Editing 1809 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
[[File:Sir John Moore (by Sir Thomas Lawrence) - original colors version.jpg|thumb|120px|[[January 16]] [[John Moore (British Army officer)|Sir John Moore]] is killed at the [[Battle of Corunna]].]]
* [[January 5]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of the Dardanelles]], between the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], is concluded.
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Peninsular War]] &ndash; French Marshal [[Jean Lannes]] begins the [[Second Siege of Zaragoza|Siege of Zaragoza]].
* [[January 14]] &ndash; The [[Apodaca–Canning treaty]] is signed in [[London]] between Britain and Spain
* [[January 16]] &ndash;  Peninsular War &ndash; [[Battle of Corunna]] in [[Galicia (Spain)]]: The  British (under General Sir [[John Moore (British Army officer)|John Moore]], who is killed) resist an attempt by the French (under [[Jean-de-Dieu Soult|Marshal Soult]]) to prevent them embarking.
* [[February 3]] &ndash; The [[Illinois Territory]] is created from the western part of the [[Indiana Territory]].
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Robert Fulton]] patents the [[steamboat]] in the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thinkfinity.org/2011-02-11_Fulton-patents-steamboat|title=Robert Fulton patented the steamboat in 1809|work=Thinkfinity|publisher=Verizon|access-date=2011-04-15|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110724093727/http://www.thinkfinity.org/2011-02-11_Fulton-patents-steamboat|archive-date=July 24, 2011|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.todayinsci.com/F/Fulton_Robert/FultonPatents.htm|title=The Fulton Patents|work=Today in Science History|access-date=2011-04-15}}</ref>
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Abraham Lincoln]] are born.
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Miami University]] (Ohio) is established (by Act of February 2) on the township of land required to be set aside for it, under the conditions of the [[Miami Purchase]] in [[1794]].
* [[February 20]]
** ''[[United States v. Peters, 9 U.S. 115 (1809)|United States v. Peters]]'': The [[Supreme Court of the United States]] rules that the power of the federal government is greater than any individual state.
** The [[Second Siege of Zaragoza|Siege of Zaragoza]] ends as Jose Palafox surrenders. Over 60,000 have been killed, during the 60 day siege.
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Valls]]: Spanish forces are defeated in [[Catalonia]] by Marshal [[Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr]].
* [[February 27]] &ndash; [[Action of 27 February 1809]]: Captain [[Bernard Dubourdieu]] captures [[HMS Proserpine (1807)|HMS ''Proserpine'']].
* [[March 1]] &ndash; The [[Embargo Act of 1807]] is repealed in the United States; the [[Non-Intercourse Act (1809)|Non-Intercourse Act]] replaces it.
* [[March 13]] &ndash; A military [[coup d'état|coup]] ousts [[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden]]; he is confined in [[Gripsholm Castle]].
* [[March 29]]
** At the [[Diet of Porvoo]], Finland's [[Riksdag of the Estates|four Estates]] pledge allegiance to [[Alexander I of Russia]], commencing the secession of the future [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] from [[Lands of Sweden|Sweden]]. The Emperor, in return, promises to retain and uphold former laws and privileges, as well as the dominant Lutheran religion. His pledge is later interpreted by the Finns as a confirmation of [[Swedish Constitution of 1772|constitutional laws]], which had, effectively, established [[Grand Duchy of Finland|Finland]] as a separate state in real union with [[Russian Empire|Russia]].
** King [[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden]] abdicates after the [[Coup of 1809]] and is later exiled.
** Peninsular War &ndash;
*** [[First Battle of Porto]]: 8,000 Portuguese soldiers are killed in a rout after defeat by the French under [[Marshal Soult]]. Thousands of fleeing civilians drown when a pontoon bridge collapses.
*** [[Battle of Medellín]] at [[Extremadura]]: Massive casualties are suffered, in a rout by French cavalry, under [[Marshal Victor]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Tyrol (state)|Tirol]]eans [[Tyrolean Rebellion|rise]], under the command of [[Andreas Hofer]], against French and [[Bavaria]]n occupation.
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]] &ndash; The [[War of the Fifth Coalition]] begins when forces of the [[Austrian Empire]] invade [[Bavaria]].
* [[April 11]]&ndash;[[April 15|15]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]] &ndash; [[Battle of the Basque Roads]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] defeats the French fleet in the mouth of the [[Charente (river)|Charente]], although officers on both sides face subsequent [[courts-martial]].
* [[April 18]] &ndash; The [[2,000 Guineas Stakes]] horse race is first run in England.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=243–244|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[April 19]] &ndash; War of the Fifth Coalition:
** [[Battle of Raszyn (1809)|Battle of Raszyn]]: The armies of the [[Austrian Empire]] are defeated by the [[Duchy of Warsaw]].
** [[Battle of Teugen-Hausen]]: The armies of the Austrian Empire are defeated by the French and their Bavarian allies.
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Abensberg]], [[Bavaria]]: [[Napoleon]] defeats Austria.
