War]] (1892–1894)
* [[First Sino-Japanese War]] (1894–1895)
* [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] (1895–1896)
* [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)]]
* [[Spanish–American War]] (1898)
* [[Philippine–American War]] (1899–1902)
* [[Second Boer War]] (1899–1902)

=== Wars and conflicts ===
{{Prose|section|date=April 2022}}
The [[Wounded Knee Massacre]] in [[South Dakota]] on December 29, 1890, when 365 troops of the [[U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment|US 7th Cavalry]], supported by four [[Hotchkiss gun]]s, surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou ([[Lakota people|Lakota]]) and Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota) near [[Wounded Knee Creek]], South Dakota.<ref>{{cite web| last =Liggett| first = Lorie | title = Wounded Knee Massacre – An Introduction| publisher = Bowling Green State University| year= 1998| url = http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html| access-date = 2007-03-02| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070226205722/http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/acs/1890s/woundedknee/WKIntro.html| archive-date= 26 February 2007 | url-status= dead}}</ref> The Army had orders to escort the Sioux to the railroad for transport to [[Omaha, Nebraska]]. One day earlier, the Sioux had been cornered and agreed to turn themselves in at the [[Pine Ridge Indian Reservation|Pine Ridge Agency]] in South Dakota. They were the last of the Sioux to do so. In the process of disarming the Sioux, a deaf tribesman named Black Coyote could not hear the order to give up his rifle and was reluctant to do so.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm |title=Bold Tongue's Native American Links: "Wounded Knee, Lakota, December 29, 1890 |access-date=2010-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106003804/http://www.lastoftheindependents.com/wounded.htm |archive-date=2010-01-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A scuffle over Black Coyote's rifle escalated into an all-out battle, with those few Sioux warriors who still had weapons shooting at the 7th Cavalry, and the 7th Cavalry opening fire indiscriminately from all sides, killing men, women, and children, as well as some of their own fellow troopers. The 7th Cavalry quickly suppressed the Sioux fire, and the surviving Sioux fled, but US cavalrymen pursued and killed many who were unarmed. By the time it was over, about 146 men, women, and children of the Lakota Sioux had been killed. Twenty-five troopers also died, some believed to have been the victims of [[friendly fire]] as the shooting took place at [[point-blank range]] in chaotic conditions.<ref>{{cite web| last = Strom| first = Karen|author-link=Karen Strom| title = The Massacre at Wounded Knee| publisher = Karen Strom| year= 1995| url = http://www.hanksville.org/daniel/lakota/Wounded_Knee.html| access-date= 25 May 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> Around 150 Lakota are believed to have fled the chaos, with an unknown number later dying from [[hypothermia]]. The incident is noteworthy as the engagement in military history in which the most [[Medal of Honor|Medals of Honor]] have been awarded in the [[military history of the United States]]. This was the last tribe to be invaded which broke the backbone of the [[American Indian Wars]] and the [[American Frontier]].<ref>[http://www.republicoflakotah.com/steps-to-sovereignty/158-year-stuggle-for-justice/ Republic of Lakotah: "158 Year Struggle for Legal Justice"]</ref>

In 1891 the [[Chilean Civil War of 1891|Chilean Civil War]] was fought from January to September. [[José Manuel Balmaceda]], President of Chile, and the Chilean Army loyal to him face [[Jorge Montt]]'s [[Government Junta of Chile (1891)|Junta]]. The latter was formed by an alliance between the [[National Congress of Chile]] and the Chilean Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/charlie/chile1891.htm|title=Chilean Civil War 1891|website=www.onwar.com}}</ref>

