Editing 1810s (section)

==Politics and wars==
{{See also|List of sovereign states in the 1810s}}

=== Napoleonic Wars ===
{{Main|Napoleonic Wars}}
[[File:France L-2 (1812)-fr.svg|thumb|[[130 departments of the First French Empire|Napoleonic ''départements'']] of the [[First French Empire|French Empire]] at its height in 1812.]]
In 1810, the French Empire reached its greatest extent. On the continent, the British and Portuguese remained restricted to the area around [[Lisbon]] and to [[Siege of Cádiz|besieged Cadiz]]. Napoleon married [[Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma|Marie-Louise]], an Austrian Archduchess, with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance with Austria and of providing the Emperor with an heir. As well as the French Empire, Napoleon controlled the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Italy. Territories allied with the French included: the Kingdom of Spain, the [[Kingdom of Westphalia]], the Kingdom of Naples, the [[Principality]] of Lucca and Piombino, and Napoleon's former enemies, Prussia and Austria. [[Denmark–Norway]] also allied with France in opposition to Great Britain and Sweden in the [[Gunboat War]].

[[Image:Minard.png|thumb|left|Charles Minard's graph showing the diminishing strength of the Grande Armée during the [[French invasion of Russia]] in 1812]]
The [[French invasion of Russia]] of 1812 was a turning point, which reduced the [[First French Empire|French]] and allied invasion forces (the [[Grande Armée]]) to a tiny fraction of their initial strength and triggered a major shift in European politics, as it dramatically weakened the previously dominant French position on the continent.  After the disastrous invasion of Russia,  a coalition of [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], Sweden, the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], and a number of [[Confederation of the Rhine|German States]], and the rebels in [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]] and [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portugal]] united to battle France in the [[War of the Sixth Coalition]].  Two-and-a-half million troops fought in the conflict and the total dead amounted to as many as two million.  This era included the battles of [[Battle of Smolensk (1812)|Smolensk]], [[Battle of Borodino|Borodino]], [[Battle of Lützen (1813)|Lützen]], [[Battle of Bautzen (1813)|Bautzen]], and the [[Battle of Dresden|Dresden]]. It also included the epic [[Battle of Leipzig]] in October, 1813 (also known as the Battle of Nations), which was the largest battle of the Napoleonic wars, which drove Napoleon out of Germany.

[[File:Battle of Waterloo 1815.PNG|thumb|upright=1.2|[[The Battle of Waterloo (painting, Sadler II)|Battle of Waterloo]]]]

The final stage of the War of the Sixth Coalition, the defense of France in 1814, saw the French Emperor temporarily repulse the vastly superior armies in the [[Six Days Campaign]].  Ultimately, the Allies occupied Paris, forcing Napoleon to abdicate and [[Bourbon Restoration in France|restoring the Bourbons]].  Napoleon was exiled to [[Elba]].  Also in 1814, Denmark–Norway was defeated by Great Britain and Sweden and had to cede the territory of mainland Norway to the King of Sweden at the [[Treaty of Kiel]].

Napoleon shortly returned from exile, landing in France on March 1, 1815, marking the [[War of the Seventh Coalition]], heading toward Paris while the [[Congress of Vienna]] was sitting. On March 13, seven days before Napoleon reached Paris, the powers at the Congress of Vienna [[s:Declaration at the Congress of Vienna|declared him an outlaw]]; four days later the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]], [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]], members of the [[Seventh Coalition]], bound themselves to put 150,000 men each into the field to end his rule.<ref name=Hamilton-William-59>Hamilton-Williams, David p. 59</ref>  This set the stage for the last conflict in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the defeat of Napoleon at the [[Battle of Waterloo]], the restoration of the French monarchy for the second time and the permanent exile of Napoleon to the distant island of [[Saint Helena]], where he died in May 1821.