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Landshut (1809)|Battle of Landshut]]: [[Napoleon]] defeats Austria, in yet another battle.
* [[April 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Eckmühl]]: French troops under Napoleon I and Marshal [[Louis-Nicolas Davout|Davout]] defeat the Austrians, under [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]].
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ratisbon]]: [[Napoleon I]] fights his last battle during the Bavarian phase of the [[War of the Fifth Coalition]]
* [[May 3]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Nimla (1809)|Battle of Nimla]] occurs, which allows [[Mahmud Shah Durrani]] to seize the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani throne]] from his brother, [[Shah Shuja Durrani]].
** [[Battle of Ebelsberg]]: [[André Masséna]] defeats Austrian General [[Johann von Hiller]], forcing him to retreat. 
* [[May 5]]
** [[Mary Kies]] is the first American woman to be awarded a [[patent]] (for a technique of weaving [[straw hat]]s with [[silk]] and [[yarn|thread]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blkeis.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710071938/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blkeis.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 10, 2012|title=Mary Kies - Patenting Pioneer|access-date=2007-05-14|work=About.com}}</ref>
** The [[Swiss canton]] of [[Aargau]] declares Jews citizens.
* [[May 10]] &ndash; [[Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden|Gustav IV Adolf]] is officially deposed from the Swedish throne, by the [[Riksdag of the Estates]].
* [[May 10]]&ndash;[[May 11|11]] &ndash; [[Peninsular War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Grijó]]: the [[Anglo-Portuguese Army]], commanded by [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Sir Arthur Wellesley]], defeats the French army, commanded by [[Nicolas Jean de Dieu Soult|Marshal Soult]], in Portugal.
* [[May 12]] &ndash; Peninsular War &ndash; [[Second Battle of Porto]]: The Anglo-Portuguese Army, commanded by Wellesley, drives the French army, commanded by Marshal Soult, out of [[Porto]], and forces them to retreat from the country.
* [[May 17]] &ndash; [[Napoleon I of France]] orders the annexation of the [[Papal States]] to the French Empire. When he announces that the Pope's secular power has ended, the Pope [[excommunication|excommunicates]] him.
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Aspern-Essling]] begins.
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[Battle of Aspern-Essling]]: Austrian troops under [[Archduke Karl]] beat the French under [[Napoleon]], in a hard-fought battle.
* [[May 24]] &ndash; [[HM Prison Dartmoor|Dartmoor Prison]] opens in England, to house French prisoners of war.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[May 31]]
** [[Mauritius campaign of 1809–11]] &ndash; [[Action of 31 May 1809]] in the [[Bay of Bengal]]: The [[French frigate Caroline (1806)|French frigate ''Caroline'']], operating from [[Isle de France (Mauritius)]], captures most of a British [[East India Company]] fleet
** The famous composer [[Joseph Haydn]] dies in [[Vienna]] at age 77 following Napoleon’s second siege of Vienna
* [[June 6]] &ndash; Sweden promulgates a new [[Instrument of Government (1809)|Instrument of Government]], which restores political power to the [[Riksdag of the Estates]], after authoritarian rule since [[1772]]. On the same day, [[Charles XIII of Sweden|Duke Charles]] (uncle of the deposed king Gustav IV Adolf) is elected King, under the name Charles XIII.
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Shoja Shah]] of the [[Durrani Empire]] signs a treaty with the British; only weeks later, he is succeeded by [[Mahmud Shah Durrani|Mahmud Shah]].
* [[June 14]] &ndash; A French victory, in the [[battle of Raab]], prevents [[archduke John of Austria]] from bringing any significant force to the [[Battle of Wagram]].
* [[June 26]] &ndash; Danish adventurer [[Jørgen Jørgensen]] deposes Count [[Frederich Christopher Trampe, Count of Trampe|Frederich Trampe]] as governor of Iceland in the [[Jørgen Jørgensen's Revolution|Revolution of 1809]] and declares himself "Protector of Iceland".

=== July&ndash;September ===
[[File:Lord Castlereagh Marquess of Londonderry.jpg|thumb|150px|''[[Lord Castlereagh (painting)|Lord Castlereagh]]'' by [[Thomas Lawrence]]. The Irish politician fought a duel with his colleague [[George Canning]] on [[Putney Heath]].]] 
* [[July 5]] &ndash; [[Battle of Wagram]] begins.
* [[July 6]] &ndash; French troops arrest [[Pope Pius VII]], and take him to [[Liguria]].
**[[Napoleon]] defeats the Austrians at the [[Battle of Wagram]].
* [[July 8]]&ndash;[[July 9|9]] &ndash; [[Finnish War]] &ndash; [[naval battle of Porkala|Naval Battle of Porkala]]: The Swedish archipelago fleet defeats the Russians. 
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Battle of Znaim]] begins.
