Editing 1876 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]]
** The [[Reichsbank]] opens in [[Berlin]].
** The [[Bass Brewery]] Red Triangle becomes the world's first [[registered trademark symbol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipo.gov.uk/tm/t-find/t-find-number?detailsrequested=C&trademark=1|title=United Kingdom Intellectual Property Office}}</ref>
*[[January 27]] – The [[Northampton Bank robbery]] occurs in Massachusetts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Roth |first=Cheyna |date=2023-12-28 |title=My Favorite Victorian Criminal Was a Bank Robber With a Secret Weapon |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2023/12/george-leslie-bank-robber-heist-history.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |work=Slate |language=en-US |issn=1091-2339}}</ref>

* [[February 2]]
** The [[National League (baseball)|National League of Professional Base Ball Clubs]] is formed at a meeting in Chicago; it replaces the [[National Association of Professional Base Ball Players]]. [[Morgan Bulkeley]] of the [[Hartford Dark Blues]] is selected as the league's first president.
** [[Third Carlist War]] (Spain): Battle of Montejurra &ndash; The new commander General [[Fernando Primo de Rivera]] marches on the remaining Carlist stronghold at [[Estella-Lizarra|Estella]], where he meets a force of about 1,600 men under General Carlos Calderón, at nearby Montejurra. After a courageous and costly defence, Calderón is forced to withdraw.
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Alexander Graham Bell]] applies for a U.S. [[patent]] for the telephone, as does [[Elisha Gray]].
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: Government troops under General Primo de Rivera drive through the weak Carlist forces protecting Estella and take the city by storm.
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Johns Hopkins University]] is founded in [[Baltimore]], Maryland.
* [[February 24]] &ndash; The first stage production of the verse-play ''[[Peer Gynt]]'' by [[Henrik Ibsen]] premieres, with incidental music by [[Edvard Grieg]], in   Christiania (modern-day [[Oslo]]), [[Norway]].
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The Japanese force the Korean government to sign the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876]] (having brought a fleet to [[Incheon]], the port of modern-day [[Seoul]]), opening three ports to Japanese trade and forcing Korea's [[Joseon dynasty]] to cease considering itself a tributary of China. On China's urging, Korea also signs treaties with the European powers, in an effort to counterbalance Japan.
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Third Carlist War]]: The [[Carlism|Carlist]] forces do not succeed, and the promises are never fulfilled. The [[Carlist]] [[pretender]] [[Carlos, Duke of Madrid]], goes into exile in France, bringing the conflict to an end after four years.
* [[February]]&ndash;[[March]] &ndash; ''[[The Harvard Lampoon]]'' humor magazine is founded in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]].
* Spring &ndash; Thousands of [[Plains Indians]] in the United States travel to an [[Great Sioux War of 1876#Combatants|encampment]] of the [[Sioux]] chief [[Sitting Bull]] in the region of the [[Little Bighorn River]], creating the last great gathering of native peoples on the [[Great Plains]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/How-the-Battle-of-Little-Bighorn-Was-Won.html|title=How the Battle of Little Bighorn Was Won|work=Smithsonian Magazine|author=Powers, Thomas|access-date=January 6, 2018|archive-date=April 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408214831/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/How-the-Battle-of-Little-Bighorn-Was-Won.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[March]] &ndash; American librarian [[Melvil Dewey]] first publishes the [[Dewey Decimal Classification]] system.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12513/12513-h/12513-h.htm|first=Melvil|last=Dewey|year=1876|oclc=78870163|access-date=2012-07-31}}</ref>
* [[March 2]] &ndash; United States Secretary of War [[William W. Belknap]] resigns his office in the wake of the [[trader post scandal]].
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Alexander Graham Bell]] is granted a United States [[patent]] for the [[telephone]].<ref>Patent #174,466.</ref>
* [[March 10]] &ndash; Alexander Graham Bell makes the first successful telephone call, saying "Mr. Watson, come here, I want to see you".
* [[March 20]] &ndash; Through constitutional reform taking legal effect, [[Louis Gerhard De Geer|Louis De Geer]] becomes the first [[Prime Minister of Sweden]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; [[Lars Magnus Ericsson]] starts a small mechanical workshop in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] (from April 27 partnering with Carl Johan Andersson), dealing with [[telegraphy]] equipment, which grows into the worldwide company [[Ericsson]].
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The ''[[Indian Act]]'' comes into force in Canada.
* [[April 16]] &ndash; The [[April Uprising]] in [[Bulgaria]] occurs.
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Friends Academy]] is founded by Gideon Frost at [[Locust Valley, New York]].
* [[May]] &ndash; [[April Uprising]] (Bulgaria): [[Batak massacre]] &ndash; Bulgarians in Batak are massacred by Ottoman troops. The number of victims ranges from 3,000 to 5,000, depending on the source.