In 1892 the [[Johnson County War]] occurred in [[Wyoming]]. Actually this [[range war]] took place in April 1892 in [[Johnson County, Wyoming|Johnson County]], [[Natrona County, Wyoming|Natrona County]] and [[Converse County, Wyoming|Converse County]]. The combatants were the [[Wyoming Stock Growers Association]] (the WSGA) and the Northern Wyoming Farmers and Stock Growers' Association (NWFSGA). WSGA was an older organization, comprising some of the state's wealthiest and most popular residents. It held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. A primary function of the WSGA was to organize the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments.<ref>Burt, Nathaniel 1991 Wyoming Compass American Guides, Inc p.157</ref> The NWFSGAA was a group of smaller Johnson County ranchers led by a local settler named [[Nate Champion]]. They had recently formed their organization in order to compete with the WSGA. The WSGA "blacklisted" the NWFSGA and told them to stop all operations, but the NWFSGA refused the powerful WSGA's orders to disband and instead made public their plans to hold their own roundup in the spring of 1892.<ref name="Burt p.159">Burt, Nathaniel 1991 ''Wyoming'' Compass American Guides, Inc p.159</ref> The WSGA, under the direction of [[Frank Wolcott]] (WSGA Member and large [[North Platte]] rancher), hired a group of skilled gunmen with the intention of eliminating alleged rustlers in Johnson County and break up the NWFSGA.<ref name="lib.utexas.edu">[http://www.lib.utexas.edu/taro/tamucush/00155/tamu-00155.html Inventory of the Johnson County War Collection] ''[[Texas A&M University]] – [[Cushing Memorial Library]]''</ref> Twenty three gunmen from the [[Paris, Texas]], region and four cattle detectives from the WSGA were hired, as well as [[Idaho]] frontiersman George Dunning who would later turn against the group. A cadre of WSGA and Wyoming dignitaries also joined the expedition, including State Senator Bob Tisdale, state water commissioner W. J. Clarke, as well as W. C. Irvine and Hubert Teshemacher, both instrumental in organizing Wyoming's statehood four years earlier.<ref name="Troops Came Just In Time">''[[The New York Times]]'' ''[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/04/15/104096236.pdf Troops Came Just In Time]'' April 15, 1892</ref><ref name="Johnson County War">''Wyoming Tails and Trails'' ''[http://www.wyomingtalesandtrails.com/johnson2.html Johnson County War]'' January 6, 2004</ref> They were also accompanied by surgeon Charles Penrose, who served as the group's doctor, as well as [[Asa Mercer]], the editor of the WSGA's newspaper, and a newspaper reporter for the ''[[Chicago Times|Chicago Herald]]'', Sam T. Clover, whose lurid first-hand accounts later appeared in the eastern newspapers.<ref name="lib.utexas.edu" />

In 1893 the [[Leper War on Kauaʻi]] took place on the island of [[Kauai]]. The [[Provisional Government of Hawaii]] under [[Sanford B. Dole]] passes a law which would [[Population transfer|forcibly relocate]] [[Leprosy|lepers]] to the [[Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement|Leprosy Colony]] of [[Kalawao County, Hawaii|Kalawao]] on the [[Kalaupapa, Hawaii|Kalaupapa peninsula]]. When [[Kaluaikoolau]], a leper, resisted arrest by a deputy sheriff and killed the man, Dole reacted by sending armed militia against the lepers of [[Kalalau Valley]]. Kaluaikoolau reportedly foiled or killed some of his pursuers. But the conflict ended with the evacuation of the area in July 1893. The main source for the event is a 1906 publication by Kahikina Kelekona (John Sheldon), preserving the story as told by Piilani, Kaluaikoolau's widow.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.outcastearth.com/kauai.htm |title=Outcast Earth: Kaua'i, Hawaii |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090925203840/http://www.outcastearth.com/kauai.htm |archive-date=2009-09-25 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/books/frazier-intro.pdf |title=Frances N. Frazier, "The True Story of Kaluaikoolau" |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918035647/http://www.uhpress.hawaii.edu/books/frazier-intro.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

During the span of 1893–1894 the [[Enid-Pond Creek Railroad War]] was fought in the [[Oklahoma Territory]]. It was effectively a [[county seat war]]. The [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad|Rock Island Railroad Company]] had invested in the townships of [[Enid, Oklahoma|Enid]] and [[Pond Creek, Oklahoma|Pond Creek]] following an announcement by the [[United States Department of the Interior]] that the two would become county seats. The Department of the Interior decided to create an Enid and Pond Creek at another location, free of company influence. Resulting in two Enids and two Pond Creeks vying for becoming county seats, starting in September 1893. Rock Island refused to have its trains stop at "Government Enid". They would pass by without taking passengers. Frustrated Enid residents "turned to acts of violence". Some were regularly [[shooting]] at the trains. Others were damaging [[Trestle bridge|trestle]]s and [[rail tracks]], setting up train accidents. Only government intervention stopped the conflict in September 1894.<ref>Stagner, Lloyd (editor). [http://www.gptm.us/dispatcher/05_11.pdf "Historian Recalls Enid, OK. Railroad Wars"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924014237/http://www.gptm.us/dispatcher/05_11.pdf |date=2006-09-24 }}. ''Great Plains Dispatcher'' 4:11 November 2005 3.</ref><ref>Chapman, Berlin B. "The Enid 'Railroad War': An Archival Study". Chronicles of Oklahoma 43:2 Summer 1965 126.</ref>

