Editing 1819 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; The [[Panic of 1819]], the first major peacetime [[financial crisis]] in the [[United States]], begins.
* [[January 25]] &ndash; [[Thomas Jefferson]] founds the [[University of Virginia]].
* [[January 29]] &ndash; Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] lands on the island of [[Singapore]].
* [[February 2]] &ndash; ''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'': The Supreme Court of the United States under [[John Marshall]] rules in favor of [[Dartmouth College]], allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.
* [[February 6]] &ndash; The [[1819 Singapore Treaty|Treaty of Singapore]], is signed between [[Hussein Shah of Johor]] and Sir [[Stamford Raffles]] of Britain, to create a trading settlement in [[Singapore]].
* [[February 15]] &ndash; The [[United States House of Representatives]] agrees to the [[Tallmadge Amendment]], barring slaves from the new state of Missouri (the opening vote in a controversy that leads to the [[Missouri Compromise]]).
* [[February 19]] &ndash; Captain [[William Smith (mariner)|William Smith]] of British merchant [[brig]] ''Williams'' sights [[Williams Point]], the northeast extremity of [[Livingston Island]] in the [[South Shetland Islands|South Shetlands]], the first land discovered south of [[latitude]] 60° S.
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[Adams–Onís Treaty]]: Spain cedes [[Florida]] to the United States, in exchange for the American renunciation of any claims on [[Texas]] that it might have from the [[Louisiana Purchase]], and $5 million.
* [[March 1]] &ndash; The U.S. naval vessel {{USS|Columbus|1819|6}} is launched on the Potomac River in Washington, D.C.
* [[March 6]] &ndash; ''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that the [[Second Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] is constitutional.
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Burlington Arcade]] opens in London.
* [[March 23]] &ndash; In [[Mannheim]], [[Duchy of Baden]], German dramatist [[August von Kotzebue]] is assassinated by [[Karl Ludwig Sand]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 6]]&ndash;[[June 21]] &ndash; The French [[slave ship]] ''Le Rodeur'' sails from [[Bonny, Rivers|Bonny]] in West Africa to [[Guadeloupe]] in the West Indies. In the course of the transatlantic voyage many onboard become blind, and 30 [[slave]]s are thrown overboard as a consequence.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Western Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9wlAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA284|journal=The Missionary Register|publisher=[[Church Missionary Society]]|volume=9|date=July 1821|location=London|pages=284–5}}</ref>
* [[April 7]] (N.S.) ([[March 26]] O.S.) &ndash; The [[Governorate of Livonia]] of the Russian Empire emancipates its peasants from [[serfdom]].
* [[May 22]] &ndash;  The {{SS|Savannah}} leaves port at [[Savannah, Georgia]], on a voyage to become the first [[steamship]] to cross the Atlantic Ocean, although only a fraction of the trip will be made under steam. The ship arrives at [[Liverpool]], England, nearly a month later, on [[June 20]].
* [[May 22]] &ndash; The city of [[Memphis, Tennessee]], is founded.
* [[June 16]] &ndash; The [[1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake|Rann of Kutch earthquake]], estimated at at least 7.7 {{M|w|link=y}} kills at least 1,543 people in [[India]] in what is now the state of [[Gujarat]] at the [[Arabian Sea]], causing an {{convert|80|-|150|km|abbr=on}} stretch of land to be raised as much as {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}} and creating a natural dam, the Allahbund.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; German astronomer [[Johann Georg Tralles]] discovers what will be called the [[Great Comet of 1819]].<ref>Dometa Wiegand Brothers, ''The Romantic Imagination and Astronomy: On All Sides Infinity'' (Springer, 2015) p. 127</ref>
* [[July 21]] &ndash; Explorer [[William Parry (explorer)|William Parry]], sailing in the Arctic in a quest for the [[Northwest Passage]] through North America, guides the ships [[HMS Hecla (1815)|HMS ''Hecla'']] and [[HMS Griper (1813)|HMS ''Griper'']] through an iceberg-laden passage that will later be named the [[Parry Channel]].<ref>Clements R. Markham, ''The Lands of Silence: A History of Arctic and Antarctic Exploration'' (Cambridge University Press, 2014) p. 207</ref>  
* [[July 24]] &ndash; A cabinet meeting is convened by British Prime Minister [[Lord Liverpool]] to discuss an investigative report of an adulterous affair involving the wife of [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales]], the regent for his ailing father King George III.  Despite reports that [[Caroline of Brunswick|Princess Caroline]] is involved with her servant, Bartolomeo Pergami, the cabinet concludes that the trial of Caroline for adultery would be an embarrassment to the nation.<ref>Saul David, ''Prince of Pleasure: The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency'' (Grove Press, 2000) p. 388</ref>
* [[July 30]] &ndash; At [[Edwardsville, Illinois]], the United States concludes a treaty with the [[Kickapoo people|Kickapoo tribe]], receiving their lands in return for their relocation to Missouri.<ref>Arrell M. Gibson, ''Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 1975) p. 81.</ref>
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The first [[Hep-Hep riots]], communal [[pogrom]]s against [[Ashkenazi Jews]] in the German Federation begin at [[Würzburg]] in Bavaria. They continue until October with many Jews killed.
