Editing 1852 (section)

== Events ==

===January&ndash;March===
* [[January 14]] &ndash; President [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] proclaims a [[French Constitution of 1852|new constitution]] for the [[French Second Republic]].
* [[January 15]] &ndash; Nine men representing various Jewish [[charitable organization]]s come together to form what will become [[Mount Sinai Hospital, New York|Mount Sinai Hospital]] in New York City.
* [[January 17]] &ndash; The United Kingdom recognizes the independence of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]].
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Battle of Caseros]], [[Argentina]]: The Argentine provinces of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Rios]] and [[Corrientes]], allied with [[Brazil]] and members of [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado Party]] of Uruguay, defeat Buenos Aires troops under [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]].
* [[February 11]] &ndash; The first British public toilet for women opens in [[Bedford Street]], London.
* [[February 14]] &ndash; The [[Great Ormond Street Hospital]] for Sick Children, London, admits its first patient.
* [[February 15]] &ndash; The [[Helsinki Cathedral]] (known as ''St. Nicholas' Church'' at time) is officially inaugurated in [[Helsinki]], [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Ruuth|first=Martti|title=Helsingin Suurkirkko satavuotias|page=7|publisher=Helsingin evankelis-luterilaisten seurakunta|location=Helsinki|year=1952|language=fi}}</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; The [[Studebaker]] Brothers Wagon Company, precursor of the automobile manufacturer, is established in [[South Bend, Indiana]].
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Phi Kappa Psi]] fraternity is founded in [[Canonsburg, Pennsylvania]], at [[Washington & Jefferson College|Jefferson College]].
* [[February 25]] &ndash; {{HMS|Birkenhead|1845|6}} sinks near [[Cape Town]], [[British Cape Colony]]. Only 193 of the 643 on board survive, after troops stand firm on the deck so as not to overwhelm the [[Lifeboat (shipboard)|lifeboat]]s containing women and children.
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton]], is appointed [[Lord Lieutenant of Ireland]].
* [[March 2]] &ndash; The first American experimental steam [[fire engine]] is tested.<ref>{{cite book|first=William T.|last=King|title=History of the American Steam Fire-Engine|url=https://archive.org/details/historyamerican01kinggoog|year=1896|publisher=Pinkham Press}}</ref>
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[Phi Mu]] sorority is founded in Macon, Georgia.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; [[Annibale de Gasparis]] discovers the asteroid [[16 Psyche|Psyche]] from the north dome of the [[Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte]] in [[Naples]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lick Observatory|title=Publications of the Lick Observatory of the University of California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GH02AQAAIAAJ|year=1935|publisher=The University|page=23}}</ref>
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Henry Wells]] and [[William Fargo]] create [[Wells Fargo|Wells Fargo & Company]].
* [[March 20]] &ndash; ''[[Uncle Tom's Cabin]]'', by [[Harriet Beecher Stowe]], is published in book form in [[Boston]], Massachusetts.

===April&ndash;June===
* [[April 1]] &ndash; The [[Second Anglo-Burmese War]] begins.
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Taiping Rebellion]] in China: Taiping forces begin the siege of [[Guilin]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Sergeĭ Leonidovich Tikhvinskiĭ|title=Modern History of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZdCAAAAYAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Progress Publishers|page=166}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] &ndash; Taiping Rebellion: The siege of Guilin is lifted.
* [[June 12]] &ndash; Taiping Rebellion: Taiping forces enter [[Hunan]].
* [[June 30]] &ndash; The [[New Zealand Constitution Act 1852]] is passed by the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] to grant the British [[Colony of New Zealand|colony]] self-government with a representative constitution.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/history-and-buildings/quick-history/|publisher=New Zealand Parliament|title=Quick history|date=2021-06-29|accessdate=2022-08-31}}</ref>

