Editing 1848 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Flag of Texas.svg|thumb|[[February 2]]: The [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] is signed, ending the [[Mexican–American War]] and ceding all the [[Republic of Texas]]'s territorial claims to the United States for $15m.]]
[[File:Communist-manifesto.png|thumb|[[February 21]]: [[Karl Marx]] publishes ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]''.]]
[[File:Chartist meeting, Kennington Common.jpg|thumb|[[April 10]]: "Monster Rally" of [[Chartism|Chartists]] held on [[Kennington Common]] in London; the first photograph of a crowd depicts it.]]

=== January–March ===
* [[January 3]] – [[Joseph Jenkins Roberts]] is sworn in as the first [[President of Liberia|president]] of the independent African [[Republic of Liberia]].
* [[January 12]] – [[Sicilian revolution of 1848]]: The Palermo rising erupts in [[Sicily]] against the [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]].
* [[January 24]] – [[California Gold Rush]]: [[James W. Marshall]] finds [[gold]] at [[Sutter's Mill]], in [[Coloma, California]].
* [[January 31]] – In the United States:
** Construction of the [[Washington Monument]] begins in Washington, D.C.
** [[John C. Frémont]] is court-martialed on grounds of mutiny and disobeying orders. The verdict is set aside by U.S. President [[James K. Polk]], but Frémont retires to [[California Territory]].
* [[February 2]]
** [[Mexican–American War]]: [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] – Mexico cedes virtually all of what becomes the [[Southwestern United States]] to the U.S. The unincorporated [[California Territory]] becomes a provisional official possession; it is never organized by the [[United States Congress]] as a [[Territories of the United States|territory]], but directly passes the requirements for statehood in [[1850]].
** [[John Henry Newman]] founds the first [[Oratory of Saint Philip Neri|Oratory]] in the English-speaking world, when he establishes the [[Birmingham Oratory]] at 'Maryvale', [[Old Oscott]], England.
* [[February 17]] – [[John Bird Sumner]] is nominated as [[Archbishop of Canterbury]].
* [[February 21]] – [[Karl Marx]] and [[Friedrich Engels]] publish ''[[The Communist Manifesto]]'' (''Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei'') in London.
* [[February 23]] – [[French Revolution of 1848]]: [[François Guizot]], [[Prime Minister of France]], resigns; 52 people from the Paris mob are killed by soldiers guarding public buildings.
* [[February 24]] – [[Louis Philippe I]], King of the French, abdicates in favour of his grandson, [[Prince Philippe, Count of Paris]], and flees to England after days of revolution in Paris. The [[French Second Republic]] is later proclaimed by [[Alphonse de Lamartine]], in the name of the provisional government elected by the Chamber, under the pressure of the mob.
* [[March 2]] – The [[Marsoroligheterna|March Unrest]] breaks out in Sweden.
* [[March 4]] –  [[Charles Albert of Savoy|Carlo Alberto di Savoia]] signs the ''[[Statuto Albertino]]'' that will later represent the first [[Constitution of Italy|constitution]] of the ''[[Italy|Regno d'Italia]]''.
* [[March 7]] – [[Comptoir national d'escompte de Paris]], predecessor of European bank [[BNP Paribas]], is founded by decree of the [[French Provisional Government of 1848|French Provisional Government]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/hes_0752-5702_2002_num_21_3_2310|last=Stoskopf|first=Nicolas|title=La fondation du comptoir national d'escompte de Paris, banque révolutionnaire (1848)|journal=Histoire, Économie et Société|year=2002|volume=21|issue=3 |pages=395–411|access-date=2012-06-15|doi=10.3406/hes.2002.2310}}</ref>
* [[March 11]] – [[Louis-Hippolyte Lafontaine]] and [[Robert Baldwin]] become the first [[Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada]] to be democratically elected under a system of [[responsible government]].
* [[March 13]] – Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]] gives up office as [[State Chancellor of the Austrian Empire|State Chancellor]] and [[Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire]].
* [[March 15]] – [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848]]: The Hungarian young revolutionary intellectuals, led by [[Sándor Petőfi]], [[Mór Jókai]] and others, called the Márciusi Ifjak (Young men of March) organize peaceful mass demonstrations in Pest, forcing the city's Habsburg authorities to accept the [[12 points of the Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1848|12 Points]]: the Hungarian claim for freedom and [[self-determination]] within the [[Austrian Empire|Habsburg Empire]]. On the same day, [[Lajos Kossuth]] and representatives of the [[Diet of Hungary]] go to [[Vienna]], and force the emperor and Hungarian king [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] to accept Hungarian claims for self-determination within the empire.