During 1893–1897 the [[War of Canudos]] arose, a conflict between the state of [[Brazil]] and a group of some 30,000 settlers under [[Antônio Conselheiro]] who had founded their own community in the northeastern state of [[Bahia]], named [[Canudos]]. After a number of unsuccessful attempts at military suppression, it came to a brutal end in October 1897, when a large Brazilian army force overran the village and killed most of the inhabitants. The conflict started with Conselheiro and his [[jagunço]]s (landless peasants) of this "remote and arid" area protesting against the payment of taxes to the distant government of [[Rio de Janeiro]]. They founded their own [[Self-sufficiency|self-sufficient]] village, soon joined by others in search of a "[[Promised Land]]". By 1895, they refused requests by [[Rodrigues Lima]], [[List of Governors of Bahia|Governor of Bahia]] and [[Jeronimo Thome da Silva]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of São Salvador da Bahia|Archbishop of São Salvador da Bahia]] to start obeying the laws of the Brazilian state and the rules of the [[Catholic Church]]. In 1896, a military expedition under Lieutenant Manuel da Silva Pires Ferreira was sent to pacify them. It was instead attacked, defeated and forced to retreat. Increasingly stronger military forces were sent against Canudos, only to meet with fierce resistance and suffering heavy casualties. In October 1897, Canudos finally fell to the Brazilian military forces. "Those jagunços who were not killed in combat were taken prisoner and summarily executed (by beheading) by the army".<ref>[http://www.unisa.ac.za/default.asp?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=7324&P_ForPrint=1 Zélia Roelofse-Campbell, "The Canudos Massacre: reinterpreting history after 100 years"]</ref>

In 1894 the [[Donghak Peasant Revolution]] in [[Joseon]] Korea came to pass. The uprising started in Gobu during February 1894, with the [[peasant]] [[Social class|class]] protesting against the [[political corruption]] of local government officials. The revolution was named after [[Donghak]], a [[Religion in Korea|Korean religion]] stressing "the [[Egalitarianism|equality]] of all human beings". The forces of [[Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire|Emperor Gojong]] failed in their attempt to suppress the revolt, with initial skirmishes giving way to major conflicts. The Korean government requested assistance from the [[Empire of Japan]]. Japanese troops, armed with "[[rifle]]s and [[artillery]]", managed to suppress the revolution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.koreana.or.kr/months/news_view.asp?b_idx=393&lang=en&page_type=list|title=ERROR|website=www.koreana.or.kr}}</ref> With Korea being a [[tributary state]] to [[Qing Dynasty]] China, the Japanese military presence was seen as a provocation. The resulting conflict over dominance of Korea would become the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. In part, the government of [[Emperor Meiji]] was acting to prevent expansion by the [[Russian Empire]] or any other [[great power]] towards Korea. Viewing such an expansion as a direct threat to Japanese [[national security]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/eng/news/no10/enews10-essay2.html|title=The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (SRC News No. 10)|website=src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp}}</ref>

During 1895, the [[Doukhobor]]s, a [[Pacifism|pacifist]] Christian sect of the [[Russian Empire]], attempt to resist a number of laws and regulations forced on them by the Russian government. They are mostly active in the [[South Caucasus]], where universal military [[conscription]] was introduced in 1887 and was still controversial. They also refuse to swear an [[oath of allegiance]] to [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]], the new Russian Emperor.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.erta-tcrg.org/groupes/doukhoborshisto.htm |title=Élisabeth Campos. Les Doukhobors, «Lutteurs de l'esprit». 2005. |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-date=2019-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227223027/http://www.erta-tcrg.org/groupes/doukhoborshisto.htm |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="ecmi.de">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602192825/http://www.ecmi.de/download/working_paper_35_en.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Hedwig Lohm, "Dukhobors in Georgia: A Study of the Issue of Land Ownership and Inter-Ethnic Relations in Ninotsminda rayon (Samtskhe-Javakheti)". November 2006.|archivedate=June 2, 2010}}</ref> Under further instructions from their exiled leader [[Peter Vasilevich Verigin]], as a sign of absolute pacifism, the Doukhobors of the three Governorates of Transcaucasia made the decision to destroy their [[weapon]]s. As the Doukhobors assembled to burn them on the night of June 28/29 (July 10/11, [[Gregorian calendar]]) 1895, with the singing of psalms and spiritual songs, arrests and beatings by government [[Cossacks]] followed. Soon, Cossacks were billeted in many of the Large Party Doukhobors' villages, and over 4,000 of their original residents were dispersed through villages in other parts of [[Georgia within the Russian Empire|Georgia]]. Many of those died of starvation and exposure.<ref name="ecmi.de" /><ref name="ashworth">John Ashworth, [http://www.doukhobor.org/Spiritual-Origins.htm Doukhobortsy and Religious Persecution in Russia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113020017/http://www.doukhobor.org/Spiritual-Origins.htm |date=2010-11-13 }}, 1900 (Doukhobor Genealogy Website)</ref>

