Editing 1830s (section)

== Politics ==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1830s}}

===Pacific===

* [[1830]] – [[John Williams (missionary)|John Williams]] brings  [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] to [[Samoa]].

* [[July 30]], [[1836]] – The first [[English language]] newspaper is published in [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Hawaii]].
* [[1838]] – The [[Pitcairn Islands]] become a [[Crown colony]] of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted, and maintain, [[women's suffrage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/politics/womens-suffrage/world-suffrage-timeline|title=World suffrage timeline – women and the vote|publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage}}</ref>

=== East Asia ===

==== China ====
[[File:Destruction of opium in 1839.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Lin Zexu]] supervising the destruction of opium in 1839]]
{{See also|Daoguang Emperor|First Opium War}}
China was ruled by the [[Daoguang Emperor]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China,<ref name=greenberg-113/> despite efforts by the Daoguang Emperor to end the trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fay |first=Peter Ward |title=The Opium War, 1840-1842: barbarians in the Celestial Empire in the early part of the nineteenth century and the war by which they forced her gates ajar |date=1976 |publisher=Norton |isbn=978-0-393-00823-4 |series=The Norton library |location=New York}}</ref> A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the [[East India Company]], leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests.<ref name=greenberg-113>{{cite book|last=Greenberg|first=Michael|author-link=Michael Greenberg (economist)|title=British Trade and the Opening of China 1800–1841|format=preview|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QNo8AAAAIAAJ|page=113 | quote=expansion in imports from 16,550 chests in the season 1831-2 to over 30,000 in 1835-6, and 40,000 in 1838-9|year=1969}}</ref><ref name=CIH>{{cite book|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of China|editor1-last=Ebrey|editor1-first=Patricia Buckley|editor1-link=Patricia Buckley Ebrey|year=2010|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-19620-8|page=236|edition=second|chapter=9. Manchus and Imperialism: The Qing Dynasty 1644–1900}}</ref> In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner [[Lin Zexu]] banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel to [[Guangzhou|Guangzhou (Canton)]], leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium.<ref>{{cite web |first=Leon |last=Poon |url=http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/modern.html#opium |title=Emergence Of Modern China |publisher=University of Maryland |access-date=22 Dec 2008}}</ref> The British retaliated, seizing [[Hong Kong]] on [[August 23]] of that year, starting what would be known as the [[First Opium War]]. It would end three years later with the signing of the [[Treaty of Nanking]] in 1842.

==== Japan ====
* July [[1837]] – [[Charles W. King]] sets sail on the American merchant ship ''Morrison''. In the [[Morrison incident]], he is turned away from [[Japan]]ese ports with cannon fire.

=== South-eastern Asia ===
* [[March 28]], [[1830]] – The [[Java War]] ends.
* [[1833]] – H.R.H. Prince [[Mongkut]] of [[Thailand|Siam]] founds the [[Dhammayuttika Nikaya|Dhammayut]] Buddhist reform movement.

==== Dutch East Indies ====
{{See also|Dutch East Indies|Indonesia}}The [[Padri War]] was fought from 1803 until 1837 in [[West Sumatra]] between the ''Padris'' and the ''Adats''.  The latter asked for the help of the [[Royal Netherlands East Indies Army|Dutch]], who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837<ref name="Abdullah2009">{{cite book|author=Taufik Abdullah|title=Indonesia: Towards Democracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c39TDpLki8wC&pg=PA5|access-date=25 August 2013|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|isbn=978-981-230-366-0|page=5}}</ref> after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader [[Tuanku Imam Bonjol]], the conflict died out.

==== Vietnam ====
* [[1831]]–[[1834]] – [[Siamese–Vietnamese War (1833–1834)|Siamese–Vietnamese War]] for [[Cambodia]] and [[Southern Vietnam]].
* [[1839]] – The Emperor [[Minh Mạng]] renames [[Vietnam|Việt Nam]] to Đại Nam.