* [[May 1]]
** The [[Royal Titles Act 1876]] in the UK Parliament confers the title '[[Empress of India]]' upon [[Queen Victoria]] from 1877.
** The [[Settle–Carlisle Railway]] in England is opened to passenger traffic (it opened to goods traffic in 1875).
* [[May 10]]
** The [[Centennial Exposition]] begins in [[Philadelphia]].
** Major [[pharmaceutical]] brand [[Eli Lilly and Company|Eli Lilly]] is founded in [[Indiana]], United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eli Lilly & Company |url=http://www.indianahistory.org/our-services/books-publications/hbr/eli-lilly.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072945/http://www.indianahistory.org/our-services/books-publications/hbr/eli-lilly.pdf |archive-date=29 July 2016 |publisher=[[Indiana Historical Society]]}}</ref>
* [[May 11]]/[[May 12|12]] &ndash; [[Berlin Memorandum]]: Germany, Russia and [[Austria-Hungary]] propose an armistice between [[Turkey]] and its [[Insurgency|insurgent]]s.
* [[May 16]]
** British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] rejects the Berlin Memorandum.
** [[German American]] "Napoleon of crime" [[Adam Worth]] steals [[Thomas Gainsborough|Gainsborough]]'s ''[[Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire]]'' from a London gallery three weeks after its sale at [[Christie's]] for 10,000 guineas, the highest price ever paid for a painting at auction at this time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Macintyre|first=Ben|author-link=Ben Macintyre|title=The Disappearing Duchess|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/31/magazine/the-disappearing-duchess.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|access-date=2013-05-30|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=1994-07-31}}</ref> It is not recovered until 1901.
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Nicolaus Otto]] files his [[patent]] for the [[four-stroke cycle]] [[internal combustion engine]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Stephen|last=van Dulken|title=Inventing the 19th Century|location=London|publisher=[[British Library]]|year=2001|isbn=0-7123-0881-4|pages=104–5}}</ref>
* [[May 18]] &ndash; [[Wyatt Earp]] starts work in [[Dodge City, Kansas]], serving under [[Marshal]] Larry Deger.
* [[May 29]] &ndash; The United States Senate votes 37 to 29 that U.S. Secretary of War [[William W. Belknap]] cannot be barred from trial and [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]], despite being a private citizen; however, this is far short of the two-thirds majority required and thus he is acquitted.
* [[May 30]] &ndash; [[Abdülaziz]] is deposed by his nephew [[Murad V]] as [[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] on the grounds of mismanaging the economy; 6 days later, Abdülaziz is found dead at the [[Çırağan Palace]] in Istanbul and 93 days later Murad is deposed by [[Abdul Hamid II]] on the grounds of mental illness. For this reason, in [[Turkey]] 1876 is known as the 'Year of the Three Sultans'.
* [[May 30]] &ndash; The secret decree of [[Ems Ukaz]] is issued by Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia]] in the German city of [[Bad Ems]], aimed at stopping the printing and distribution of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian-language]] publications in the [[Russian Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ukraine under direct imperial Russian rule |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine/Ukraine-under-direct-imperial-Russian-rule#ref404490 |website=britannica.com |access-date=1 April 2024}}</ref>
* [[June 4]] &ndash; The [[Transcontinental Express]] arrives in [[San Francisco]] via the [[First transcontinental railroad]], 83 hours and 39 minutes after having left [[New York City]].
* [[June 6]] &ndash; The Association of Medical Officers of American Institutions for Idiotic and Feebleminded Persons, later known as the [[American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities]], is founded when several directors led by [[Édouard Séguin]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/the-american-association-on-intellectual-and-developmental-disabilities-aaidd-diagnostic-criteria-for-intellectual-disability/|title=The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability|date=March 23, 2019 |access-date=April 9, 2019}}</ref> inspired by Centennial events, meet to improve the lives of those with disabilities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aaidd.org/about-aaidd/mission|title=Mission|website=aaidd.org|access-date=April 9, 2019}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of the Rosebud]] &ndash; 1,500 [[Sioux]] and [[Cheyenne]], led by [[Crazy Horse]], beat back General [[George Crook]]'s forces at Rosebud Creek in [[Montana Territory]].
* [[June 19]] &ndash; Jászkunság, the last remnant of [[Kunság]] within [[Austria-Hungary]], is disestablished.
* [[June 25]]/[[June 26|26]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]]: 300 men of the [[U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment]] under [[Lieutenant colonel|Lieutenant Colonel]] [[George Armstrong Custer]] are wiped out by 5,000 [[Lakota people|Lakota]], [[Cheyenne]] and [[Arapaho]], led by [[Sitting Bull]] and [[Crazy Horse]].

