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== Events == === January–March === * [[January 5]] – The [[Danish state bankruptcy of 1813]] occurs. * [[January 18]]–[[January 23|23]] – [[War of 1812]]: The [[Battle of Frenchtown]] is fought in modern-day [[Monroe, Michigan]] between the United States and a British and Native American alliance. * [[January 24]] – The Philharmonic Society (later the [[Royal Philharmonic Society]]) is founded in London. * [[January 28]] – [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'' is published anonymously in London. * [[January 31]] – The [[Assembly of the Year XIII]] is inaugurated in [[Buenos Aires]]. * [[February]] – [[War of 1812]] in North America: General [[William Henry Harrison]] sends out an expedition to burn the British vessels at [[Fort Malden]] by going across [[Lake Erie]] via the [[Bass Islands]] in sleighs, but the ice is not hard enough, and the expedition returns. * [[February 3]] – [[Argentine War of Independence]]: [[José de San Martín]] and his [[Regiment of Mounted Grenadiers]] gain a largely symbolic victory against a [[Royalist (Spanish American Independence)|Spanish royalist]] army in the [[Battle of San Lorenzo]]. * [[February 7]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Action of 7 February 1813]] – The [[French frigate Aréthuse (1812)|French frigate ''Aréthuse'' (1812)]] and the British ship {{HMS|Amelia|1796}} engage in battle in the [[Îles de Los]] on the [[Guinea Coast]]; both ships retire unbeaten. * [[February 9]] – [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]] abolishes the [[Canton System (Prussia)|canton system]]. * [[February 11]] – [[War of 1812]]: Construction begins on [[Fort Meigs]] in [[Ohio]], under the command of General [[William Henry Harrison]]. Major [[Amos Stoddard]] assumes command of its artillery. * [[March 4]] ** [[Napoleonic Wars]]: The French garrison evacuates [[Berlin]], leaving Russian troops able to reach and take the city without a fight. ** [[Cyril VI of Constantinople]] is elected [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Ecumenical Patriarch]]. * [[March 17]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]]: Prussia declares war on France, and introduces the [[Iron Cross]] military award (backdated to March 10). * [[March 28]] – [[1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic]] spreads from Egypt. * [[March 29]] – [[Mexican War of Independence]]: [[Battle of Rosillo Creek]] – The Republican Army of the North defeats the Spanish Royalist Army in modern-day [[Bexar County, Texas]]. === April–June === * [[April 8]] – [[War of 1812]]: Colonel James Ball arrives at [[Fort Meigs]] with 200 [[dragoon]]s. * [[April 27]] – [[War of 1812]]: [[Battle of York]] – United States troops raid and destroy but do not hold the capital of [[Upper Canada]], [[York, Upper Canada|York]] (modern-day [[Toronto]]). * [[May 1]]–[[May 9|9]] – [[War of 1812]]: [[Fort Meigs]] is first besieged, by British allied forces under [[Henry Procter (British Army officer)|General Henry Proctor]] and Chief [[Tecumseh]]. * [[May 2]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Battle of Lützen (1813)|Battle of Lützen]] – [[Napoleon]] wins against the German alliance. * [[May 11]] – [[1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains]]: [[Gregory Blaxland]], [[William Lawson (explorer)|William Lawson]] and [[William Wentworth]] leave on an expedition to cross the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)|Blue Mountains]] of Australia. * [[May 20]]–[[May 21|21]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Battle of Bautzen (1813)|Battle of Bautzen]] – [[Napoleon]] again defeats his combined enemies. * [[May 27]] – [[War of 1812]]: In Canada, American forces capture [[Fort George, Ontario|Fort George]]. * [[June 1]] – [[War of 1812]]: [[Capture of USS Chesapeake|Capture of USS ''Chesapeake'']] in [[Boston Harbor]] by British [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]] {{HMS|Shannon|1806}}. * [[June 6]] ** [[War of 1812]]: [[Battle of Stoney Creek]] – A British force of 700 under [[John Vincent (British Army officer)|John Vincent]] defeats an American force three times its size, under [[William H. Winder]] and [[John Chandler]]. ** [[1813 crossing of the Blue Mountains]]: [[Gregory Blaxland]], [[William Lawson (explorer)|William Lawson]] and [[William Wentworth]] succeed in crossing the [[Blue Mountains (New South Wales)]] and return home. * [[June 21]] – [[Peninsular War]]: [[Battle of Vitoria]] – A British, Spanish and Portuguese force of 78,000 with 96 guns under [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]] defeats a French force of 58,000 with 153 guns under [[Joseph Bonaparte]]. === July–September === * [[July]] – [[War of 1812]] – The second siege of [[Fort Meigs]] by British allied forces fails. * [[July 5]] – [[War of 1812]]: Three weeks of British raids on [[Fort Schlosser]], [[Black Rock, New York|Black Rock]] and [[Plattsburgh, New York]] begin. * [[July 13]] ** The [[Carabinieri]], the national [[military police]] of Italy, are founded by [[Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia|Victor Emmanuel I]] as the police force of the [[Kingdom of Sardinia]]. ** Missionaries [[Adoniram Judson]] and his wife, [[Ann Hasseltine Judson]], arrive in [[Burma]]. *[[July 21]] – U.K. Parliament passes the [[Doctrine of the Trinity Act 1813]], repealing legal penalties for [[Nontrinitarianism|non-trinitarian]] sects such as [[Unitarianism|Unitarians]], and codifying [[religious tolerance]] in Great Britain (the [[Toleration Act 1688|Toleration Act of 1688]] did not apply to Jews, non-trinitarians, or Roman Catholics).