=== Australia and New Zealand ===
* [[August 15]], [[1834]] – The [[South Australia Act 1834|South Australia Act]] allows for the creation of a colony there.
* [[June 8]], [[1835]] – The [[Australia]]n city of [[Melbourne]] is founded by [[John Batman]] and [[John Pascoe Fawkner]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116054250/http://www.melbourne.vic.gov.au/info.cfm?top=52&pg=703|url-status=dead|title=Melbourne.vic.gov.au|archivedate=January 16, 2009}}</ref>
* [[October 28]], [[1835]] – [[United Tribes of New Zealand]] founded at [[Waitangi, Northland|Waitangi]] with the [[Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand]].
* [[November 19]], [[1835]] – A force of 500 [[Māori people]] invade, massacre, ate and enslave the [[Moriori]] people of the [[Chatham Islands]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=King |first1=Michael |title=Moriori: A People Rediscovered |date=2000 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=9780143771289 |page=67}}</ref>
* [[July 27]], [[1836]] – [[Adelaide]], is founded.
* [[December 26]], [[1836]] – The [[Colony of South Australia]], founded by Captain [[John Hindmarsh]], is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state of [[South Australia]] as [[Proclamation Day (South Australia)|Proclamation Day]]).
* [[June 10]], [[1838]] – 28 [[Indigenous Australians]] are killed in the [[Myall Creek massacre]].
* [[1838]] – Five [[nun]]s from the [[Religious Sisters of Charity]] in [[Ireland]] become the first women of religion to set foot on [[Australia]]n soil.

=== Southern Asia ===
* December [[1838]] – [[First Anglo-Afghan War]]: [[British Army|British]] and [[Presidency armies]] set out from [[Punjab]] in support of [[Shah Shujah Durrani]]'s claim to the throne of [[Afghanistan]].

==== India ====

{{Main|Company rule in India}}The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("[[Governor-General of India]]" starting in 1833): [[Lord William Bentinck]] (1828–1835), [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt]] (1835–1836), and [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Lord Auckland]] (1836–1842). The [[Government of India Act 1833]] was enacted to remove the [[East India Company]]'s remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years.  It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company.

The [[English Education Act 1835|English Education Act]] by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company [[Persian language in the Indian subcontinent|replaced Persian with local vernacular]] in various provinces as the official and court language.  However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, [[Hindi–Urdu controversy|Urdu instead of Hindi]] was chosen to replace Persian.<ref name="Paul R. Brass">Language, Religion and Politics in North India by Paul R. Brass, Publisher: iUniverse, Incorporated, {{ISBN|978-0-595-34394-2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=The political awakening in India| author=John R. McLane| year=1970| pages=105| publisher=Prentice-Hall. Inc, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey}}</ref>

In 1835, [[William Henry Sleeman]] captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress the [[Thuggee]] secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of [[Thuggee]]. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of ''[[Thagi and Dakaiti Department|Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity]]''. During these operations, more than 1400 [[Thuggee|Thugs]] were hanged or [[transported for life]].

=== Western Asia ===
* [[1831]] – [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]]'s French-trained forces occupy [[Syria]].
* [[May 10]], [[1832]] – The [[Egyptians]], aided by [[Maronites]], seize [[Acre, Israel|Acre]] from the [[Ottoman Empire]] after a 7-month [[Siege of Acre (1832)|siege]].
* [[December 21]], [[1832]] – [[Battle of Konya]]: The [[Egypt]]ians defeat the main [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] army in central [[Anatolia]].
* [[September 1]], [[1836]] – Rebuilding begins at the [[Hurva Synagogue]] in [[Jerusalem]].
* [[January 19]], [[1839]] – The [[East India Company]] captures [[Aden]].
* [[July 23]], [[1839]] – [[First Anglo-Afghan War]], [[Battle of Ghazni]]: British forces capture the fortress city of [[Ghazni]], [[Afghanistan]].

=== Eastern Europe ===

==== Poland ====
* [[November 29]], [[1830]] – The [[November Uprising]] begins in Warsaw against Russian rule.
* [[February 20]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Olszynka Grochowska]]: [[Poland|Polish]] rebel forces divide a [[Russia]]n army.
* [[May 26]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Ostrołęka (1831)|Battle of Ostrołęka]]: The [[Polish people|Poles]] fight another indecisive battle.
* [[September 6]] – [[September 8]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Warsaw (1831)|Battle of Warsaw]]: The [[Russians]] take the [[Poland|Polish]] capital and crush resistance.

=== Northern Europe ===

==== United Kingdom ====

===== Royalty =====
[[File:Dronning victoria.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[June 20]]: [[Queen Victoria]], Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901).]]
In 1830, [[William IV]] succeeded his brother [[George IV]] as King of the [[United Kingdom]]. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece, [[Queen Victoria|Princess Victoria]].<ref name="web.archive.org 1820-1840">{{cite web|url=http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840 |title=Icons, a portrait of England 1820–1840 |access-date=2007-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070922055840/http://www.icons.org.uk/theicons/icons-timeline/1820-1840 |archive-date=22 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Under [[Salic law]], the [[Kingdom of Hanover]] passed to William's brother, [[Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover|Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland]], ending the [[personal union]] of Britain and Hanover which had existed since [[1714]]. [[Queen Victoria]] took up residence in [[Buckingham Palace]], the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than [[St James's Palace]], her London home.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>

===== Politics and law =====
Britain had four [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime ministers]] during the 1830s.  As the decade began, Tory [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]] led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform.<ref>Holmes (2002). p. 283.</ref> The Whigs selected [[Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey]] to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the [[Reform Act 1832]], the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]] (abolishing slavery throughout the [[British Empire]]), and the [[Factory Acts]] (limiting [[child labour]]).