* [[March 18]]
** At a [[Berlin]] barricade, fighting between revolutionaries and royalist forces marks the culmination of the [[German revolutions of 1848–49]]. As a result, King [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] is forced to appoint a liberal government.
** The [[Boston Public Library]] is founded by an act of the [[Great and General Court]] of [[Massachusetts]].
* [[March 22]] – The [[Republic of San Marco]] comes into existence in [[Venice]].
* [[March 23]] – The settlement of [[Dunedin]], [[New Zealand]] is founded, with the arrival of settlers from Scotland on board the ''[[John Wickliffe (ship)|John Wickliffe]]''.
* [[March 24]] – The [[First Schleswig War]] ({{langx|de|Schleswig-Holsteinischer Krieg|links=no}}, or Three Years' War ({{langx|da|Treårskrigen|links=no}})), a military conflict in southern Denmark and northern Germany rooted in the [[Schleswig-Holstein Question]], contesting the issue of who should control the Duchies of [[Duchy of Schleswig|Schleswig]] and [[Holstein]], begins.
* [[March 29]] – [[Queen's College, London]], founded, the world's first school to award academic qualifications to young women.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 3]] – The [[Chicago Board of Trade]] is founded by 82 [[Chicago]] merchants and business leaders.
* [[April 10]]
** A [[Chartism|Chartist]] 'Monster Rally' is held in [[Kennington Park]] London, headed by [[Feargus O'Connor]]. A [[Chartism#1848 petition|petition demanding the franchise]] is presented to the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].
** The [[Illinois and Michigan Canal]] is completed.
* [[April 11]] – The first Hungarian national government is formed, under the leadership of [[Lajos Batthyány]]. The [[April Laws]], the first democratic revolutionary laws in [[Hungary]], are promulgated, putting an end to the [[Feudalism|feudal privileges of the nobility]] and [[serfdom]]; proclaiming the [[freedom of religion]], [[freedom of the press]] and foundation of the [[Hungarian National Bank]]; and organising the first democratic [[election]] in Hungary based in popular representation, a national guard and reunion of [[Transylvania]] with Hungary. The Habsburg emperor, and Hungarian king [[Ferdinand I of Austria]], ratify these laws, which form the basis of modern Hungary.
* [[April 18]] – The [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] breaks out in the [[Punjab (region)|Punjab]].
* [[April 25]] – Captain [[Francis Crozier]] and Commander [[James Fitzjames]] of the [[Royal Navy]] deposit the final formal record ever recovered from the [[Franklin Expedition]] in a cairn on [[King William Island]], after deserting their ships, HMS ''Erebus'' and HMS ''Terror'', with their surviving 105 crew members on April 22 to attempt to march to the mainland of North America. 
* [[April 27]] – The second abolition of slavery in France and its colonies initiated by [[Victor Schœlcher]].
* [[April 29]] – [[Pope Pius IX]] publishes an allocution announcing his refusal to support Piedmont-Sardinia in its war with Austria, and dispelling hopes that he might serve as ruler of a pan-Italian republic. The allocution, by which Pius is seen to withdraw his moral support for the [[Italian unification]] movement, is a key first step in the soon-to-be crushing reaction against the revolutions of 1848.
* [[May 3]] – The boar-crested [[Anglo-Saxon]] [[Benty Grange helmet]] is discovered in a [[Tumulus|barrow]] on the [[Benty Grange]] farm in [[Derbyshire]].
* [[May 13]] – "[[Maamme]]", the [[national anthem]] of Finland written by German composer [[Fredrik Pacius]] and Finnish poet [[Johan Ludvig Runeberg]], was performed for the first time.
* [[May 15]]
** [[Radicalism (historical)|Radicals]] invade the French [[Chamber of Deputies (France)|Chamber of Deputies]].
** 40,000 [[Romanians]] meet at [[Câmpia Libertății]] in [[Blaj]], to protest [[Transylvania]] becoming a part of Hungary.<ref name=Stoica1>{{cite book|last=Stoica|first=Vasile|title=The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands|year=1919|publisher=Pittsburgh Printing Company|location=Pittsburgh|page=23|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7314/view/1/23/}}</ref>
* [[May 18]] – The '[[Frankfurt Parliament]]' (''Nationalversammlung''), the first German National Assembly, opens in [[Frankfurt]].