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Islam Becomes Legal in Britain |url=https://muslimmuseum.org.uk/islam-becomes-legal-in-britain/ |website=Muslim Museum Initiative}}</ref> * [[July 23]] – Sir [[Thomas Maitland (British Army officer)|Thomas Maitland]] is appointed as the first [[List of Governors of Malta|Governor of Malta]], transforming the island from a [[Malta Protectorate|British protectorate]] to a ''de facto'' [[Crown Colony of Malta|colony]]. * [[August 12]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]]: Austria declares war on France. * [[August 19]] – [[Gervasio Antonio de Posadas]] joins Argentina's second triumvirate. * [[August 23]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Großbeeren]]: [[Napoleon]] is defeated by [[Prussia]] and [[Sweden]]. * [[August 26]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Katzbach]]: [[Napoleon]]'s troops are defeated by [[Prussia]] and Russia. * [[August 26]]–[[August 27|27]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Dresden]]: [[Napoleon]]'s troops are victorious. * [[August 29]]–[[August 30|30]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[First Battle of Kulm]]: French Marshal Vandamme is defeated and captured, by allied Coalition forces from Russia, [[Prussia]] and Austria. * [[August 30]] – [[Creek War]] – [[Fort Mims massacre]]: A force of [[Creek people|Creek]]s, belonging to the [[Red Sticks]] faction, kills hundreds of settlers in Fort Mims, [[Alabama]]. * [[August 31]] – [[Peninsular War]]: ** [[Battle of San Marcial]]: The Spanish [[Army of Galicia]] under [[Manuel Freire de Andrade]] turns back [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Marshal Soult]]'s last major offensive against [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Wellington]]'s allied army. ** After besieging [[San Sebastián]], allied troops in Spain rampage, ransack and burn down the town almost entirely. * [[September]] – [[Robert Southey]] becomes [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom]]. * [[September 4]] – The name of Germany's national [[card game]], [[History of Skat|"Scat"]] (modern-day [[Skat (card game)|Skat]]), appears for the first time, in the gaming records of Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz. * [[September 6]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Dennewitz]]: The armies of [[Napoleon]] are again defeated by [[Prussia]] and Russia. * [[September 10]] – [[War of 1812]] – [[Battle of Lake Erie]]: An American squadron under Commodore [[Oliver Hazard Perry]] defeats a British squadron, capturing 6 ships. * [[September 17]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Second Battle of Kulm]]: The Allied Coalition is victorious; Napoleon is forced to halt his advance on Teplitz, and withdraw to Leipzig. === October–December === [[File:Battle of Chateauguay.jpg|thumb|right|[[October 26]]: [[Battle of the Chateauguay]]]] [[File:Jan Willem Pieneman01.jpg|thumb|right|[[November 20]]: [[Triumvirate of 1813|Dutch rise up against French rule]].]] * [[October 2]] – The [[Philomathean Society]] of the [[University of Pennsylvania]] is founded (the oldest continuously existing literary society in the United States). * [[October 5]] – [[War of 1812]] – [[Battle of the Thames]] in [[Upper Canada]]: [[William Henry Harrison]] defeats the British, and native leader [[Tecumseh]] is killed in battle. * [[October 14]] – After a ceremony in [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]], the municipality gives [[Simón Bolívar]] the title of ''El Libertador''. * [[October 16]]–[[October 19|19]] – [[Napoleonic Wars]] – [[Battle of Leipzig]]: [[Napoleon]] is defeated by the forces of the [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Sixth Coalition]]. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 10% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the [[Confederation of the Rhine]] defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle. * [[October 24]]–[[November 5]] – [[Iran|Persia]] and Russia sign the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] at the end of the [[Russo-Persian War (1804–13)|Russo-Persian War]], by which Persia loses modern-day [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Dagestan]] and most of [[Azerbaijan]] to Russia. * [[October 26]] – [[War of 1812]] – [[Battle of the Chateauguay]]: [[Charles de Salaberry]] defeats an American invasion. * [[November 11]] – [[War of 1812]] – [[Battle of Crysler's Farm]]: An outnumbered British–Canadian force repels an American attack, forcing the Americans to give up their attempt to capture Montreal. * [[November 21]] – An [[Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands|independent government]] is restored in the Netherlands. * [[December 8]] – [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s ''[[Symphony No. 7 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 7]]'', together with his ''[[Wellington's Victory]]'', are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau. * [[December 18]]–[[December 19|19]] – [[War of 1812]]: British soldiers and native allies invade the United States, and are successful in the [[Capture of Fort Niagara]], and attack [[Lewiston, New York]]. * [[December 29]] – [[War of 1812]]: British soldiers burn [[Buffalo, New York]]. === Date unknown === * [[Mathieu Orfila]] publishes his groundbreaking ''Traité des poisons'', formalizing the field of [[toxicology]]. * [[Charles Waterton]] begins the process of turning his estate at [[Walton Hall, West Yorkshire]], England into what is, in effect, the world's first [[nature reserve]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Julia|last=Blackburn|author-link=Julia Blackburn|title=Charles Waterton, 1782-1865: traveller and conservationist|location=London|publisher=The Bodley Head|year=1989|isbn=0-370-31248-1|pages=52–9}}</ref> * Following the death of his father [[Wossen Seged]], [[Sahle Selassie]] arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Meridazmach of [[Shewa]]. * The [[Supreme Council, Scottish Rite, Northern Jurisdiction, USA|Supreme Council for the Northern Jurisdiction of the United States of America]] is founded. * Probable date – [[George E. Clymer]] invents the [[Columbian press]], used to print newspapers worldwide.
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