===Spanish American wars of independence===
{{Main|Spanish American wars of independence}}

Spain in the 1810s was a country in turmoil. Occupied by [[Napoleon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "[[Peninsular War|war of independence]]" ensued, driven by an emergent Spanish [[nationalism]]. Already in 1810, the [[Caracas]] and [[Buenos Aires]] juntas declared their independence from the Bonapartist government in Spain and sent ambassadors to the United Kingdom. [[Colombia]], once become part of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] became the first Spanish colony in [[South America]] to declare independence from [[Spain]] on 20 July 1810 as the third oldest independent republic in the [[New World]] after [[Haiti]] and the [[United States]]. The British [[blockade]] against Spain had also moved most of the Latin American colonies out of the Spanish economic sphere and into the British sphere, with whom extensive trade relations were developed. The remaining Spanish colonies had operated with virtual independence from Madrid after their pronouncement against Joseph Bonaparte.

The Spanish government in exile ([[Cortes of Cádiz]]) created the first modern [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|Spanish constitution]]. Even so, agreements made at the [[Congress of Vienna]] (where Spain was represented by [[Pedro Gómez Labrador, Marquis of Labrador]]) would cement international support for the old, [[Absolute monarchy|absolutist]] regime in Spain.

King [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]], who assumed the throne after Napoleon was driven out of Spain, refused to agree to the [[liberalism|liberal]] [[Spanish Constitution of 1812]] on his accession to the throne in 1814.  The [[Spanish Empire]] in the New World had largely supported the cause of Ferdinand VII over the Bonapartist pretender to the throne in the midst of the [[Napoleonic Wars]].  When Ferdinand's rule was restored, these juntas were cautious of abandoning their autonomy, and an alliance between local elites, merchant interests, nationalists, and liberals opposed to the abrogation of the Constitution of 1812 rose up against the Spanish in the New World.

[[File:Battle of Chacabuco.jpg|thumb|The victory of General [[José de San Martín]] over Spanish forces at the [[Battle of Chacabuco]], 12 February 1817]]

The arrival of Spanish forces in the American colonies began in 1814, and was briefly successful in restoring central control over large parts of the Empire. [[Simón Bolívar]], the leader of revolutionary forces in [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]], was briefly forced into exile in British-controlled [[Jamaica]], and independent [[Haiti]]. In 1816, however, Bolivar found enough popular support that he was able to return to South America, and in a daring march from Venezuela to New Granada ([[Colombia]]), he defeated Spanish forces at the [[Battle of Boyacá]] in 1819, ending Spanish rule in Colombia. [[Venezuela]] was liberated June 24, 1821, when Bolivar destroyed the Spanish army on the fields of Carabobo on the Battle of Carabobo. [[Argentina]] declared its independence in 1816 (though it had been operating with virtual independence as a British client since 1807 after successfully [[British invasions of the River Plate|resisting a British invasion]]). [[Chile]] was retaken by Spain in 1814, but lost permanently in 1817 when an army under [[José de San Martín]], for the first time in history, crossed the [[Andes Mountains]] from Argentina to Chile, and went on to defeat Spanish royalist forces at the [[Battle of Chacabuco]] in 1817.

Spain would also lose [[Florida]] to the United States during this decade.  First, in 1810, the [[West Florida|Republic of West Florida]] declared its independence from Spain, and was quickly annexed by the United States.  Later, in 1818, the United States invaded Florida, resulting in the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]], wherein Spain ceded the rest of Florida to the United States.

In 1820, [[Mexico]], [[Peru]], [[Ecuador]], and [[Central America]] still remained under Spanish control.  Although [[Mexico]] had been in revolt in 1811 under [[Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla]], resistance to Spanish rule had largely been confined to small [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla]] bands in the countryside.  King Ferdinand was still dissatisfied with the loss of so much of the Empire and resolved to retake it.  A large expedition was assembled in [[Cadiz]] with the aim of reconquest. However, Ferdinand's plans would be disrupted by [[Trienio Liberal|Liberal Revolution]], and Ferdinand was eventually forced to give up all of the New World colonies, except for [[Cuba]] and [[Puerto Rico]].