* [[May 19]] – The [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] of February 2, ending the [[Mexican–American War]], is ratified by the Mexican government.
* [[May 29]] – [[Wisconsin]] is admitted as the 30th [[U.S. state]].
* [[May 30]] – The [[Prudential plc|Prudential]] Mutual Assurance Investment and Loan Association is established at [[Hatton Garden]] in London (England) to provide loans to professional and working people, origin of the multinational life [[insurance]] and [[financial]] services group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/ourhistory/timeline/1826_1901/1826/|title=Timeline 1826–1901|access-date=2010-08-30|publisher=Prudential plc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813232819/http://www.prudential.co.uk/prudential-plc/aboutpru/ourhistory/timeline/1826_1901/1826/|archive-date=2010-08-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[June]] – The [[Serbians]] from [[Vojvodina]] start a rebellion against the Hungarian government.
* [[June 2]]–[[June 12|12]] – The [[Prague Slavic Congress, 1848|Prague Slavic Congress]] brings together members of the [[Pan-Slavism]] movement.
* [[June 17]] – The Austrian army bombards [[Prague]], and crushes a working-class revolt.
* [[June 21]] – [[Wallachian Revolution of 1848]]: The [[Proclamation of Islaz]] is made public, and a [[Romanians|Romanian]] revolutionary government led by [[Ion Heliade Rădulescu]] and [[Christian Tell]] is created.
* [[June 22]] – The French government dissolves the [[National Workshops|national workshops]] in Paris, giving the workers the choice of joining the army or going to workshops in the provinces. The following day, the [[June Days Uprising]] begins in response.

=== July–September ===
[[File:1948matalerebellion.JPG|thumb|[[July 26]]: [[Matale Rebellion]] begins in [[Sri Lanka]].]]
[[File:Gedenkblatt 1874.jpg|thumb|[[September 12]]: The [[Swiss Confederation]] reconstitutes itself as a [[federal republic]].]]
* [[July]] – The [[Public Health Act 1848|Public Health Act]] establishes [[Local board of health|Boards of Health]] across [[England and Wales]], the nation's first public health law, giving cities broad authority to build modern sanitary systems.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=269–270|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[July 3]] – Governor-General [[Peter von Scholten]] emancipates all remaining slaves in the [[Danish West Indies]] 
* [[July 5]] – The Hungarian national revolutionary [[parliament]] starts to work.
* [[July 11]] – [[Waterloo station|Waterloo]] railway station in London opens.
* [[July 19]] – [[Seneca Falls Convention]]: The 2-day [[women's rights]] convention opens in [[Seneca Falls, New York]]; "[[Bloomers (clothing)|Bloomers]]" are introduced.
* [[July 26]]
** The [[Matale Rebellion]] breaks out against [[British Ceylon|British rule]] in [[Sri Lanka]].
** The [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] is founded.
* [[July 29]] – [[Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848|Young Irelander Rebellion]]: A nationalist revolt in [[County Tipperary]], against British rule, is put down by the [[Royal Irish Constabulary|Irish Constabulary]].<ref name=CBH/>
* [[August 6]] – [[HMS Daedalus (1826)|HMS ''Daedalus'']] reports a sighting of a sea serpent.
* [[August 14]] – American President [[James K. Polk]] annexes the [[Oregon Country]], and renames it the [[Oregon Territory]] as part of the United States.    
* [[August 17]] – The Independent [[Republic of Yucatán]] officially unites with Mexico, in exchange for Mexican help in suppressing a revolt by the indigenous [[Maya peoples|Maya]] population.
* [[August 19]] – [[California Gold Rush]]: The ''[[New York Herald]]'' breaks the news to the East Coast of the United States that there is a [[gold rush]] in [[California]] (although the rush started in January).
* [[August 24]] – The U.S. [[barque]] ''[[Ocean Monarch (barque)|Ocean Monarch]]'' is burnt out off the [[Great Orme]], [[North Wales]], with the loss of 178, chiefly emigrants.
* [[August 28]] – [[Louisy Mathieu]] becomes the first black member to join the [[French Parliament]], as a representative of [[Guadeloupe]].
* [[September 10]] – The Austrian commander [[Karl von Urban]] makes the first stand against the Revolution in Hungary, assembling in his headquarters in Năsăud hundreds of delegates from all districts of the [[Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)|Principality of Transylvania]]. As a result, 918 communities in the region distance themselves from the Revolution.