=== July &ndash; September ===
[[File:Punch - The Dogs of War.png|thumb|300px|''[[Punch (magazine)|Punch]]'' cartoon from [[June 17]]. Russia preparing to let slip the "Dogs of War", its imminent engagement in the growing Balkan [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)|conflict between Slavic states]] and [[Turkey]], while policeman [[John Bull]] (Britain) warns Russia to take care. The Slavic states of Serbia and Montenegro would declare war on Turkey two weeks later.]]
* [[July 1]] &ndash; [[Serbia]] [[Declaration of war|declares war]] on the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[July 2]] &ndash; [[Montenegro]] declares war on the Ottoman Empire.
* [[July 4]] &ndash; The United States [[Centennial Exposition]] is celebrated across the country.
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[Reichstadt Agreement]]: Russia and Austria-Hungary agree on partitioning the [[Balkan Peninsula]].
* [[July 13]] &ndash; The prosecution of [[Arthur Tooth]], an [[Anglican]] [[clergyman]], for using [[Ritualism in the Church of England|ritualist]] practices begins.
* [[August 1]] 
** [[Colorado]] is admitted as the 38th [[U.S. state]].
** The United States Senate votes to acquit former Secretary of War [[William W. Belknap]] of all [[Federal impeachment in the United States|impeachment]] charges relating to the [[trader post scandal]].
* [[August 2]] &ndash; [[Wild Bill Hickok]] is murdered in [[Deadwood, South Dakota]].
* [[August 6]] &ndash; The first issue of [[Arabic language]] [[newspaper]] ''[[Al-Ahram]]'' is published by [[Saleem Takla|Saleem]] and [[:fr:Beshara Tekla|Beshara Takla]] in [[Alexandria]], [[Muhammad Ali dynasty]] (modern-day [[Egypt]]).<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book1561 |title=The 1956 Hungarian Revolution: Hungarian and Canadian Perspectives |date=2010 |publisher=University of Ottawa Press |isbn=978-0-7766-1846-3 |editor-last=Adam |editor-first=Christopher |pages=126 |doi=10.1353/book1561 |editor-last2=Egervari |editor-first2=Tibor |editor-last3=Laczko |editor-first3=Leslie |editor-last4=Young |editor-first4=Judy}}</ref>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Thomas Edison]] receives a patent for his [[mimeograph]].
* [[August 13]] &ndash; The [[Bayreuth Festival]], showcasing the stage works of [[Richard Wagner]], is inaugurated under the direction of him and his wife [[Cosima Wagner|Cosima]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Hilmes|first=Oliver|author-link=Oliver Hilmes|title=Cosima Wagner: The Lady of Bayreuth|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven and London|year=2011|isbn=978-0-300-17090-0|pages=152–153|ref={{harvid|Hilmes}}}}</ref>
* [[August 14]] &ndash; [[Prairie View A&M University]], at the time named Alta Vista Agriculture & Mechanical College of Texas for Colored Youth, is founded, the first state-supported [[Historically black colleges and universities|HBCU]] in the state of [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=hnabbasi |title=History |url=https://www.pvamu.edu/1890celebration/history/#:~:text=Since%20its%20founding%20on%20August,determined%20young%20students%20in%20Texas. |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=1890 Land Grant Universities Celebration |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[August 31]] &ndash; [[Murad V]], [[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]], is deposed and succeeded by his brother [[Abdul Hamid II]].
* [[September 5]] &ndash; British Prime Minister [[William Gladstone]] publishes his ''Bulgarian Horrors'' pamphlet.
* [[September 7]] &ndash; In [[Northfield, Minnesota]], [[Jesse James]] and the [[James–Younger Gang]] attempt to rob the town's bank, but are surrounded by an angry mob and nearly wiped out.
* [[September 12]] &ndash; [[King Leopold II]] of Belgium hosts the [[Brussels Geographic Conference]], on the subject of colonizing and exploring central Africa. By the event's conclusion, a new international body named the [[International African Association]] (indirect forerunner of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|modern Congo state]]) is established.
* [[September 26]] &ndash; Global [[consumer goods]] and [[personal care]] company [[Henkel]] is founded by [[Friedrich Karl Henkel]] in [[Aachen]], [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=KGaA |first=Henkel AG & Co |title=175 Years Fritz Henkel |url=https://fritz-henkel.com/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=fritz-henkel.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Texas A&M University]] opens for classes.
* [[October 6]] &ndash; The [[American Library Association]] is founded in [[Philadelphia]].
*[[October 26]] &ndash; [[José María Iglesias]] begins his disputed [[President of Mexico|presidency of Mexico]].<ref>{{cite web|title=José María Iglesias|url=http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-maria-iglesias/|website=Calderon Presidency de la Republica|language=es|access-date=June 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530050638/http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/mexico/gobernantes/mexico-1821-actualidad/jose-maria-iglesias/|archive-date=May 30, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* [[October 31]] &ndash; The great [[1876 Bengal cyclone]] strikes the coast of modern-day Bangladesh, killing 200,000.