===War of 1812===
In 1812, the United States declared war on [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]] in the [[War of 1812]].  The U.S. reasons for war included the humiliation in the [[Chesapeake–Leopard affair|"Chesapeake incident" of 1807]], continued British [[impressment]] of American sailors into the [[Royal Navy]], restrictions on trade with France, and arming hostile American Indians in Ohio and the western territories.<ref>Wood, ''Empire of Liberty'' (2009) ch 18</ref>  United States President [[James Madison]] signed a declaration of war on June 18, 1812.

The United States conducted two failed invasion attempts in 1812, first by General [[William Hull]] across the [[Detroit River]] into what is now [[Windsor, Ontario]], and a second offensive at the [[Niagara Peninsula|Niagara peninsula]].  A major American success came in 1813, when the American Navy destroyed the British fleet on Lake Erie, and forced the British and their American Indian allies to retreat back toward Niagara.<ref>Heidler and Heidler, ''Encyclopedia of the War of 1812'', pp 290-93</ref>    They were intercepted and destroyed by General [[William Henry Harrison]] at the [[Battle of the Thames]] in October 1813. [[Tecumseh]], the leader of the tribal confederation, was killed, and his Indian coalition disintegrated.<ref>Hickey, ''War of 1812'' p. 183</ref>

At sea, the powerful [[Royal Navy]] blockaded much of the coastline, conducting frequent raids. The most famous episode was a series of British raids on the shores of [[Chesapeake Bay]], including an attack on Washington that resulted in the British burning of the [[White House]], the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]], the [[Washington Navy Yard|Navy Yard]], and other public buildings, in the "[[Burning of Washington]]" in 1814.

Once Napoleon was defeated in 1814, France and Britain became allies and Britain ended the trade restrictions and the impressment of American sailors.  Running out of reasons for war and stuck in a military stalemate, the two countries signed the [[Treaty of Ghent]] on December 24, 1814.  News of the peace treaty took two months to reach the U.S., during which fighting continued.  In this interim, the British made one last major invasion, attempting to capture New Orleans, but were decisively defeated with very heavy losses by General Andrew Jackson at the [[Battle of New Orleans]] in January 1815.  The ending of the war opened a long era of peaceful relations between the United States and the British Empire.

===1804–1813 Russo-Persian War===
The [[Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)|1804–1813 Russo-Persian War]] was one of the many wars between the [[Qajar dynasty|Persian Empire]] and [[Imperial Russia]], and was well underway at the beginning of the decade.  In 1810, the Persians scaled up their efforts late in the war, declaring a holy war on Imperial Russia.  However, Russia's superior technology and tactics ensured a series of strategic victories.  Even when the French were in occupation of the Russian capital Moscow, Russian forces in the south were not recalled but continued their offensive against Persia, culminating in [[Pyotr Kotlyarevsky]]'s victories at [[Battle of Aslanduz|Aslanduz]] and [[Lenkoran]], in 1812 and 1813 respectively. Upon the Persian surrender, the terms of the [[Treaty of Gulistan]] ceded the vast majority of the previously disputed territories to Imperial Russia. This led to the region's once-powerful [[Khan (title)|khans]] being decimated and forced to pay homage to Russia.