* [[July 11]] French Marshal, [[Auguste de Marmont]], and [[André Masséna]] fights inconclusively against the Austrians, in The [[Battle of Znaim]]  
* [[July 16]] &ndash; The city of [[La Paz]] (in modern-day [[Bolivia]]) declares its independence from the [[Spanish Crown]] and forms the ''[[La Paz revolution|Junta Tuitiva]]'', the first independent government in Spanish America, led by [[Pedro Domingo Murillo]].
* [[July 28]] &ndash; Peninsula War &ndash; [[Battle of Talavera]]: Sir [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington|Arthur Wellesley]]'s British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[Walcheren Campaign]]: A British invasion army lands on [[Walcheren]].
* August &ndash; The {{USS|Constitution}} ("Old Ironsides") is recommissioned as the flagship of the North Atlantic Squadron.
* [[August 8]] &ndash; Seventy disciples of [[Vilna Gaon]] arrive in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
* [[August 10]] &ndash; [[Ecuador]] declares independence from Spain.
* [[August 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Almonacid]] de Toledo: A poorly led Spanish army is defeated by King [[Joseph Bonaparte]]'s French army.
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Finnish War]]: The [[Peace of Hamina]] is signed between Russia and Sweden. The future [[Grand Duchy of Finland]] is ceded to Russia by the [[Treaty of Fredrikshamn]].
* [[September 18]] &ndash; A new theatre for the [[Royal Opera House]] opens in London to replace the first, burnt down in a fire in [[1808]]. The price increases lead to the [[Old Price Riots, 1809|Old Price Riots]], which last for 64 days.
* [[September 21]] &ndash; British [[Secretary of State for War and the Colonies|Secretary of War]] [[Lord Castlereagh]] and [[Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)|Foreign Secretary]] [[George Canning]] [[Canning–Castlereagh duel|meet in a duel]] on [[Putney Heath]], with Castlereagh wounding Canning in the thigh.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 8]] &ndash; Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]] becomes [[foreign minister]] of the [[Austrian Empire]].
* [[October 11]] &ndash; Along the [[Natchez Trace]] in [[Tennessee]], explorer [[Meriwether Lewis]] dies under mysterious circumstances at an inn called Grinder's Stand.
* [[October 14]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] cedes the [[Illyrian Provinces]] to France, and ensures peace between The [[First French Empire]], and The [[Austrian Empire]].
*  [[October 25]] &ndash; The [[Golden Jubilee of George III]] marked the forty-ninth anniversary of the accession of King [[George III]] and his entrance into the 50th year of his reign as King of Great Britain.
* [[November 18]] &ndash; [[Napoleonic Wars]]: [[Action of 18 November 1809]] &ndash; In the [[Bay of Bengal]], a French [[frigate]] squadron captures three British [[East Indiamen]] mainly carrying recruits for the [[presidency armies]] in India.
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Battle of Ocaña]]: A Spanish army is ridden down, and 4,000 are killed and wounded by French forces.
* [[November 21]] &ndash; First stone laid of first '[[guided bus]]' passenger wagonway [[Gloucester and Cheltenham Tramroad]].
* [[November 25]] &ndash; [[Benjamin Bathurst (diplomat)|Benjamin Bathurst]], a British [[diplomat]], mysteriously disappears (possibly murdered) in [[Perleberg]], west of Berlin.
* [[December]] &ndash; [[Boyd massacre|''Boyd'' massacre]]: [[Whangaroa]] [[Māori people]] kill and eat 66 crew and passengers of the [[brigantine]] ''Boyd'' in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|title=The ''Boyd'' incident - a frontier of chaos?|url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-european-contact-before-1840/the-boyd-incident|work=New Zealand History online|publisher=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|date=2011-12-07|access-date=2012-03-03|archive-date=June 10, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610130346/http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/culture/maori-european-contact-before-1840/the-boyd-incident|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; American physician [[Ephraim McDowell]] performs the first ovariotomy, removing a 22-pound tumor.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; A British invasion force leaves [[Vlissingen]].
* [[December 30]] &ndash; Wearing masks at balls is forbidden in [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]].

=== Date unknown ===
* [[William Combe]] begins publication of the verse ''Tour of Dr. Syntax in search of the Picturesque'' in Ackermann's ''Political Magazine'' (London), illustrated with [[cartoon]]s by [[Thomas Rowlandson]], depicting comic and ridiculous scenes involving a hapless country physician, and coming to represent [[British Regency]] humour.
* [[Louis Poinsot]] describes the two remaining [[Kepler–Poinsot polyhedra]].
* [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck]] publishes ''[[Philosophie Zoologique]]'', outlining a (wrong) concept of [[evolution]], by acquisition or loss of inherited characteristics, through use or disuse.
* British recruits to the [[British East India Company]] (and subsequently to the [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service]]) are required to learn at least one Indian language fluently.
* [[Arorae]] an atoll of the [[Gilbert Islands]] was sighted by Captain John Patterson, on British brig ''Elizabeth''.