Editing 1869 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 3]] &ndash; [[Abdur Rahman Khan]] is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book|author=C.E.Buckland|title=Dictionary of Indian Biography|publisher=Indological Book House|year=1971|page=6}}</ref>
* [[January 5]] &ndash; Scotland's second oldest professional [[Soccer|football]] team, [[Kilmarnock F.C.]], is founded.
* [[January 20]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] is the first woman to testify before the [[United States Congress]].
* [[January 21]] &ndash; The [[P.E.O. Sisterhood]], a philanthropic educational organization for women, is founded at [[Iowa Wesleyan College]] in [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa]].
* [[January 27]] &ndash; The [[Republic of Ezo]] is proclaimed on the northern Japanese island of Ezo (which will be renamed [[Hokkaidō]] on [[September 20]]) by remaining adherents to the [[Tokugawa shogunate]].
* [[February 5]] &ndash; Prospectors in [[Moliagul, Victoria]], Australia, discover the largest [[Alluvium|alluvial]] [[gold nugget]] ever found, known as the "[[Welcome Stranger]]".
* [[February 20]] &ndash; [[Ranavalona II]], the [[Merina]] Queen of [[Madagascar]], is baptized.
* [[February 25]] &ndash; The [[Iron and Steel Institute]] is formed in London.
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Mahbub Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VI|Mahbub Ali Khan]], 2½, begins a 42-year reign as [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].
* [[March]] &ndash; In Japan, the ''[[daimyō]]s'' of the [[Tosa Domain|Tosa]], [[Hizen Domain|Hizen]], [[Satsuma Domain|Satsuma]] and [[Chōshū Domain]]s are persuaded to return their domains to the [[Emperor Meiji]], leading to creation of a fully centralized government in the country.<ref>[[Tianxia#Japan|天下]]</ref>
* [[March 1]]
**The [[North German Confederation]] issues 10[[groschen|gr]] and 30gr value stamps, printed on [[goldbeater's skin]].
**(O. S. February 17) &ndash; [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] finishes his design of the first [[periodic table]] and sends it for publishing.
* [[March 18]] (O. S. March 6) &ndash; [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] makes a formal presentation of his [[periodic table]] to the Russian Chemical Society.
* [[March 24]] &ndash; [[Tītokowaru's War]] ends with the surrender of the last [[Māori people|Māori]] troops at large, in the [[South Taranaki District]] of New Zealand's [[North Island]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Wises New Zealand Guide.|publisher=Wises Publications Limited|year=1952|page=714}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 6]] &ndash; The [[American Museum of Natural History]] is founded in New York.
* [[April 17]] &ndash; The State of [[Morelos]] is created in Mexico.
* [[May]] &ndash; In [[1869 French legislative election|elections in France]], the opposition, consisting of republicans, monarchists and liberals, polls almost 45% of the vote.
* [[May 4]]–[[May 10|10]] &ndash; [[Naval Battle of Hakodate]]: The [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] defeats adherents of the [[Tokugawa shogunate]].
* [[May 6]] &ndash; [[Purdue University]] is founded in [[West Lafayette, Indiana]].
* [[May 10]] &ndash; The [[first transcontinental railroad]] in North America is completed at [[Promontory, Utah]], by the driving of the "[[golden spike]]".<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11371/ |title = Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails," May 10, 1869, at Promontory Point, Utah |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1869-05-10 |access-date = 2013-07-20 }}</ref>[[File:East and West Shaking hands at the laying of last rail Union Pacific Railroad - Restoration.jpg|thumb|[[May 10]] &ndash; The [[First transcontinental railroad]] in North America is completed]]
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Women's suffrage]]: In New York, [[Susan B. Anthony]] and [[Elizabeth Cady Stanton]] form the [[National Woman Suffrage Association]].
* [[May 18]] &ndash; One day after surrendering at the land [[Battle of Hakodate]] (begun [[4 December]] [[1868]]), [[Enomoto Takeaki]] turns over [[Goryōkaku]] to Japanese forces, signaling the collapse of the [[Republic of Ezo]].
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[Sainsbury's]] first store, in [[Drury Lane]], London, is opened.<ref>{{cite book|first=Maurice|last=Baren|title=How it All Began Up the High Street|location=London|year=1996|publisher=Michael O'Mara Books|isbn=1-85479-667-4}}</ref>
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[Powell Geographic Expedition of 1869|John Wesley Powell]] departs [[Green River, Wyoming]], with a company of nine other men, on a trip down the Green and Colorado Rivers.