===Concert of Europe===
[[File:Europe 1815 map en.png|right|thumb|upright=1.35|National boundaries of Europe as set by the [[Congress of Vienna]], 1814.]]
{{Main|Concert of Europe}}
By 1815, Europe had been almost constantly at war. During this time, the military conquests of France had resulted in the spread of [[liberalism]] throughout much of the continent, resulting in many states adopting the [[Napoleonic code]]. Largely as a reaction to the radicalism of the [[French Revolution]],<ref>Wood, ''Empire of Liberty'' (2009), pg. 329.</ref> the victorious powers of the [[Napoleonic Wars]] resolved to suppress liberalism and [[nationalism]], and revert largely to the ''[[status quo]]'' of Europe prior to 1789.<ref>Wood, ''Empire of Liberty'' (2009), pg 330.</ref>

[[File:Congress of Vienna.PNG|left|thumb|Congress Vienna, Jean Godefroy – [[Jean-Baptiste Isabey]]]]
The result was the [[Concert of Europe]], also known as the "Congress System". It was the [[Balance of power in international relations|balance of power]] that existed in Europe from 1815 until the early 20th century. Its founding members were the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]], [[Austrian Empire]], [[Russian Empire]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia]], the members of the [[Quadruple Alliance (1815)|Quadruple Alliance]] responsible for the downfall of the [[First French Empire]]; in time France became established as a fifth member of the concert. At first, the leading personalities of the system were British foreign secretary [[Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh|Lord Castlereagh]], Austrian chancellor [[Klemens Wenzel, Prince von Metternich]] and [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia]].

The [[Kingdom of Prussia]], [[Austrian Empire]] and [[Russian Empire]] formed the [[Holy Alliance]] with the expressed intent of preserving [[Christianity|Christian]] social values and traditional [[monarchism]].<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/07398a.htm Spahn, M. (1910). Holy Alliance. In ''The Catholic Encyclopedia''. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from New Advent.]</ref> Every member of the coalition promptly joined the Alliance, save for the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]].

Among the meetings of the Powers in the latter part of the 1810s were the Congresses of [[Congress of Vienna|Vienna]] (1814–1815), [[Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle (1818)|Aix-la-Chappelle]] (1818), and [[Carlsbad Decrees|Carlsbad]] (1819).

===Other political events===

==== Australia ====
* [[Black War]] (1804–1835)
* [[Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars]] (1795–1816)

====Asia====
* 1810: [[Ching Shih]] and [[Zhang Baozai|Chang Pao]] surrender their pirate fleet to the Chinese government.
* 1810: Russia acquires [[Sukhumi]] through a treaty with the [[Abkhazia]]n dukes, and declares a [[protectorate]] over the whole of [[Abkhazia]].
* [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)]]
** May 28, 1812 – Russian field marshal [[Mikhail Kutuzov]] signs the [[Treaty of Bucharest, 1812|Treaty of Bucharest]], ending the [[Russo-Turkish War, 1806–1812]] and making [[Bessarabia]] a part of [[Imperial Russia]].
* October 31, 1817 – [[Emperor Ninkō]] accedes to the throne of Japan.
* 1818: The [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] is fought between the [[Maratha Confederacy|Marathas]] and the [[British East India Company]] troops resulting in the defeat of the [[Peshwa]], the breakup of the [[Maratha Empire]], and the loss of Maratha independence to the British as they annexed Central India. The last Peshwa is exiled to Bithur near Kanpur. His adopted son and heir [[Nana Saheb]] was one of the principal revolutionary commanders in the [[Indian Mutiny]].