* [[September 11]] – The [[Croatia]]n army of [[Josip Jelačić]], encouraged in secret by the [[Habsburg]] government, crosses the [[Drava]] River and attacks Hungary, with the goal of ending the revolution in that country.
* [[September 12]] – One of the successes of the [[Revolutions of 1848]], the [[Swiss Federal Constitution]], patterned on the [[Constitution of the United States]], enters into force, creating a [[federal republic]], and one of the first modern [[Democracy|democratic]] states in Europe.
* [[September 13]] – [[Vermont]] railroad worker [[Phineas Gage]] survives a 3-foot-plus iron rod being driven through his head.
* [[September 16]] – [[William Cranch Bond]] and [[William Lassell]] discover [[Hyperion (moon)|Hyperion]], [[Saturn]]'s [[natural satellite|moon]].
* [[September 25]] – The Hungarian king and [[Habsburg]] emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand V]] refuses to recognise the [[Hungarian government]], led by [[Lajos Batthyány]]. The Batthyány government resigns and the National Defence Committee is formed, which is a temporary crisis government, totally independent from Vienna, under the leadership of [[Lajos Kossuth]].
* [[September 26]] – The [[University of Ottawa]] is founded in Canada as the College of Bytown, a Roman Catholic institution.
* [[September 29]] – [[Battle of Pákozd]]: The Hungarian revolutionary army, led by János Móga, defeats the [[Croatia]]n army of [[Josip Jelačić]], forcing him to retreat towards [[Vienna]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October 2]] – The National Defence Committee (''Országos Honvédelmi Bizottmány''), led by [[Lajos Kossuth]], becomes the executive power in Hungary, after the resignation of the [[Lajos Batthyány]] government.
* [[October 3]] – General Anton Puchner, commander of the Austrian armies of [[Transylvania]], declares insurrection against Hungary, and, together with [[Karl von Urban]] in the north and the [[Romania]]n insurgents led by [[Avram Iancu]], attacks and chases away the Hungarian armed forces occupying Transylvania. 
* [[October 18]] – [[Elizabeth Gaskell]]'s first novel, ''[[Mary Barton]]: A Tale of Manchester Life'', is published anonymously in London.
* [[October 24]] – [[Romanians|Romanian]] bands massacre 640 Hungarian civilians at the town of [[Zlatna]], [[Transylvania]].<ref name="MagyarNemzet">Magyar Nemzet: [http://www.mno.hu/portal/611317 Fejőszék Százhatvan éve irtották ki Nagyenyedet a román felkelők.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201155506/http://www.mno.hu/portal/611317 |date=February 1, 2011 }}</ref> The massacre [[1848–1849 massacres in Transylvania|continues into 1849]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Hermann|editor= Ildikó Laszák |first1=Róbert |title=Etnikai polgárháború Erdélyben 1848-1849-ben|trans-title=Ethnic civil war in Transylvania in 1848-1849|lang=hu |url=http://konfliktuskutato.hu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=154:etnikai-polgarhaboru-erdelyben-1848-1849-ben-&catid=15:tanulmanyok |access-date=17 August 2024 |publisher=Társadalmi Konfliktusok Kutatóközpont |date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name="Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó 2010. p. 517">Egyed Ákos: Erdély 1848–1849 (Transylvania in 1848–1849). Pallas Akadémia Könyvkiadó, Csíkszereda 2010. p. 517 (Hungarian)"Végeredményben úgy látjuk, hogy a háborúskodások során és a polgárháborúban Erdély polgári népességéből körülbelül 14 000–15 000 személy pusztulhatott el; nemzetiségük szerint: mintegy 7500–8500 magyar, 4400–6000 román, s körülbelül 500 lehetett a szász, zsidó, örmény lakosság vesztesége."</ref>
* [[October 28]] – In [[Catalonia]], Spain, the [[Barcelona]]–[[Mataró]] railroad route (the first to be constructed in the [[Iberian Peninsula]]) is inaugurated.
* [[October 30]] – [[Battle of Schwechat]]: Hungarian forces which crossed the Austrian border, in order to unite with the Viennese revolutionaries, are defeated by the imperial army, led by [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]] and [[Josip Jelačić]].
* [[October 31]] – [[Vienna]] is occupied by the imperial forces led by [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]], who crushes the [[revolution]] here.
* [[November 1]] – In [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], the first [[medical school]] for women, the Boston Female Medical School (which later merges with [[Boston University School of Medicine]]), opens.