In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving [[William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne|Lord Melbourne]] as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the [[Poor Law Amendment Act 1834|Poor Law Amendment Act]] in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a [[workhouse]]. King [[William IV]]'s opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir [[Robert Peel]] to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting [[1835 United Kingdom general election|general election]] (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The [[Marriage Act 1836]] established [[civil marriage]] and registration systems that permit marriages in [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|nonconformist]] chapels, and a [[Registrar General]] of Births, Marriages, and Deaths.<ref>[[wikisource:1836 (33) Registration of Births &c. A bill for registering Births Deaths and Marriages in England]].</ref><ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=260–261|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>

There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the [[Merthyr Rising]]. [[William Howley]] [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to [[Canterbury]] in 1832. In 1834, [[Robert Owen]] organized the [[Grand National Consolidated Trades Union]], an early attempt to form a national [[union confederation]]. In May [[1838]], the [[People's Charter of 1838|People's Charter]] was drawn up in the [[United Kingdom]], demanding [[universal suffrage]].  Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the [[Newport Rising]] in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain.

In 1835, [[James Pratt and John Smith]] were [[hanging|hanged]] outside [[Newgate Prison]] in London after a conviction of [[sodomy]], the last deadly victims of the judicial [[persecution]] of [[homosexual men]] in England.<ref>See [http://www.capitalpunishmentuk.org/newgate.html] 2012</ref>

=== Western Europe ===

==== Germany ====
* [[May 30]], [[1832]] – Germany: [[Hambach Festival|Hambacher Festival]], a demonstration for [[civil liberties]] and national unity, ends with no result.
* [[December 14]], [[1833]] – [[Kaspar Hauser]], a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on [[December 17]].
* [[January 1]], [[1834]] – [[Zollverein]]: [[Customs]] charges are abolished at borders within [[Germany]].
* [[October 13]], [[1836]] – [[Theodor Fliedner]], a [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the [[Deaconess#Modern history|Deaconess]] Home and Hospital at [[Düsseldorf-Kaiserswerth|Kaiserswerth]], [[Germany]], as an institute to train women in [[nursing]].
* [[1837]] – The 5th century BC [[Berlin Foundry Cup]] is acquired for the [[Antikensammlung Berlin]] in Germany.

==== Austria ====
* [[March 2]], [[1835]] – [[Ferdinand I of Austria|Ferdinand]] becomes Emperor of [[Austria]].

==== Switzerland ====
* October, 1830 – Start of the [[Restoration and Regeneration in Switzerland#Regeneration|Regeneration in Switzerland]]: more liberal constitutions adopted in most [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]].
* [[August 3]], [[1833]] – In [[Switzerland]], troops of the [[Basel-Stadt|city of Basel]] march on rebels in [[Liestal]], but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz.
* [[August 26]], [[1833]] – The [[Canton of Basel]] is partitioned by the [[Switzerland|Swiss]] ''[[Tagsatzung]]'', to create the two [[Cantons of Switzerland|half-cantons]] of [[Basel-City]] and [[Basel-Country]].

==== Belgium ====
{{Main|Belgian Revolution|Siege of Antwerp (1832)}}
* [[August 25]], [[1830]] – The [[Belgian Revolution]] begins.
* [[September 27]], [[1830]] – The [[Belgian Revolution]] ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.
* [[October 4]], [[1830]] – The Provisional Government in Brussels [[Belgian Revolution|declares]] the creation of the independent state of [[Belgium]], in revolt against the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]].
* [[December 20]], [[1830]] – The independence of [[Belgium]] is recognized by the [[Great power|Great Powers]].
* [[July 21]], [[1831]] – [[Leopold I of Belgium]] is inaugurated as first king of the [[Belgians]].
* [[August 2]], [[1831]] – The Dutch [[ten days' campaign]] in [[Belgium]] is halted by a [[France|French]] army.
* [[December 4]], [[1832]] – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining [[Netherlands|Dutch]] enforcement, the [[citadel]], is under [[France|French]] attack.
* [[December 23]], [[1832]] – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the [[Netherlands]] losing the city.
* [[1839]] – Half of the [[Province of Limburg (1815–1839)|Limburg]] province of [[Belgium]] is added to the [[Netherlands]] (since 1839 there is a [[Limburg (Belgium)|Belgian Limburg]] and [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Dutch Limburg]]).
* [[April 19]], [[1839]] – The [[Treaty of London (1839)|Treaty of London]] establishes [[Belgium]] as a [[monarchy|kingdom]].