* [[May 26]] &ndash; [[Boston University]] is chartered by the [[Commonwealth of Massachusetts]].
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] open the [[baseball]] season as the first fully professional team.
* [[June 2]] &ndash; [[Sherwood College]] is founded in [[Nainital]], India.
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[John Wesley Hyatt]] patents [[celluloid]] in [[Albany, New York]].
* [[June 27]] &ndash; The fortress of [[Goryōkaku]] is turned over to Imperial Japanese forces, bringing an end to the [[Republic of Ezo]], the [[Battle of Hakodate]] and the [[Boshin War]], the military phase of the [[Meiji Restoration]].
* [[June 30]]–[[July 2]] &ndash; The first [[Estonian Song Festival]] takes place in [[Tartu]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Gävle]], Sweden, is destroyed in a city fire; 8,000 people become homeless.
* [[July 15]] &ndash; [[Hippolyte Mège-Mouriès]] files a patent for [[margarine]] in France.
* [[July 20]]
** ''[[The Innocents Abroad]]'', by [[Mark Twain]], goes on sale after printing by the American Publishing Company.  It becomes Twain's bestselling work during his lifetime.<ref>Milton Meltzer, ''Mark Twain Himself: A Pictorial Biography'' (University of Missouri Press, 2002) p. 102</ref>
** [[Children's Hospital Boston]] is founded by Dr. Francis Henry Brown and other [[Harvard Medical School]] graduates, as a 20-bed facility in the [[South End, Boston|South End]] of [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Boston Children's Hospital|url=https://www.ahajournals.org/pb-assets/migration/Circulation/Hospitals%20History/Hospitals%20of%20History%20-%20Boston%20Children%27s%20Hospital.pdf|last=Valente|first=Anne Marie|website=American Heart Association|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926061503/https://www.ahajournals.org/pb-assets/migration/Circulation/Hospitals%20History/Hospitals%20of%20History%20-%20Boston%20Children%27s%20Hospital.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2020|access-date=8 May 2020}}</ref>
* [[July 26]] &ndash; The [[Irish Church Act 1869]] is given [[royal assent]] by [[Queen Victoria]], [[disestablishment|disestablishing]] the [[Church of Ireland]] effective January 1, 1871.
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[August Bebel]] and [[Wilhelm Liebknecht]] found the [[Social Democratic Workers' Party of Germany]] (SDAP).
* [[August 27]] &ndash; The [[University of Oxford]] wins the first international boat race held on the [[River Thames]], against [[Harvard University]].<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[August 31]] &ndash; Irish scientist [[Mary Ward (scientist)|Mary Ward]] is killed by a [[steam car]].
* [[September 5]] &ndash; The foundation stone is laid for [[Neuschwanstein Castle]] in [[Bavaria]] (southern Germany).
* [[September 11]] &ndash; Work on the [[Wallace Monument]] is completed in [[Stirling]], Scotland.
* [[September 12]]&ndash;[[September 13|13]] &ndash; [[P&O]]'s {{SS|Carnatic}} runs aground and sinks in the [[Red Sea]]; 31 drown.
* [[September 24]] &ndash; ''[[Black Friday (1869)|Black Friday]]'': The [[James Fisk (financier)|James Fisk]]–[[Jay Gould]] Scandal causes a financial panic in the United States.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* October &ndash; The '[[Edinburgh Seven]]', led by [[Sophia Jex-Blake]], start to attend lectures at the [[University of Edinburgh Medical School]], the first women in the United Kingdom to do so (although they will not be allowed to take degrees).<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=M. A.|last=Elston|title=Edinburgh Seven (act. 1869–1873)|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/61136|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/61136|access-date=2011-01-28}}</ref>
* [[October 11]]
** The [[Red River Rebellion]] breaks out against British forces in Canada.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=290–291|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
** Gamma Sigma becomes the first high school fraternity in North America at Brockport Normal School, [[Brockport, New York]].
* [[October 16]] &ndash; England's first residential university-level [[women's college]], the College for Women (predecessor of [[Girton College, Cambridge]]), is founded at [[Hitchin]], by [[Emily Davies]] and [[Barbara Bodichon]].
* [[November 4]] &ndash; The first issue of the scientific journal ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' is published in London, edited by [[Norman Lockyer]].