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The British [[Colony of New Zealand]] dissolves its [[Provinces of New Zealand|9 provinces]] and replaces them with [[Counties of New Zealand|63 counties]].
* [[November 4]] &ndash; The long-awaited [[Symphony No. 1 (Brahms)|First Symphony]] of [[Johannes Brahms]] has its première at [[Karlsruhe]], under the baton of [[Otto Dessoff]].
* [[November 7]] 
** [[1876 United States presidential election]]: After long and heated disputes, [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] is eventually declared the winner over [[Samuel J. Tilden]].
** A failed grave robbery of the [[Lincoln Tomb]] takes place this night.
* [[November 10]] &ndash; The [[Centennial Exposition]] ends in [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]].
* [[November 23]] &ndash; Corrupt [[Tammany Hall]] leader William Marcy Tweed (better known as [[Boss Tweed]]) is delivered to authorities in New York City, after being captured in Spain.
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[American Indian Wars]]: [[Dull Knife Fight]] &ndash; In retaliation for the dramatic American defeat at the [[Battle of the Little Bighorn]], [[United States Army]] troops under General [[Ranald S. Mackenzie]] sack [[Chief Dull Knife]]'s sleeping [[Cheyenne]] village at the headwaters of the [[Powder River (Montana)]]. The soldiers destroy all of the villagers' winter food and clothing, and then slash their ponies' throats.
* [[November 29]] &ndash; [[Porfirio Díaz]] becomes President of Mexico.
* December &ndash; The first American edition of [[Mark Twain]]'s ''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'' is published by the [[American Publishing Company]]; a British edition has appeared in early June in London with the first review appearing on June 24 in a British magazine.
* [[December 2]] &ndash; ''Chugai Economic Daily'', predecessor of ''Nikkei Economic Daily'' (''[[Nihon Keizai Shinbun]]''), is first issued in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref>[[:ja:日本経済新聞#沿革]] (Japanese language). Retrieved 2017-10-03.</ref>
* [[December 5]] &ndash; The [[Brooklyn Theatre fire]] kills at least 278, possibly more than 300.
* [[December 6]] &ndash; The first [[cremation]] in the United States takes place, in a crematory built by [[Francis Julius LeMoyne]] at [[North Franklin Township, Pennsylvania]].
* [[December 13]] &ndash; New [[Constitution of the Ottoman Empire]] signed, ending [[Tanzimat]] in the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Constantinople Conference]] opens.
* [[December 29]] &ndash; The [[Ashtabula River railroad disaster]] occurs in [[Ohio]] when a bridge collapses, leaving 92 dead.

=== Date unknown ===
[[File:Pellegrinibydegas.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Carlo Pellegrini (caricaturist)]] by [[Edgar Degas]], c. 1876 - <small>Medium: Oil paint on paper mounted on board ; Dimensions: Frame: 800 × 515 × 85 mm support: 632 × 340 mm ; Collection: [[Tate]].</small>]]
* The [[Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79]], which will claim 30&nbsp;million lives and become the [[List of natural disasters by death toll|5th-worst famine in recorded history]], begins after the droughts of the previous year.
* [[Heinz Tomato Ketchup]] is introduced in the United States.
* [[Adolphus Busch]]'s brewery, [[Anheuser-Busch]] in [[St. Louis]], [[Missouri]], first markets [[Budweiser]], a [[pale lager]], as a nationally sold [[beer]].
* [[Charles Wells Ltd|Charles Wells]] opens his [[brewery]], based in [[Bedford]], England.
* Star Oil Company, predecessor of the global [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] [[energy]] product and sales brand, is founded in [[California]].{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}
* [[Emile Berliner]] invents an improved form of [[microphone]] which will be adopted for  [[Alexander Graham Bell]]'s telephone.<ref>{{Cite magazine|title=Birth of the Microphone: How Sound Became Signal|language=en-us|magazine=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/2011/01/birth-of-the-microphone/|access-date=2023-09-19|issn=1059-1028}}</ref>
* Lyford House, by [[Richardson Bay]], [[Tiburon, California]], is constructed.
* Construction of [[Spandau Prison]] in Berlin is completed.
* [[Samurai]] are banned from carrying swords in [[Japan]], and their stipends are replaced by a one-time grant of income-bearing bonds.
* The [[Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland]] is founded.
* [[Heinrich Schliemann]] begins excavation at [[Mycenae]].
* [[Stockport Lacrosse Club]], thought to be the oldest existing [[lacrosse]] club in the world, is founded at Cale Green Cricket Club in [[Davenport, Greater Manchester|Davenport, near Manchester]] in England, where they will still be playing in the 21st century.