==== France ====
[[File:La Liberté guidant le peuple - Eugène Delacroix - Musée du Louvre Peintures RF 129 - après restauration 2024.jpg|right|thumb|[[July Revolution|French Revolution of 1830]]]]

===== French Revolution of 1830 =====
The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the [[July Revolution]], Second French Revolution or {{lang|fr|Trois Glorieuses}} in French. It saw the overthrow of King [[Charles X of France|Charles X]], the French [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] monarch, and the ascent of his brother [[Louis Philippe I|Louis, Duke of Orléans]] (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the [[Bourbon Restoration in France|Bourbon Restoration]], shifting power to the [[July Monarchy]] (rule by the [[House of Orléans]]). [[Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)|Duc de Broglie]] briefly served as [[State Minister of France|State Minister]], with many successors over the course of 2 years.

===== Canut revolts =====
The first two [[Canut revolts]] occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the [[Industrial Revolution]]. The word [[Canut]] was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers.

The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize [[Lyon]], France. The government sent Marshal [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult]], a veteran of the [[Napoleonic Wars]], at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.

===== Other events =====
* [[June 5]] – [[June 6|6]], [[1832]] – [[History of France|France]]: [[June Rebellion]], anti-[[monarchist]] riots, chiefly by students, in [[Paris]].
* [[1835]] – The [[French language|French]] word for their language changes to ''français'', from ''françois''.

=== Southern Europe ===

==== Ottoman Empire (Balkans) ====
{{Main|Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire}}

* [[March 29]], [[1831]] – The [[Great Bosnian uprising]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] breaks out.
* April, 1839 – Sultan [[Mahmud II]] of the [[Ottoman Empire]] dies.
* [[July 1]], [[1839]] – [[Abdülmecid I]] (1839–[[1861]]) succeeds [[Mahmud II]] ([[1808]]–1839) as [[Ottoman Emperor]].
* [[1839]] – The [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], backed by the [[Russian Empire]] and the [[Austrian Empire]], compels [[July Monarchy]] France to abandon [[Muhammad Ali of Egypt]], and it forces him to return [[Syria]] and [[Arabia]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* November 3, [[1839]] – [[Tanzimat]] starts in the [[Ottoman Empire]].

==== Greece ====
* [[February 3]], [[1830]] – [[Greece]] is liberated from the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] forces as the final result of the [[Greek War of Independence]].
* [[July 20]], [[1830]] – [[Greece]] grants citizenship to [[Jews]].
* [[May 7]], [[1832]] – The [[Treaty of London, 1832|Treaty of London]] creates an independent [[Monarchy|Kingdom]] of [[Greece]]. [[Otto of Greece|Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria]], is chosen [[List of kings of Greece|King]]. Thus begins the [[history of modern Greece]].
* [[May 11]], [[1832]] – [[Greece]] is recognized as a sovereign nation; the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1832)|Treaty of Constantinople]] ends the [[Greek War of Independence]] in July.
* [[1833]] – Greece recaptures the [[Acropolis of Athens|Acropolis]].
* [[June 7]], [[1834]] – [[Greece|Greek]] independence: [[General]] [[Theodoros Kolokotronis]] is sentenced to death for [[treason]] for resisting the rule of [[Otto of Greece]] (he is released next year).
* [[1834]] – [[Athens]] becomes [[Greece]]'s capital city.

==== Italian Peninsula ====
{{Main|Italian unification}}
* [[November 8]], [[1830]] – [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand II]] becomes King of the [[Two Sicilies]].
* February–March [[1831]] – Revolts in [[Modena]], [[Parma]] and the [[Papal States]] are put down by [[Austria]]n troops.
* [[April 27]], [[1831]] – [[Charles Albert of Sardinia|Charles Albert]] becomes king of [[Sardinia]] after the death of King [[Charles Felix of Sardinia|Charles Felix]].
* [[1834]] – A pro-[[republic]] uprising fails in [[Piedmont]]; one of the activists is [[Giuseppe Garibaldi]].
* [[October 3]], [[1839]] – In the [[Kingdom of the Two Sicilies]], a railway between [[Naples]] and [[Portici]] (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King [[Ferdinand II of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand II]] of [[House of Bourbon|Bourbon]] (the first railway in the Italian peninsula).