* [[November 3]] – A new [[Constitution of the Netherlands]] (drafted by [[Johan Rudolph Thorbecke]]), severely limiting the power of the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|monarchy]] and introducing [[representative democracy]], is proclaimed.
* [[November 4]] – France ratifies a new constitution. The [[French Second Republic]] is set up, ending the state of temporary government.
* [[November 7]] – [[1848 United States presidential election]]: [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] [[Zachary Taylor]] of [[Louisiana]] defeats [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Lewis Cass]] of [[Michigan]], in the first [[United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]] held in every state on the same day.
* [[November 13]] – At the [[Battle of Gherla]], the Austrian commander [[Karl von Urban]] wins a victory with his force of 3.000 against the 12.000-strong Hungarian Revolutionary Army led by [[Manó Baldacci]], the Hungarian commander-in-chief in Transylvania.
* [[November 17]] – [[Karl von Urban]] liberates [[Cluj-Napoca|Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca/Kolozsvár)]], the capital of the Principality of Transylvania, during the Hungarian Revolutionary War.
* [[November 24]] 
** [[Pope Pius IX]] flees Rome in disguise for [[Naples]].
** At the [[Second Battle of Dej|Battle of Des]], [[Karl von Urban]], with 1.500 men, defeates a Hungarian army of 10.000 led by [[Katona Miklós]].
* [[December 2]] – Emperor [[Ferdinand I of Austria]] abdicates in favor of his nephew, [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Joseph]], who will serve as [[Emperor of Austria]] and [[King of Hungary]] and [[List of Bohemian monarchs|Bohemia]], until his death in [[1916]].
* [[December 6]] – The Austrian imperial army, led by [[Franz Schlik]], attacks Hungary.
* [[December 10]] – Prince [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] is elected first president of the [[French Second Republic]].
* [[December 16]] – The main Austrian imperial forces, led by [[Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz]], cross the Hungarian border.
* [[December 18]] – [[Punta Arenas]], the first major settlement in the [[Strait of Magellan]], is founded.
* [[December 20]]
** President [[Napoleon III]] takes his [[oath of office]] in front of the [[French National Assembly]].
** [[Slavery]] is abolished in [[Réunion]] (this day is celebrated every year from [[1981]]).
* [[December 25]] – Hungarian forces, led by [[Józef Bem]], enter [[Kolozsvár]] (Cluj), after defeating the Austrian armies in northern [[Transylvania]].
* [[December 30]] – [[Battle of Mór]]: The imperial army, led by [[Josip Jelačić]], defeats the Hungarian army, led by [[Mór Perczel]].

=== Date unknown ===
* British, Dutch, and German governments lay claim to [[New Guinea]].
* [[Admiral]] [[Gennady Nevelskoy|Nevelskoy]] demonstrates that the [[Strait of Tartary]] is a [[strait]].
* [[Crown Colony of Labuan|Labuan]] is made a British [[Crown colony]].
* The city of [[Joensuu]] is founded in [[North Karelia]], [[Finland]] by [[Czar]] [[Nicholas I of Russia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.joensuu.fi/web/english/history|title=History|website=english}}</ref>
* The [[University of Mississippi]] admits its first students.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yaran |first1=Mary Clingerman |title=University of Mississippi |url=https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/university-of-mississippi/ |website=Mississippi Encyclopedia |publisher=Center for Study of Southern Culture |access-date=August 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813102848/https://mississippiencyclopedia.org/entries/university-of-mississippi/ |archive-date=August 13, 2020 |date=July 11, 2017}}</ref>
* [[Geneva College]] ([[Pennsylvania]]) is founded as Geneva Hall in [[Northwood, Logan County, Ohio]].
* [[Rhodes College]] is founded in [[Clarksville, Tennessee]], as the Masonic University of Tennessee.
* The Shaker song "[[Simple Gifts]]" is written by [[Joseph Brackett]] in [[Alfred, Maine]].
* [[Richard Wagner]] begins writing the [[libretto]] that will become ''[[Der Ring des Nibelungen]]'' ("The Ring of the Nibelung").
* [[Watch]] brand [[Omega SA|Omega]] is founded by Louis Brandt in [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Conklin |first1=David W. |title=Cases in the Environment of Business: International Perspectives |year=2006 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-1-4129-1436-9 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ppjam4YUSiUC&pg=PA52 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ongoing events===
* [[Great Famine (Ireland)]] (1845–52).