====Europe====
* August 21, 1810 – [[Charles XIV John of Sweden|Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte]], [[Marshal of France]], is elected [[Crown Prince]] of Sweden by the Swedish [[Riksdag of the Estates]].
* September 26, 1810 – A new [[Swedish Act of Succession|Act of Succession]] is adopted by the [[Riksdag of the Estates]] and [[Charles XIV of Sweden|Jean Baptiste Bernadotte]] becomes heir to the [[Sweden|Swedish]] throne.
* October 12, 1810 – First [[Oktoberfest]]: The [[Bavaria]]n royalty invites the citizens of [[Munich]] to join the celebration of the marriage of [[Ludwig I, King of Bavaria|Crown Prince Ludwig of Bavaria]] to [[Princess]] [[Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen]].
* February 5, 1811 – [[British Regency]]: [[George IV of the United Kingdom|George, Prince of Wales]] becomes [[prince regent]] because of the perceived insanity of his father, King [[George III of the United Kingdom]].
* September, 1811 – [[Nathan of Breslov]] leads the first annual [[Rosh Hashana kibbutz (Breslov)|Rosh Hashana kibbutz]] (pilgrimage) of [[Breslov (Hasidic dynasty)|Breslov]] Hasidim to the grave of [[Rabbi Nachman of Breslov]] in [[Uman, Ukraine]].
* January 1, 1812 – The ''[[Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch]]'' (the Austrian [[civil code]]) enters into force in the [[Austrian Empire]].
* May 11, 1812 – [[John Bellingham]] assassinates [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|British]] [[Prime Minister]] [[Spencer Perceval]] in the lobby of the [[British House of Commons]].
* July 18, 1812 – [[Russia's Patriotic War]], 1812 – [[Battle of Klyastitsy]]: [[Kulnev]] defeats [[Oudinot]] but sustains a mortal wound.
* October 18–October 20, 1812 – [[Second Battle of Polotsk]] – Russia
* December 30, 1812 – [[Convention of Tauroggen]] was signed.
* 1812 – The [[Capital (political)|capital]] of Finland is moved from [[Turku]] to [[Helsinki]].
* November 10, 1813 – A [[1812 United Kingdom general election|general election]] in the United Kingdom sees victory for the [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] Party under [[Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool]].
* 1813 – [[George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen|George Hamilton-Gordon]] serves as ambassador extraordinaire in [[Vienna]].
* [[Norway in 1814]]
** January 14, 1814 – Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden in exchange for west [[Pomerania]], as part of the [[Treaty of Kiel]].
** February 11, 1814 – Norway's independence is proclaimed, marking the ultimate end of the [[Kalmar Union]].
** April 12, 1814 – The [[Royal Norwegian Navy]] is re-established.
** May 17, 1814 – The [[Constitution of Norway]] is signed and the [[Denmark|Danish]] [[Crown Prince]] [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Christian Frederik]] is elected [[King of Norway]] by the [[Norwegian Constituent Assembly]].
* May 3, 1814 – The [[Duke of Provence]], the future [[Louis XVIII of France]], returns to Paris.
* May 17, 1814 – The [[Military occupation|occupation]] of [[Monaco]] changes from French to Austrian hands.
* May 30, 1814 – The [[Treaty of Paris (1814)|First Treaty of Paris]] is signed returning France's borders to their 1792 extent. [[Napoleon I of France]] is exiled to [[Elba]] on the same day.
* August 12, 1814 – In England, the last hanging under the [[Black Act]] is carried out, of William Potter for cutting down an [[orchard]] (even the [[judge]] petitioned for reprieve).
* August 13, 1814 – The [[Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814]] is signed.
* January 3, 1815 – [[Austrian Empire|Austria]], Britain, and Bourbon-restored France form a secret defensive alliance treaty against [[Prussia]] and Russia.
* March 15, 1815 – [[Joachim Murat]], [[Kingdom of Naples|King of Naples]] declares war on [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] in an attempt to save his throne, starting the [[Neapolitan War]].
* March 16, 1815 – [[William I of the Netherlands|William I]] becomes [[Dutch monarchy|King of the Netherlands]].
* April 23, 1815 – The [[Second Serbian Uprising]] against [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] rule takes place in [[Takovo]], [[Serbia]]. By the end of the year [[Serbia]] is acknowledged as a semi-independent state; the ideals of the [[First Serbian Uprising]] have thus been temporarily achieved.
* May 3, 1815 – [[Battle of Tolentino]]: [[Austrian Empire|Austria]] defeats the [[Kingdom of Naples]], which quickly ends the [[Neapolitan War]]. [[Joachim Murat]], the defeated King of Naples, is forced to flee to [[Corsica]] and is later executed.
* 1815: In Britain, use of the [[pillory]] is limited to punishment for [[perjury]].
* January 1, 1816 – [[Tsar]] [[Alexander I of Russia]] signs an order for the expulsion of the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] from the Russian Empire.
* March 25, 1816 – [[Friedrich Karl Ludwig, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck]] dies and is succeeded by the later [[Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]], his son and founder of the [[Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg]].
*  1816: The [[Senate of Finland]] is established.
* 1816: The [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottomans]] grant [[Serbia]] local [[autonomy]].
* April 3, 1817 – [[Princess Caraboo]] appears in [[Almondsbury]] in [[Gloucestershire]], England.
* May 11, 1818 – [[Charles XIV of Sweden|Charles XIV]] of [[Sweden-Norway]] is crowned king of Sweden.
* September 7, 1818 – [[Charles III John of Norway|Carl III]] of [[Sweden-Norway]] is crowned king of Norway, in [[Trondheim]].
* September 23, 1818 – Border markers are formally installed for the European territory of [[Moresnet]].
* September 20, 1819 – The [[Carlsbad Decree]] is issued throughout the [[German Confederation]].