==== Spain ====
* [[September 29]], [[1833]] – Three-year-old [[Isabella II]] becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother, [[Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies]]. Her uncle [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina|Don Carlos, Conde de Molina]] challenges her claim, beginning the [[First Carlist War]].
* [[July 15]], [[1834]] – The [[Spanish Inquisition]], which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree.
* [[September 19]], [[1837]] – [[Battle of Aranzueque]]: Liberal victory for the forces loyal to Queen [[Isabella II of Spain|Isabel II]] of Spain, end of the Carlist campaign known as the ''[[Expedición Real]]'' – The [[First Carlist War]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I53gBQAAQBAJ |title=Western Warfare, 1775-1882 |date=2014-12-18 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-48991-7 |pages=112 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 1]], [[1838]] – Supporters of [[Infante Carlos, Count of Molina]], are victorious in the [[Battle of Maella]] during the [[First Carlist War]].
* [[August 31]], [[1839]] – The [[First Carlist War]] ([[Spain]]) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general [[Baldomero Espartero]], Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.

==== Portugal ====
* [[July 5]], [[1833]] – [[Liberal Wars]], [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]]: The forces of Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] win decisively.
* [[July 24]], [[1834]] – The [[Liberal Wars]] end in [[Portugal]].
* [[January 26]], [[1835]] – Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] marries [[Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg]], in Lisbon; he dies only two months later.
* [[January 1]], [[1836]] – Queen [[Maria II of Portugal]] marries [[Ferdinand II of Portugal|Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha]].

=== Africa ===
* [[Egba people|Egba]] refugees fleeing the [[Yoruba Civil Wars]] found the city of [[Abeokuta]] in south-west [[Nigeria]].
* [[February 14]], [[1831]] – [[Battle of Debre Abbay]]: [[Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles#Ras|Ras]] [[Marye of Yejju]] marches into [[Tigray Province|Tigray]] and defeats and kills the warlord [[Sabagadis]].
* [[1831]] – [[Rifa'a at-Tahtawi]] returns from study in [[Paris]] to [[Egypt]].
* [[December 11]], [[1834]] – The [[Xhosa Wars#Sixth war (1834–1836)|Sixth Xhosa War]] is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and [[Bantu peoples]] in [[Cape Colony]]; [[Dutch language|Dutch]]-speaking settlers colonize the area north of [[Orange River]].
* [[February 1]], [[1835]] – [[Slavery]] is [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolished]] in [[Mauritius]].
* [[October 10]] – [[October 13]], [[1837]] – The French army [[Siege of Constantine|besieges and captures Constantine]] in [[French Algeria]].
* [[December 16]], [[1838]] – The [[Boers]] win a decisive victory over the [[Zulus]] in the [[Battle of Blood River]].

==== French conquest of Algeria ====
{{Main|French conquest of Algeria}}
In 1830, [[France]] invaded and quickly seized [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Regency of Algiers]], and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under [[Ahmed Bey]] at [[Constantine, Algeria|Constantine]], primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in [[Kabylia]] and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under [[Abd al-Qadir al-Jaza'iri|'Abd al-Qādir]], enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837.  Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the [[1840s]], with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847).

=== North America ===

==== Canada ====
* [[May 30]], [[1832]] – Canada: The [[Rideau Canal]] in eastern [[Ontario]] is opened.
* [[March 6]], [[1834]] – [[York, Upper Canada]], is incorporated as [[Toronto]].
* November–December [[1837]] – In [[the Canadas]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie]] leads the [[Upper Canada Rebellion]] and [[Louis-Joseph Papineau]] leads the [[Lower Canada Rebellion]].
* May [[1838]] – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the [[Durham Report]] to Britain.

==== United States ====

[[File:US SlaveFree1837.gif|thumb|300px|United States territories and states that forbade or allowed slavery, 1837.]]

===== Slavery =====
* [[January 1]], [[1831]] – [[William Lloyd Garrison]] begins publishing ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]'', an antislavery newspaper, in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].
* [[August 21]], [[1831]] – [[History of the United States|USA]]: [[Nat Turner's Rebellion]] breaks out in [[Southampton County, Virginia]].
* [[September 19]], [[1835]] – [[William Lloyd Garrison]] publishes [[Angelina Grimké]]'s anti-slavery letter in ''[[The Liberator (newspaper)|The Liberator]]''.
* [[May 13]], [[1837]] – [[Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)]] burned by mob hostile to slavery.
* [[November 7]], [[1837]] – American [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]] and newspaper editor [[Elijah Lovejoy]] is killed by a pro-[[slavery]] mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois.

* [[July 1]], [[1839]] – Slaves aboard the ''[[Amistad (case)|Amistad]]'' rebel and capture the ship off the coast of [[Cuba]].  Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to [[Long Island]], New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in ''[[United States v. The Amistad]]''.