1896–1898 was when [[Philippine Revolution]] occurred. The [[Philippines]], part of the [[Spanish East Indies]], attempt to secede from the [[Spanish Empire]]. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the [[anti-colonial]] [[secret society|secret organization]] ''[[Katipunan]]'' by the Spanish authorities. The ''Katipunan'', led by [[Andrés Bonifacio]], was a [[secession]]ist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was [[independence]] from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in [[Caloocan]], the ''Katipunan'' leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared a nationwide armed revolution. Bonifacio called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital [[Manila]]. This attack failed, but the surrounding provinces also rose up in revolt. In particular, rebels in [[Cavite]] led by [[Emilio Aguinaldo]] won early victories. A power struggle among the revolutionaries led to Bonifacio's execution in 1897, with command shifting to Aguinaldo who led his own revolutionary government. That year, a truce was officially reached with the [[Pact of Biak-na-Bato]] and Aguinaldo was exiled to Hong Kong, though hostilities between rebels and the Spanish government never actually ceased.<ref>{{cite journal
 |last1=Guererro
 |first1=Milagros
 |last2=Encarnacion
 |first2=Emmanuel
 |last3=Villegas
 |first3=Ramon
 |title=Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution
 |journal=Sulyap Kultura
 |volume=1
 |issue=2
 |pages=3–12
 |publisher=National Commission for Culture and the Arts
 |year=1996
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 |access-date=25 May 2010
 |url-status=dead
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115193832/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1
 |archive-date=15 November 2010
}}</ref><ref name="google1998">*{{Cite book
|last = Guererro
|first = Milagros <!-- not shown by Google
| last2 = Schumacher, S.J.
| first2 = John
-->
|title = Reform and Revolution
|publisher = Asia Publishing Company Limited
|volume = 5
|series = Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People
|year = 1998
|isbn = 978-962-258-228-6
|url=https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281| access-date= 25 May 2010 <!--DASHBot-->}}</ref> In 1898, with the outbreak of the [[Spanish–American War]], Aguinaldo unofficially allied with the United States, returned to the Philippines and resumed hostilities against the Spaniards. By June, the rebels had conquered nearly all Spanish-held ground within the Philippines with the exception of Manila. Aguinaldo thus [[Philippine Declaration of Independence|declared independence]] from Spain and the [[First Philippine Republic]] was established. However, neither Spain nor the United States recognized Philippine independence. Spanish rule in the islands only officially ended with the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|1898 Treaty of Paris]], wherein Spain ceded the Philippines and other territories to the United States. The [[Philippine–American War]] broke out shortly afterward.<ref name="google1998" />