====Africa====
* 1810: [[Amadou Lobbo]] initiates his [[Amadu's Jihad|jihad]] in present-day [[Mali]].
* 1810: The Battle of Vieux Grand Port (''Great Old Port'') in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of the Island of Mauritius, was the only naval victory won by Napoleon. This battle has very often been ignored by scholars, but was of great importance for the control of the Indian Ocean as a trade route between Europe and the East.
* March 1, 1811 – [[Citadel Massacre]]: [[Egypt]]ian ruler [[Mehemet Ali (Egypt)|Mohammed Ali]] kills the last [[Mamluk]] leaders.
* 1813: Following the death of his father [[Wossen Seged]], [[Sahle Selassie]] arrives at the capital Qundi before his other brothers, and is made Méridazmach of [[Shewa]].
* 1816: [[Banjul]], capital of [[the Gambia]], is founded as a trading post, and named Bathurst.
* August 27, 1816 – [[Bombardment of Algiers (1816)|Bombardment of Algiers]]: Various European Allie ships force the [[Dey of Algiers]] to free Christian slaves.
* 1818: [[Shaka]] starts to rule.
* [[Mtetwa Empire]] Expansion

====North America====
* May 1, 1810 – [[Macon's Bill Number 2]] becomes law.
* June 4, 1810 – [[The Society in Dedham for Apprehending Horse Thieves]] is founded in [[Dedham, Massachusetts]].
* 1811: The [[Red River Colony]] is founded in [[Manitoba]], Canada.
* March 22, 1811 – The [[Commissioners' Plan of 1811]] for Manhattan is presented.
* November 7, 1811 – [[Battle of Tippecanoe]]: American troops led by [[William Henry Harrison]] defeat the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] chief Tecumseh.
* February 11, 1812 – [[Massachusetts]] [[governor]] [[Elbridge Gerry]] invents [[gerrymandering]].
* April 4, 1812 – [[U.S. President]] [[James Madison]] enacts a 90-day [[embargo]] on trade with the United Kingdom.
* April 30, 1812 – [[Louisiana]] is admitted as the 18th [[U.S. state]].
* June 4, 1812 – Following [[Louisiana]]'s admittance as a [[U.S. state]], the territory by that name is renamed the [[Missouri Territory]].
* October 1812 – The capital of the [[Pennsylvania]], United States is permanently moved from [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] to [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]].
* November 5, 1812 – [[James Madison]] defeats [[DeWitt Clinton]] in the [[1812 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]].
* March 27, 1814 – [[Creek War]] – [[Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)|Battle of Horseshoe Bend]]: In northern [[Alabama]], United States forces under General [[Andrew Jackson]] defeat the [[Muscogee|Creek]] Indians.
* December 15, 1814 – The [[Hartford Convention]] is convened by members of the American [[Federalist Party]].
* February – The [[Hartford Convention]] arrives in Washington, D.C..
* August 24, 1816 – The [[Treaty of St. Louis (1816)|Treaty of St. Louis]] is signed in [[St. Louis, Missouri]].
* November 6, 1816 – [[James Monroe]] defeats [[Rufus King]] in the [[1816 United States presidential election|U.S. presidential election]].
* December 11, 1816 – [[Indiana]] is admitted as the 19th [[U.S. state]].
* 1816: The [[Second Bank of the United States]] obtains its charter.
* The [[Era of Good Feelings]] (1816–1823/1824) in the U.S.