===== Settlement =====
* [[February 9]], [[1832]] – The [[Florida]] Legislative Council grants a city charter for [[Jacksonville, Florida]].
* [[July 10]], [[1832]] – U.S. [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|Survey of the Coast]] revived (with [[US Department of Treasury]]).
* [[August 12]], [[1833]] – The city of [[Chicago]] is established at the [[estuary]] of the [[Chicago River]] by 350 settlers.
* [[March 11]], [[1834]] – U.S. Survey of the [[Coast]] transferred to the [[United States Department of the Navy|Department of the Navy]].
* [[March 27]], [[1836]] – United States Survey of the Coast returned to [[U.S. Treasury Department]]; renamed [[United States Coast and Geodetic Survey|U.S. Coast Survey]].
* [[April 20]], [[1836]] – The [[Wisconsin Territory]] is created.
* [[June 15]], [[1836]] – [[Arkansas]] is the 25th state admitted into the United States.
* [[January 26]], [[1837]] – [[Michigan]] becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.

===== Native Americans =====
{{Main|American Indian Wars}}
* [[May 28]], [[1830]] – The [[United States Congress]] passes the [[Indian Removal Act]].
* [[April 6]], [[1832]] – The [[Black Hawk War]] begins.
* [[July 9]], [[1832]] – [[Commissioner of Indian Affairs]] post created within the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].
* [[August 2]], [[1832]] – [[Battle of Bad Axe]] ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S.
* [[1832]] – [[George Catlin]] starts to live among the [[Sioux]] in the [[Dakota Territory]].
* [[1832]] – The federal government establishes a [[smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] program for Native Americans (''The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832'').<ref>{{cite journal|title=Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 |journal=Wíčazo Ša Review|volume=18|issue=2|pages=9–35|jstor=1409535|last1=Pearson|first1=J. Diane|year=2003|doi=10.1353/wic.2003.0017|s2cid=154875430}}</ref>
* [[July 29]], [[1834]] – [[Office of Indian Affairs]] organized in the United States.
* [[December 28]], [[1835]] – The [[Second Seminole War]] breaks out in [[Florida]].
* [[December 29]], [[1835]] – The [[Treaty of New Echota]] is signed between the United States Government and members of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]].
* [[1835]] – [[Fort Cass]] is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838 [[Trail of Tears]].
* [[May 19]], [[1836]] – [[Fort Parker massacre]]: Among those captured by [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] is nine-year-old [[Cynthia Ann Parker]]; she later gives birth to a son named [[Quanah Parker|Quanah]], who becomes the last [[tribal chief|chief]] of the [[Comanche]].
* [[1836]] – [[George Catlin]] ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the [[Dakota Territory]].
* [[February 4]], [[1837]] – [[Seminole]]s attack [[Fort Foster]] in [[Florida]].
* [[May 26]], [[1838]] – [[History of the United States|USA]]: The people of the [[Cherokee Nation (1794–1907)|Cherokee Nation]] are forcibly relocated during the [[Trail of Tears]].

===== Presidents =====
* [[December 3]], [[1832]] – [[U.S. presidential election, 1832]]: [[Andrew Jackson]] is re-elected president.
* [[March 4]], [[1833]] – [[Andrew Jackson]] is sworn in for his second term as [[President of the United States]].
* [[May 6]], [[1833]] – In [[Alexandria, Virginia]], the first public physical attack on an [[President of the United States|American President]], with [[Andrew Jackson]] struck by a disgruntled [[Robert B. Randolph]], who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges. 
* [[March 27]], [[1834]] – [[Andrew Jackson]] is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837).
* [[January 30]], [[1835]] – An [[assassination]] is attempted against President [[Andrew Jackson]] in the [[United States Capitol]] (the first assassination attempt against a [[President of the United States]]).
* [[December 7]], [[1835]] – Future U.S. President [[James K. Polk]] becomes [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]
* [[December 4]], [[1836]] – [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] holds its first national convention, in [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania]].
* [[December 7]], [[1836]] – [[1836 United States presidential election]]: [[Martin Van Buren]] defeats [[William Henry Harrison]].
* [[March 4]], [[1837]] – [[Martin Van Buren]] succeeds [[Andrew Jackson]] as [[President of the United States]].