===July&ndash;September===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; American statesman [[Henry Clay]] is the first to receive the honor of [[lying in state]] in the [[United States Capitol rotunda]].
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Frederick Douglass]] delivers his famous speech, "[[What to the Slave Is the Fourth of July?]]", in [[Rochester, New York]].
* [[July 28]] &ndash; ''[[Henry Clay (Steamboat)|Henry Clay]]'' [[steamboat]] disaster in [[Riverdale, Bronx]], claims several lives, including [[Stephen Allen (American politician)|Stephen Allen]].
* [[August 3]] &ndash; The first American intercollegiate athletic event, the [[Harvard–Yale Regatta|Boat Race]] between [[Yale University|Yale]] and [[Harvard University|Harvard]], is held.
* [[August 23]] &ndash; Boston missionary Reverend Benjamin Galen Snow lands on the island of [[Kosrae]] in the [[Caroline Islands]] ([[Micronesia]]) first to bring the gospel to the island.
* [[September 11]] &ndash; [[Revolution of 11 September 1852]] in Argentina: [[Buenos Aires Province]] declares independence.
* [[September 19]] &ndash; [[Annibale de Gasparis]] discovers the asteroid [[20 Massalia|Massalia]] from the north dome of the [[Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte]] in [[Naples]].
* [[September 24]] &ndash; French engineer [[Henri Giffard]] makes the first [[airship]] trip, from Paris to [[Trappes]].

===October&ndash;December===
* [[October 7]] &ndash; After learning that U.S. President Fillmore has sent Commodore [[Matthew C. Perry]] to open trade with Japan, [[Nicholas I of Russia]] sends Rear Admiral [[Yevfimy Putyatin]] to lead the ''Pallada'' on a similar mission (Putyatin arrives on [[August 21]], [[1853]], one month after Perry).<ref>{{cite book|first=Hiroshi|last=Kimura|title=The Kurillian Knot: A History of Japanese-Russian Border Negotiations|location=California|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=2008|page=23}}</ref>
* [[October 16]] &ndash; After nearly five years' imprisonment in France, former Algerian Emir [[Abdelkader El Djezairi]] is released by orders of then-president [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Chateaux of the Loire|publisher=Casa Editrice Bonechi|year=2007|page=10}}</ref>
* [[October 23]] &ndash; The conjecture of the [[four color theorem]] is first proposed, as student [[Francis Guthrie]] of [[University College London]] presents the question of proving, mathematically, that no more than four colors are needed to give separate colors to bordering shapes on a map (the theorem is not proven for almost 123 years, until [[1976]]).<ref>{{cite book|first=Donald|last=MacKenzie|title=Mechanizing Proof: Computing, Risk, and Trust|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=MIT Press|year=2004|page=103}}</ref>
* [[October 31]] &ndash; General Joaquin Solares of [[Guatemala]] leads an invasion of neighboring [[Honduras]], beginning a war that lasts until [[February 13]], [[1856]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Robert L.|last=Scheina|title=Latin America's Wars|volume=I|publisher=Potomac Books, Inc.|year=2003|page=1849}}</ref>
* [[November]] &ndash; [[Leo Tolstoy]]'s [[debut novel]] ''[[Childhood (Tolstoy novel)|Childhood]]'' is published under the initials L. N., in this month's issue of the Saint Petersburg literary journal ''[[Sovremennik]]'' (and later in book form).
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[1852 United States presidential election]]: [[United States Democratic Party|Democrat]] [[Franklin Pierce]] of [[New Hampshire]] defeats [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] [[Winfield Scott]] of [[Virginia]].
* [[November 4]] &ndash; [[Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour]] becomes the [[Piedmont]]ese prime minister.
* [[November 11]] &ndash; The new [[Palace of Westminster]] opens in London as the home of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].
* [[November 21]]&ndash;[[November 22|22]] &ndash; The [[Second French Empire|New French Empire]] is confirmed by [[1852 French Second Empire referendum|plebiscite]]: 7,824,000 ''for'', 253,000 ''against''.
* [[November 23]] &ndash; The first roadside [[pillar box]]es in the British Isles are brought into public use in [[Saint Helier]], on [[Jersey]] in the [[Channel Islands]], at the suggestion of English novelist [[Anthony Trollope]], at this time an official of the British [[General Post Office]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Jean Young|last=Farrugia|title=The Letter Box: A History of Post Office Pillar and Wall boxes|location=Fontwell|publisher=Centaur Press|year=1969|isbn=0-90000014-7|page=27}}</ref>
* [[November 26]] &ndash; A [[1852 Banda Sea earthquake|magnitude 7.5 to 8.8 earthquake]] strikes near the Banda Islands, Dutch East Indies, triggering a deadly tsunami.<ref name="Ringer">{{cite journal |author1=H. Ringer |author2=J. P. Whitehead |author3=J. Krometis |author4=R. A. Harris |author5=N. Glatt-Holtz |author6=S. Giddens |author7=C. Ashcraft |author8=G. Carver |author9=A. Robertson |author10=M. Harward |author11=J. Fullwood |author12=K. Lightheart |author13=R. Hilton |author14=A. Avery |author15=C. Kesler |author16=M. Morrise |author17=M. H. Klein |title=Methodological Reconstruction of Historical Seismic Events From Anecdotal Accounts of Destructive Tsunamis: A Case Study for the Great 1852 Banda Arc Mega-Thrust Earthquake and Tsunami |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=2021 |volume=126 |issue=4 |doi=10.1029/2020JB021107 |url=http://www.geology.byu.edu/Home/sites/default/files/2021_jgr_banda_1852_reconstruciton.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.geology.byu.edu/Home/sites/default/files/2021_jgr_banda_1852_reconstruciton.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live |access-date=19 June 2021|arxiv=2009.14272 |bibcode=2021JGRB..12621107R |s2cid=222066748 }}</ref>
* [[December]] &ndash; The [[Western Railroad (North Carolina)|Western Railroad]] is chartered to build a railroad from [[Fayetteville, North Carolina|Fayetteville]], [[North Carolina]], to the coal fields of [[Cumnock, North Carolina|Egypt]], North Carolina.<ref>[http://www.historync.org/railroad-WRR.htm CommunicationSolutions/ISI, "Railroad — Western Railroad Company"], ''North Carolina Business History'', 2006, accessed 1 Feb 2010.</ref>
* [[December 2]] &ndash; [[Napoleon III]] becomes [[List of French monarchs|Emperor of the French]].
* [[December 4]] &ndash; The French [[Siege of Laghouat|capture Laghouat]].
* [[December 23]] &ndash; [[Taiping Rebellion]]: The Taiping army takes [[Hanyang District|Hanyang]] and begins the siege of [[Wuchang, Hubei|Wuchang]].
* [[December 29]] &ndash; [[Taiping Rebellion]]: The Taiping army takes [[Hankou]].