In 1897 the [[Lattimer massacre]] happened. The violent deaths of 19 unarmed [[strike action|striking]] immigrant [[anthracite]] [[coal]] miners at the Lattimer mine near [[Hazleton, Pennsylvania]], on September 10, 1897.<ref name="Anderson">Anderson, John W. ''Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom.'' Bloomington, Ind.: iUniverse, 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-595-33732-3}}</ref><ref name="Miller">Miller, Randall M. and Pencak, William. ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth.'' State College, Penn.: Penn State Press, 2003. {{ISBN|978-0-271-02214-7}}</ref> The miners, mostly of [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Slovaks|Slovak]], and [[Lithuanians|Lithuanian]] ethnicity, were shot and killed by a [[Luzerne County, Pennsylvania|Luzerne County]] sheriff's [[posse comitatus (common law)|posse]]. Scores more workers were wounded.<ref name="Wounded">Estimates of the number of wounded are inexact. They range from a low of 17 wounded (Duwe, Grant. ''Mass Murder in the United States: A History.'' Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland, 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-3150-2}}) to a high of 49 (DeLeon, Clark. ''Pennsylvania Curiosities: Quirky Characters, Roadside Oddities & Other Offbeat Stuff.'' 3rd rev. ed. Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-7627-4588-3}}). Other estimates include 30 wounded (Lewis, Ronald L. ''Welsh Americans: A History of Assimilation in the Coalfields.'' Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-8078-3220-2}}), 32 wounded (Anderson, ''Transitions: From Eastern Europe to Anthracite Community to College Classroom,'' 2005; Berger, Stefan; Croll, Andy; and Laporte, Norman. ''Towards A Comparative History of Coalfield Societies.'' Aldershot, Hampshire, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005. {{ISBN|978-0-7546-3777-6}}; Campion, Joan. ''Smokestacks and Black Diamonds: A History of Carbon County, Pennsylvania.'' Easton, Penn.: Canal History and Technology Press, 1997. {{ISBN|978-0-930973-19-3}}), 35 wounded (Foner, Philip S. ''First Facts of American Labor: A Comprehensive Collection of Labor Firsts in the United States.'' New York: Holmes & Meier, 1984. {{ISBN|978-0-8419-0742-3}}; Miller and Pencak, ''Pennsylvania: A History of the Commonwealth,'' 2003; Derks, Scott. ''Working Americans, 1880–2006: Volume VII: Social Movements.'' Amenia, N.Y.: Grey House Publishing, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-59237-101-3}}), 38 wounded (Weir, Robert E. and Hanlan, James P. ''Historical Encyclopedia of American Labor, Vol. 1.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-313-32863-3}}), 39 wounded ([[Long, Priscilla]]. ''[[Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry]].'' Minneapolis: Paragon House, 1989. {{ISBN|978-1-55778-224-3}}; Novak, Michael. ''The Guns of Lattimer.'' Reprint ed. New York: Transaction Publishers, 1996. {{ISBN|978-1-56000-764-7}}), and 40 wounded (Beers, Paul B. ''The Pennsylvania Sampler: A Biography of the Keystone State and Its People.'' Mechanicsburg, Penn.: Stackpole Books, 1970).</ref> The Lattimer massacre was a turning point in the history of the [[United Mine Workers]] (UMW).<ref>Blatz, Perry K. Democratic Miners: Work and Labor Relations in the Anthracite Coal Industry, 1875–1925. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0-7914-1819-2}}</ref>

In 1898 the [[Bava Beccaris massacre]] in [[Milan]], [[Kingdom of Italy]] came about, killing and injuring hundreds. On May 5, 1898, workers organized a [[labor strike|strike]] to demonstrate against the government of [[Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì]], Prime Minister of Italy, holding it responsible for the general [[inflation|increase of prices]] and for the famine that was affecting the country. The first blood was shed that day at [[Pavia]], when the son of the mayor of Milan was killed while attempting to halt the troops marching against the crowd. After a protest in Milan the following day, the government declared a [[state of siege]] in the city. Infantry, cavalry and artillery were brought into the city and General [[Fiorenzo Bava Beccaris]] ordered his troops to fire on demonstrators. According to the government, there were 118 dead and 450 wounded. The opposition claimed 400 dead and more than 2,000 injured people. [[Filippo Turati]], one of the founders of the [[Italian Socialist Party]], was arrested and accused of inspiring the riots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://libcom.org/article/bresci-gaetano-1869-1901|title=Bresci, Gaetano, 1869-1901 &#124; libcom.org|website=libcom.org}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=g20zgPvqFL0C&dq=Bava-Beccaris+massacre&pg=PA272 "Bresci comes from America to avenge his countrymen"] Chapter of [[Living My Life]] (1931) by [[Emma Goldman]], page 272</ref>

During 1898 the [[Voulet–Chanoine Mission]] became a disastrous French military expedition sent out from [[Senegal]] to conquer the [[Chad Basin]] and unify all French territories in West Africa. The expedition descended into wanton violence against the local population and ended in sedition on the part of the commanders.