===== Supreme Court =====
* [[January 12]] – [[January 27]], [[1830]] – [[Robert Y. Hayne]] of [[South Carolina]] debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with [[Daniel Webster]] of [[Massachusetts]] in the [[United States Congress]].
* [[March 12]], [[1830]] – ''Craig v. Missouri'': The [[United States Supreme Court]] rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution.
* [[February 16]], [[1833]] – ''[[Barron v. Baltimore]]'': The United States Supreme Court rules that the Bill of Right only applies to the federal government, and not the state government.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barron v. City of Baltimore (1833) {{!}} SCHS Civics Classroom Resources |url=https://supremecourthistory.org/supreme-court-civics-resources/barron-v-city-of-baltimore-1833/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Supreme Court Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[March 28]], [[1836]] – [[Roger B. Taney]] becomes the 5th [[Chief Justice of the United States|Chief Supreme Court Justice]], succeeding [[John Marshall|John Marshal]], and beginning the 28 year [[Taney Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous Chief Justices: Roger Brooke Taney, 1836-1864 |url=https://supremecourthistory.org/chief-justices/roger-taney-1836-1864/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Supreme Court Historical Society |language=en-US}}</ref>

===== Other =====
* [[November 14]], [[1832]] – [[Charles Carroll of Carrollton|Charles Carroll]], the last surviving signer of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] dies at his home in Maryland at age 95.
* [[April 14]], [[1834]] – The [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig Party]] is officially named by [[United States Senator]] [[Henry Clay]].
* [[August 11]] – [[August 12]], [[1834]] – [[Ursuline Convent riots]]: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near [[Boston]].
* [[January 8]], [[1835]] – The [[United States public debt]] contracts to $0 for the only time in history.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/history/history.htm |title=www.publicdebt.treas.gov |access-date=2013-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012419/http://www.publicdebt.treas.gov/history/history.htm |archive-date=2016-03-06 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[1835]] – [[Edward Strutt Abdy]] publishes his ''Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834''.
* [[May 10]], [[1837]] – The [[Panic of 1837]] begins in [[New York City]].
* [[June 11]], [[1837]] – The [[Broad Street Riot]] occurs in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees.
* [[1839]] – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in [[Jackson, Mississippi]].

==== Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution) ====
* [[October 2]], [[1835]] – [[Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico]], – [[Battle of Gonzales]]: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]], [[Mexico|Mexican]] soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of [[Gonzales, Texas]] for  protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish.
* [[December 9]], [[1835]] – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of [[San Antonio de Bejar]] from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos.
* [[December 20]], [[1835]] – A [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] is first signed at [[Goliad, Texas]].
* [[January 5]], [[1836]] – [[David Crockett]] arrives in [[Texas]].
* [[February 23]], [[1836]] – The [[Siege of the Alamo]] begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel [[Willam B. Travis]] and volunteers under Colonel [[James Bowie]], hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under [[General Antonio López de Santa Anna|Santa Anna]].
* [[March 1]], [[1836]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in [[Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas]], to deliberate and vote on independence from [[Mexico]].
* [[March 2]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: The [[Texas Declaration of Independence]] is signed by 60 delegates and the [[Republic of Texas]] is declared.<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Texas Declaration of Independence}}</ref> Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army".
[[File:Alamo.jpg|thumb|250px|right| March 6, 1836: The [[Battle of the Alamo]]]]
* [[March 6]], [[1836]] – The [[Battle of the Alamo]] ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers.<ref>''The World Book Encyclopedia''. 1970. (U.S.A.) Library of Congress catalog card number 70-79247.</ref>
* [[March 17]], [[1836]] – [[Convention of 1836]]: Delegates adopt the [[Constitution of the Republic of Texas]], modeled after the [[United States Constitution]].  It allows slavery, requires [[free black]]s to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)|url=http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/ccGP.html|publisher=University of Texas School of Law|access-date=9 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108073513/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/ccGP.html|archive-date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> 
* [[March 27]], [[1836]] – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the [[Goliad Massacre]] along with Texian Colonel [[James Walker Fannin]] by Mexican troops in [[Goliad]] near the [[Presidio La Bahia]] during the [[Texas Revolution]].
* [[April 21]], [[1836]] – [[Battle of San Jacinto]]: [[Mexico|Mexican]] forces under [[General Santa Anna]] are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the [[San Jacinto River (Texas)|San Jacinto River, Texas]]. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.)
* [[April 22]], [[1836]] – Forces under Texian General [[Sam Houston]] capture [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[General]] [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.

==== Republic of Texas ====
*[[January 3]], [[1834]] – The government of [[Mexico]] imprisons [[Stephen F. Austin]] in [[Mexico City]].
*[[August 30]], [[1836]] – The city of [[Houston]], Texas is founded.
* [[September 5]], [[1836]] – [[Sam Houston]] is elected as the first [[President of the Republic of Texas]].
* [[October 22]], [[1836]] – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the [[Republic of Texas]].
* [[June 5]], [[1837]] – The city of [[Houston]], is incorporated by the [[Republic of Texas]].
* [[December 10]], [[1838]] – [[Mirabeau B. Lamar]] is inaugurated as second elected President of the [[Republic of Texas]].

