Editing 1860s (section)

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1860s}}
[[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Emperor [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]] being executed (1867), marking the end of the [[Second Mexican Empire]]]]

=== Wars ===
* [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French occupation of Mexico]] (1863–1867). Replacement of [[President of Mexico]] [[Benito Juárez]] (1861–1863) at first with [[Juan Nepomuceno Almonte]] (1863–1864) and then by Emperor [[Maximilian of Mexico]] (1864–1867) with the establishment of the [[Second Mexican Empire]]. Juárez eventually manages to recover his position (1867–1872).
*On 18 October 1860, the first [[Convention of Peking]] formally ended the [[Second Opium War]].
* The [[American Civil War]] which lasted from [[1861]] to [[1865]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/19407/American-Civil-War | title=American Civil War | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date=4 May 2014}}</ref>
* The [[Paraguayan War]] (1864–1870) starts in [[South America]], with the invasion of [[Paraguay]] by the [[Treaty of the Triple Alliance|Triple Alliance]] ([[Empire of Brazil]], [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]). It will kill almost 60% of the country's population.
* The main phase of the [[New Zealand Wars]] between British colonials and the [[Māori people|Māori]] population begins with the [[First Taranaki War]] in 1860. The most significant campaign is the [[Invasion of the Waikato]] in 1863, which sees some 14,000 British and colonial troops engaged.
* The [[Kingdom of Prussia]] under [[Otto von Bismarck|Bismarck]] [[Second Schleswig War|invaded Denmark in 1864]], which ended in the division of Schleswig, [[Schleswig-Holstein Question|the location of a pro-German revolt]], between Prussia and the [[Austrian Empire]]. Though Prussia and Austria had both fought side by side in this war, Prussia later attacked Austria in [[Austro-Prussian War|the Austro-Prussian war of 1866]]. The technological and logistical superiority of Prussia's armed forces obliterated Austria and its allies, the former also having to deal with [[Third Italian War of Independence|Prussia's ally Italy in Venice]]. By the end of these conflicts, Prussia was seen as the most powerful state in [[Germany]], and had total hegemony over the other German states. The [[North German Confederation|NGF]] was formed after the Austro-Prussian war, uniting the states of north Germany, and Prussia soon led it into another conflict with [[Franco-Prussian War|France]].
* The [[Bhutan War]] between the [[British Empire]] and [[history of Bhutan|Bhutan]] lasted from 1864 to 1865. It ended in a British victory and the loss of some Bhutanese territory to [[British India]].
* The [[British Expedition to Abyssinia]] was a rescue mission and punitive expedition carried out in 1868 by the armed forces of the [[British Empire]] against the [[Ethiopian Empire]].
* Conclusion of the [[Russo-Circassian War]] (1763–1864) resulting in Russian victory and subsequent [[Circassian genocide]] and [[Circassian diaspora|diaspora]].

===Internal conflicts===
[[Image:Thure de Thulstrup - Battle of Antietam.jpg|250px|[[American Civil War]]: [[Battle of Antietam]] by [[Thure de Thulstrup]]|thumb]]
*The '''Federal War''' was a [[civil war]] (1859–1863) in [[Venezuela]] between the [[Conservative Party (Venezuela)|Conservative]] party and the [[Liberal Party (Venezuela)|Liberal]] party over the monopoly the Conservatives held over government positions and land ownership, and their intransigence to granting any reforms. It was the biggest and bloodiest civil war that [[Venezuela]] had since its [[Venezuelan War of Independence|independence]]. Hundreds of thousands died in the violence of the war, or from [[hunger]] or [[disease]], in a country with a population of just over a million people
* [[American Civil War]] fought between the remaining [[United States|United States of America]] under [[President of the United States|President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] and the self-declared [[Confederate States of America]] under [[President of the Confederate States|President]] [[Jefferson Davis]] (April 12, 1861 – April 9, 1865) and Vice President [[Alexander Stephens]].
** Beginning of the [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] era under President [[Andrew Johnson]] (1865–1869).
* 1863–64 [[January Uprising]] in the [[Russian Empire]].
* On 19 July 1864 the fall of Nanjing formally ended the 14-year [[Taiping Rebellion]].
* 1862–1877 [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)|Tongzhi Hui Revolt]] in [[Qing dynasty]] of China.
* 1868–1869 [[Boshin War]] in [[Japan]], fought between the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] and those seeking to return political power to the [[Imperial Court in Kyoto|Imperial Court.]]

===Prominent political events===
[[File:1859-60 CE world map.PNG|thumb|250px|Political map of the world in 1860]]
* [[Italian Unification]] under King [[Victor Emmanuel II of Italy|Victor Emmanuel II]]. Wars for expansion and national unity continue until the incorporation of the [[Papal States]] (March 17, 1861 – September 20, 1870).
* [[Emancipation reform of 1861|Abolition of serfdom]] in [[Russian Empire|Russia]] by tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] (1861).
*[[Meiji Restoration]] in [[Japan]] (1866–1869). [[Tokugawa Yoshinobu]], 15th and last of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa shōguns]] loses control to the [[Meiji Emperor]]. A series of reforms follows. The [[samurai]] class fails to survive while the ''[[daimyō]]s'' turn to [[politics]].
* The [[Dominion]] of [[Canada]] is created by the [[British North America Act]] on July 1, 1867.
* [[Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867|Compromise]] between [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Hungary|Hungary]], hence creating the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1867.
* The [[Glorious Revolution (Spain)|"La Gloriosa"]]revolution in [[Spain]] (1868). Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabella II]] is deposed.