* [[November 6]] &ndash; [[1869 college football season#First football game ever played|The first game of American football between two American colleges]] is played. [[Rutgers University]] defeats [[Princeton University]] 6–4, in a forerunner to [[American football]] and [[College football]].
* [[November 17]] &ndash; In [[Egypt]], the [[Suez Canal]], linking the [[Mediterranean Sea]] with the [[Red Sea]], is inaugurated in an elaborate ceremony.
* [[November 19]] &ndash; The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] surrenders its claim to [[Rupert's Land]] in Canada, under its [[letters patent]], back to the [[British Crown]].<ref name=CBH/>
* [[November 23]] &ndash; In [[Dumbarton]], Scotland, the [[clipper]] ship ''[[Cutty Sark]]'' is launched (it is one of the last clippers built, and the only one to survive in the United Kingdom).<ref name="Pocket On This Day"/>
* [[December]] &ndash; [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s novel ''[[War and Peace]]'' is published in complete book form, in Russia.
* [[December 7]] &ndash; American outlaw [[Jesse James]] commits his first confirmed bank robbery, in [[Gallatin, Missouri]].
* [[December 8]] &ndash; The [[First Vatican Council]] opens in Rome.
* [[December 10]]
** [[Women's suffrage]]: The [[Wyoming]] territorial legislature gives women the right to vote, the first such law in the world.
** The first American chapter of [[Kappa Sigma]] is founded at the [[University of Virginia]].
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[Paraguayan War]]: Triple Alliance forces take [[Asunción]].

=== Date unknown ===
* The investment bank [[Goldman Sachs]] is founded in New York.
* The capital of the [[Isle of Man]] moves from [[Castletown, Isle of Man|Castletown]] to [[Douglas, Isle of Man|Douglas]].
* [[Arabella Mansfield]] became the first woman in the United States awarded a license to practice law, at [[Mount Pleasant, Iowa]].
* [[James Gordon Bennett Jr.]] of the ''[[New York Herald]]'' asks [[Henry Morton Stanley]] to find Dr. [[David Livingstone]].
* The Co-operative Central Board (later [[Co-operatives UK]]) is founded in [[Manchester]], England.
* [[Friedrich Miescher]] purifies nuclein, which was then identified as [[DNA|deoxyribonucleic acid]] (DNA).
* The [[Ladies National Association for the Repeal of the Contagious Diseases Acts]] is founded in Great Britain.
* French [[missionary]] and [[naturalist]] Père [[Armand David]] receives the skin of a [[giant panda]] from a hunter, the first time this species becomes known to a Westerner;<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/441032/giant-panda|title=Giant Panda|year=2010|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]]|access-date=2010-08-09}}</ref> he also first describes a specimen of the "pocket handkerchief tree", which will be named in his honor as ''[[Davidia involucrata]]''.
* New Zealand's first university, the [[University of Otago]], is founded.<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Scientific Bulletin|volume=4|issue=1|title=University of Otago|publisher=United States. Air Force. Office of Scientific Research|year=1979|page=54}}</ref>
* [[Thomas Henry Huxley]] coins the word "[[Agnostic]]".<ref>{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=Thomas|title=Science and Religion: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|page=63|isbn=978-0-19-929551-7}}</ref>
* [[Campbell Soup Company]] is founded in [[New Jersey]], United States.<ref>[https://www.campbellsoupcompany.com/about-us/ About Us]</ref>
* [[Heinz]], as predecessor of [[Kraft Heinz]], a worldwide [[food processing]] and [[Cheese|cheese brand]], founded in [[Pennsylvania]], United States.<ref>[https://www.heinz.com/Heinz-Timeline The Complete History of Heinz]</ref>
* [[St. Ignatius College Prep]] in [[Chicago]] is founded, and construction on the school's main building began. It is one of only five buildings that survived the [[Great Chicago Fire]] of 1871. The building was designed by the Canadian architect Toussaint Menard in the [[Second Empire architecture in the United States and Canada|Second Empire]] architecture style.
[[File:Robert Cecil, Vanity Fair, 1869-07-10.jpg|thumb|The Marquess of Salisbury caricatured by "[[Carlo Pellegrini (caricaturist)|Ape]]" in ''Vanity Fair''', 1869 - Carlo Pellegrini (25 March 1839 – 22 January 1889), who did much of his work under the pseudonym of Ape]]