* [[August 6]] &ndash; [[Norwich University]] is founded by Captain [[Alden Partridge]] in [[Vermont]] as the first private military school in the United States.
* [[August 7]] &ndash; [[Battle of Boyacá]]: [[Simón Bolívar]] is victorious over the Royalist Army in [[Colombia]]. Colombia acquires its definitive independence from [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Spanish rule]].
* [[August 16]] &ndash; [[Peterloo Massacre]]:  A [[yeomanry]] unit charges into a crowd of [[Radicals (UK)|radical]] protesters in [[Manchester]], England, resulting in 15 deaths and over 600 injuries.
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Salon of 1819]] opens in [[Paris]]. Amongst the exhibits is ''[[The Raft of the Medusa]]''.
* [[September 8]] &ndash; The [[1819 Balloon riot|Balloon Riot]] occurs in the U.S. at Vauxhall Garden in [[Philadelphia]] after guards beat a boy unconscious when he attempts to avoid buying a ticket. Crowds break down the fence and rip the [[hot air balloon]] to pieces.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Joseph |title=Vauxhall Garden |journal=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |date=1933 |volume=LVII |issue=4 |page=294 |url=https://journals.psu.edu/pmhb/article/download/28291/28047/0 |access-date=10 April 2024}}</ref> 
* [[September 20]] &ndash; The [[Carlsbad Decrees]] are issued throughout the [[German Confederation]] in response to the March assassination of [[August von Kotzebue]], suppressing liberal and nationalist views.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 13]] &ndash; A treaty is entered between the Raja of Cutch [[Deshalji II]], and [[East India Company]], placing the [[Cutch State]] under Company rule.<ref>James Burgess, ''The Chronology of Modern India'',  p. 313,   Edinburgh, 1913</ref>
* [[October 15]] &ndash; [[Desolation Island (South Shetland Islands)|Desolation Island]], in the [[South Shetland Islands]] of the Antarctic, is discovered by Captain [[William Smith (mariner)|William Smith]].
* October &ndash; The [[ʻAi Noa]] Movement takes power in [[Hawaii]].
* [[November 2]] &ndash; [[Bagyidaw]] is crowned as [[List of Burmese monarchs|Emperor of Burma]], at the imperial capital of [[Inwa]].  
* [[November 3]] &ndash; The {{USS|Congress|1799|6}}, commanded by Captain [[John D. Henley]], becomes the first American warship to visit [[China]], landing at [[Nei Lingding Island|Lintin Island]], off of the coast of [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>George B. Clark, ''Treading Softly: U.S. Marines in China, 1819-1949'' (Greenwood, 2001) p1</ref>
* [[November 19]] &ndash; The ''[[Museo del Prado]]'', one of the world's great art galleries, opens in [[Madrid]].<ref>"Museums and their precursors: a brief survey", in ''Manual of Curatorship: A Guide to Museum Practice'', ed. by John M. A. Thompson (Routledge, 2015)</ref>  Initially, it has only 311 significant paintings.<ref>James Leonard Mack, ''My Life, My Country, My World'' (Dorrance Publishing, 2008)</ref>
* [[November 25]] &ndash; A [[Persian Gulf campaign of 1819|British expeditionary force]] reaches [[Ras Al Khaimah]] in the [[Persian Gulf]], preparatory to the bombardment and invasion of the town, which led to the signing of the [[General Maritime Treaty of 1820]] between the British and what were to become known as the [[Trucial States]].
* [[December 14]] &ndash; [[Alabama]] is admitted as the 22nd [[U.S. state]].
* [[December 17]]
**The [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] is formally established, with [[Simón Bolívar]] as its first president.
**The new [[Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte|astronomical observatory of Capodimonte]] in [[Naples]] starts operating. The astronomer Carlo Brioschi made the first observation by measuring the position of [[Alpha Cassiopeiae|⍺ Cassiopeiae]].

=== Date unknown ===
* Denis Johnson invents the [[kick scooter]].
* The city of Fernandina de Jagua (later [[Cienfuegos]]) is founded in [[Cuba]].
* A British Arctic expedition under [[William Parry (explorer)|William Parry]], comprising [[HMS Hecla (1815)|HMS ''Hecla'']] and [[HMS Griper (1813)|HMS ''Griper'']], reaches [[longitude]] 112°51' W in the [[Northwest Passage]], the furthest west which will be attained by any single-season voyage for 150 years.<ref>''Journal of a Voyage to Discover a North-west Passage''. 1821.</ref>
* The [[African Slave Trade Patrol]] is founded to stop the slave trade on the coast of West Africa.