===Date unknown===
* The [[grooved rail]] is developed by [[Alphonse Loubat]].<ref>{{cite book|author=James E. Vance|title=Capturing the Horizon: The Historical Geography of Transportation Since the Sixteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3OsJAQAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=978-0-8018-4012-8|page=359}}</ref>
* The [[Devil's Island]] penal colony opens in the colony of [[French Guiana]].
* The [[semaphore line]] in France is superseded by the [[telegraph]].
* [[Smith & Wesson]] is founded as a firearms manufacturer in the United States.
* In [[Hawaii]], sugar planters bring over the first Chinese laborers on 3- or 5-year contracts, giving them 3 dollars per month plus room and board for working a 12-hour day, 6 days a week.
* Germans are encouraged to [[German Chilean|immigrate]] to [[Chile]].
* The British [[Inman Line]] is the first to offer United States-bound migrants steerage passage in a steamer, {{SS|City of Glasgow}}.
* [[Loyola College in Maryland|Loyola College]] is chartered in [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]].
* [[Antioch College]] is founded in [[Yellow Springs, Ohio]] (its first president is Horace Mann).
* [[Mills College]] is founded as the Young Ladies Seminary in [[Benicia, California]].
* The French Catholic [[De La Salle Brothers]] arrive from Europe in [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|Singapore]], aboard ''La Julie'', and sail up to [[Penang]] in the [[Straits Settlements]], to found the first [[Lasallian educational institutions]] in Asia.
* [[Justin Perkins]], an American [[Presbyterian]] missionary, produces the first translation of the [[Bible]] in [[Assyrian Neo-Aramaic]], which is published with the parallel text of the [[Syriac language|Syriac]] [[Peshitta]], by the American Bible Society.