In 1898, the [[Battle of Sugar Point]] takes place in the northeast shore of [[Leech Lake]], [[Minnesota]]. "Old Bug" ([[Bugonaygeshig]]), a leading member of the [[Pillager Band of Chippewa Indians]] in [[Bear Island (Minnesota)|Bear Island]] had been arrested in September 1898. A reported number of 22 Pillagers helped him escape. [[Arrest warrant]]s were issued for all Pillagers involved in the incident. On October 5, 1898, about 80 men serving or attached to the [[3rd Infantry Regiment (United States)|3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment]] arrived on Bear Island to perform the arrests. Finding it abandoned, they proceeded to [[Leech Lake Indian Reservation|Sugar Point]]. There, a force of 19 Pillagers armed with [[Winchester rifle]] was observing the soldiers from a forested area. When a soldier fired his weapon, allegedly a new recruit who had done so accidentally, the Pillagers returned fire. Major [[Melville C. Wilkinson|Melville Wilkinson]], the commanding officer, was shot three times and killed. By the end of the conflict, seven soldiers had been killed (including Wilkinson), another 16 wounded. There were no casualties among the 19 Natives. Peaceful relations were soon re-established but this uprising was among the last [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] victories in the [[American Indian Wars]]. It is known as "the last Indian Uprising in the United States".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.leechlake.org/history.htm |title=Leech Lake Tourism Bureau:History of the Leech Lake Area |access-date=2010-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509073426/http://www.leechlake.org/history.htm |archive-date=2008-05-09 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.watchictv.com/?q=node%2F384 |title=Trond Knudegaard, "The Battle of Sugar Point" |access-date=2019-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302044854/http://www.watchictv.com/?q=node%2F384 |archive-date=2012-03-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=dJAtNIzM_O8C&dq=Battle+of+Sugar+Point&pg=PA16 "Battle Point (Sugar Point"] A chapter of "Minnesota treasures: stories behind the state's historic places" (2004) by Denis Gardner, pages 16–20</ref>

=== Prominent political events ===
[[File:Degradation alfred dreyfus.jpg|thumb|[[Dreyfus affair]] – Alfred Dreyfus being dishonorably discharged, 5 January 1895.]]
* 1890: A split erupted in [[Irish nationalism]] over a scandal involving the Irish leader [[Charles Stewart Parnell]]'s affair with a fellow MP's wife, [[Katharine O'Shea]].
* 1890: The [[Revolution of the Park]] - a failed uprising in [[Argentina]], against the government of [[Miguel Ángel Juárez|Miguel Juárez Celman]], which forced Celman's resignation and marked the decline of the historical period known as the [[Generation of '80]].
* 1893: New Zealand becomes the first country to grant women the vote.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/new-zealand-first-in-womens-vote|title=New Zealand first in women's vote|website=HISTORY}}</ref>
* 1894: The [[Greenwich Observatory]] bomb attack. This was possibly the first widely publicised terrorist incident in Britain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.413|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035329/https://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conWebDoc.413|url-status=dead|title=Propaganda by Deed – the Greenwich Observatory Bomb of 1894|archivedate=September 30, 2007}}</ref>
* The [[Dreyfus affair]] – a political scandal that divided France in the 1890s and the early 20th century. It involved the conviction for [[treason]] in November 1894 of Captain [[Alfred Dreyfus]], a young French artillery officer of [[History of the Jews in Alsace|Alsatian Jewish descent]].
* 1895: The [[Gongche Shangshu movement]]. In April, over 1300 [[Imperial examination|Jǔrén]], present in Beijing to participate in the imperial examination, sign a petition requesting reforms by the [[Guangxu Emperor]]. [[Kang Youwei]] is the main organizer of the movement. In May, thousands of Beijing scholars and citizens protested against the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki]]. The emperor would respond with the [[Hundred Days' Reform]] of 1898.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.changingtrip.com/english/50sight/02.asp|title="Eternal Sorrow over Ying'Tai"|access-date=2010-01-06|archive-date=2011-07-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708133845/http://www.changingtrip.com/english/50sight/02.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Venezuelan crisis of 1895]]: It is resolved by the Paris Arbitration Award of 1899 by which much of the [[Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute|disputed territory]] is awarded to [[British Guiana]] instead of [[Venezuela]].
* [[1896 United States presidential election|1896 Republican Realignment]]
* The 1896 [[Cross of Gold speech]] by [[William Jennings Bryan]]
* In June 1897: The [[Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria]] was celebrated marking [[Queen Victoria]]'s 60-year reign. Celebrations to honour the grand occasion — the first Diamond Jubilee of any British monarch — showcased the Queen's role as 'mother' of the British Empire and its Dominions.
* 1899: 
* The [[New Imperialism]]
* The [[Populist Party (United States)|Populist Party]] reaches its high point in American history.