==== Mexico ====
The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the [[First Mexican Republic]] and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President [[Antonio López de Santa Anna]] dissolved Congress, forming a new government.  That government instituted the  [[Centralist Republic of Mexico]] by approving a new centralist constitution ("[[Siete Leyes]]"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven [[President of Mexico|presidents]] (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including [[Mexican Texas]], which declared independence in the [[Texas Revolution]] of 1836. During the [[1840s]], other provinces separated. The [[Republic of the Rio Grande]] in 1840, and the [[Republic of Yucatán]] declared independence in 1841.

*[[May 23]], [[1835]] – The Mexican [[Aguascalientes|State of Aguascalientes]] is formed by decree of [[President of Mexico|President]] [[Antonio López de Santa Anna|Santa Anna]].
*[[December 28]], [[1836]] – [[Spain]] recognizes the independence of [[Mexico]].
* May [[1838]] – An insurrection breaks out in [[Tizimín]], beginning the campaign for the independence of [[Yucatan]] from [[Mexico]].
* November 1838 – The [[Pastry War]] (also known as the ''First [[France|French]] intervention in [[Mexico]]'') began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of [[San Juan de Ulúa]] in Veracruz by French forces sent by [[Louis Philippe I|King Louis-Philippe]]. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France.
* March 1839 – The [[Pastry War]] ends with a British-brokered peace.

==== Nicaragua ====
* [[April 30]], [[1838]] – [[Nicaragua]] declares independence from the [[Federal Republic of Central America]] (''see'' [[History of Nicaragua#Fight for independence|Nicaragua's early history]]).

==== Costa Rica ====
* [[May 5]], [[1835]] – [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Braulio Carrillo]] is sworn in as [[President of Costa Rica|Head of State of Costa Rica]].
* [[May 28]], [[1838]] – [[Braulio Carrillo Colina|Braulio Carrillo]] is sworn in as [[President of Costa Rica|Head of State of Costa Rica]], thus beginning his second term in office.

==== Puerto Rico ====
* [[May 7]], [[1836]] – The settlement of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico]], is elevated to the royal status of [[villa]] by the government of [[Spain]].

==== Honduras ====
* [[November 5]], [[1838]] – The [[Second Central American Civil War]] begins with [[Honduras]]' separation from the [[Central American Federation]].

=== The Caribbean ===

==== Jamaica ====
*[[27 December]], [[1831]] – [[Sam Sharpe]] leads a major slave rebellion, also known as the [[Baptist War]]. The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population. The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the Jamaican [[Maroons]] to put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops.

=== South America ===

==== Brazil ====
* [[April 7]], [[1831]] – [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]] abdicates as [[emperor of Brazil]] in favor of his 5-year-old son [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], who will reign for almost 59 years.
* [[November 7]], [[1831]] – Slave trading is forbidden in [[Brazil]].
* [[1834]] – In the [[Empire of Brazil]], the Additional Act provides:
** Establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly
** Extinction of the State Council
** Replacement of the Regency Trina
** Introduction of a direct and secret ballot.
* [[January 24]], [[1835]] - a major [[slave rebellion]] known as the [[Malê revolt]] takes place in [[Salvador, Bahia]].

==== Riograndense Republic ====
* [[September 20]], [[1835]] – [[Ragamuffin War]] begins in [[Rio Grande do Sul]], Brazil.
* [[September 11]], [[1836]] – [[Riograndense Republic]] is proclaimed in [[South America]].

==== Uruguay ====
* [[July 18]], [[1830]] – [[Uruguay]] adopts its first [[Constitution of Uruguay of 1830|constitution]].
* [[1835]] – Civil war erupts in [[Uruguay]] between supporters of [[National Party (Uruguay)|Blanco]] and [[Colorado Party (Uruguay)|Colorado]] parties.

==== Argentina ====
* [[1835]] – [[Juan Manuel de Rosas]] becomes [[Caudillo]] of [[Argentina]].

==== Falkland Islands ====
* [[January 3]], [[1833]] – [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|Britain retakes the Falkland Islands]] in the [[South Atlantic]].

==== Peru ====
* [[January 20]], [[1839]] – [[Battle of Yungay]]: [[Chile]] defeats the [[Peru–Bolivian Confederation]], leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.

==== Ecuador ====
* [[May 13]], [[1830]] – [[Ecuador]] separates from [[Gran Colombia]].
* [[February 12]], [[1832]] – [[Ecuador]] annexes the [[Galápagos Islands]].

==== Chile ====
* [[May 25]], [[1833]] – The [[Chilean Constitution of 1833]] is promulgated.