* March 3
**<!--March 3-->President [[James Madison]] vetoes [[John C. Calhoun]]'s [[Bonus Bill of 1817|Bonus Bill]].
**<!--March 3-->U.S. Congress passes law to split the [[Mississippi Territory]], after Mississippi drafts a constitution, creating the [[Alabama Territory]] effective in August.<ref name=TN/>
* March 4, 1817 – [[James Monroe]] [[First inauguration of James Monroe|succeeds]] [[James Madison]] as President of the United States of America.
* April 29, 1817 – The [[Rush–Bagot Treaty]] is signed.
<!--IMAGE-->[[File:Mississippi Territory dark.gif|thumb|Aug. 15: [[Alabama Territory]] new.<br/>[[December 10|Dec. 10]]: [[Mississippi]] statehood.]]
* August 15, 1817 – By act of the U.S. Congress (March 3), the [[Alabama Territory]] is created by splitting the [[Mississippi Territory]] in half, on the day the Mississippi constitution is drafted, 4 months before [[Mississippi]] becomes a U.S. state.<ref name=TN/>
* November 20, 1817 – The [[First Seminole War]] begins in [[Florida]].
* December 10, 1817 – [[Mississippi]] is admitted as the 20th [[U.S. state]], formerly the [[Mississippi Territory]].<ref name="TN">"An 1820 Claim to Congress: Alabama Territory : 1817",
  ''The Intruders'', TNGenNet Inc., 2001, quick webpage:
  [http://www.tngenweb.org/tnland/intruders/claim-537 TN-537]{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.</ref>
* April 4, 1818 – The [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]] adopts the [[flag of the United States]] as having 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 stars) with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
* August 1, 1818 – Separate [[Topographical Bureau]] of the [[United States Department of War|War Department]].
* October 20, 1818 – The [[Treaty of 1818]] between the United States and the United Kingdom establishes the northern boundary as the 49th parallel from the [[Lake of the Woods]] to the [[Rocky Mountains]], also creating the [[Northwest Angle]].
* December 3, 1818 – [[Illinois]] is admitted as the 21st [[U.S. state]].
*February 2, 1819 – The Supreme Court under [[John Marshall]] rules in favor of [[Dartmouth College]] in the famous ''[[Dartmouth College v. Woodward]]'' case, allowing Dartmouth to keep its charter and remain a private institution.
*March 6, 1819 – ''[[McCulloch v. Maryland]]'': The [[U.S. Supreme Court]] rules that the [[Second Bank of the United States|Bank of the United States]] is constitutional.
* 1819: The [[ʻAi Noa]] movement takes power in [[Hawaii]].
* The city of Fernandina of Jagua (later Cienfuegos City) is founded in [[Cuba]].
*December 14, 1819 – [[Alabama]] is admitted as the 22nd [[U.S. state]].

====South America====
* 1814: [[Guyana]] is transferred from the Netherlands to Britain; it is renamed ''[[British Guiana]]''.
* August 22, 1817 – The city of [[Araraquara]], Brazil is founded.
*The Spanish [[colony]] of [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|New Granada]] declares independence as the [[Republic of Gran Colombia]] under President [[Simón Bolívar]] (1800–1900)* Stars the period of [[Spanish American wars of independence|Latin American revolutions]]. Several states declare their independence from Spain.
* 1817: The [[Pernambucan Revolt]] breaks out in Brazil.