Editing 1800s (decade) (section)

==Politics and wars==
[[File:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|The early 1800s saw the rise of [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]], who led the French Army to conquer a substantial portion of Europe during this time.]]

===Napoleonic Wars===
{{Main|Napoleonic Wars}}

The European political landscape was dominated by the [[Napoleonic Wars]], a series of conflicts declared against [[Napoleon]]'s [[First French Empire]] and changing sets of European allies by opposing coalitions that ran from 1803 to 1815. As a continuation of the wars sparked by the [[French Revolution]] of 1789, they revolutionized European armies and played out on an unprecedented scale, mainly due to the application of modern [[Levée en masse|mass conscription]]. French power rose quickly, conquering most of Europe by the end of the decade. The decade brought hard times.

On 9 November 1799 ([[18 Brumaire]]), Napoleon overthrew the French government, replacing it with the [[French Consulate|Consulate]], in which he was First Consul. On 2 December 1804, after a failed assassination plot, he crowned himself [[First French Empire|Emperor]]. In 1805, Napoleon planned to invade Britain, but a renewed British alliance with Russia and Austria ([[Third Coalition]]), forced him to turn his attention towards the continent, while at the same time failure to lure the superior British fleet away from the [[English Channel]], ending in a decisive French defeat at the [[Battle of Trafalgar]] (in this battle, British [[Admiral Horatio Nelson]] was fatally wounded<ref name="ThoughtCo"> J. McNamara, Robert. "Major Events of the First Decade of the 19th Century". ThoughtCo. Retrieved 13 April 2022.</ref>) on 21 October put an end to hopes of an invasion of Britain. On 2 December 1805, Napoleon defeated a numerically superior Austro-Russian army at [[Battle of Austerlitz|Austerlitz]], forcing Austria's withdrawal from the coalition (''see [[Treaty of Pressburg (1805)|Treaty of Pressburg]]'') and dissolving the [[Holy Roman Empire]]. In 1806, a [[Fourth Coalition]] was set up, on 14 October Napoleon defeated the Prussians at the [[Battle of Jena-Auerstedt]], marched through Germany and defeated the Russians on 14 June 1807 at  [[Battle of Friedland|Friedland]]. The [[Treaties of Tilsit]] divided Europe between France and Russia and created the [[Duchy of Warsaw]].

The [[War of the Fifth Coalition]], fought in the year 1809, pitted a coalition of the [[Austrian Empire]] and the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] against the French Empire and [[Bavaria]]. Major engagements between France and Austria, the main participants, unfolded over much of [[Central Europe]] from April to July, with very high casualty rates. Britain, already involved on the European continent in the ongoing [[Peninsular War]], sent another expedition, the [[Walcheren Campaign]], to the Netherlands in order to relieve the Austrians, although this effort had little impact on the outcome of the conflict. After much campaigning in Bavaria and across the [[Danube River|Danube valley]], the war ended favorably for the French after the bloody struggle at [[Battle of Wagram|Wagram]] in early July, resulting in the [[Treaty of Schönbrunn]] . Although fighting in the [[Peninsular War|Iberian Peninsula]] continued, the War of the Fifth Coalition was the last major conflict on the European continent until the [[Napoleon's invasion of Russia|French invasion of Russia]] in 1812 sparked the [[War of the Sixth Coalition|Sixth Coalition]].

===Other wars and political upheavals===
* End of the [[White Lotus Rebellion]] (1796–1804), an uprising against the [[Qing dynasty]] in [[China]].
* Beginning of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)]] between Russia and the [[Ottoman Empire]].
* The [[First Barbary War]] (1801–1805) is fought between the United States and the [[Barbary States]] of North Africa.
* End of the [[Quasi-War]] (1800).
* The [[Second Anglo-Maratha War]] (1803–1805) is fought between the [[Peshwa|Maratha Peshwa]] on one side and minor chieftains of the Maratha Confederacy [[Sindhia]], [[Bhonsle]] and [[House of Holkar|Holkar]] on the other resulting in a crushing defeat of the rebel chieftains and the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.
* The [[Fulani War]] (1804–1810) is fought in present-day [[Nigeria]] and [[Cameroon]].
* The [[First Serbian Uprising]] (1804−1813) marks the first time in 300 years [[Serbia]] perceives itself an independent state.
* [[Haiti]] gains [[independence]] from France on 1 January 1804.
* Irish Republican, orator, and rebel leader [[Robert Emmet]] leads a rebellion in [[Dublin, Ireland]] on 23 July 1803 but the rebellion is crushed and Emmet is captured and later executed on 20 September 1803.<ref name="ThoughtCo" />

===Slavery===
{{See also|History of slavery}}

This decade marked the greatest increase of the [[Atlantic slave trade]] to the United States. During the period of 1798 and 1808, approximately 200,000 slaves were imported from Africa to the United States.<ref name="www.america.gov">{{cite web
|title = U.S.-Africa Chronology|url = http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/09/20080924135836idybeekcm0.5395624.html#axzz3WdqOJXlU|access-date = 7 April 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213038/http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2008/09/20080924135836idybeekcm0.5395624.html#axzz3WdqXy0E4|archive-date = 14 July 2014}}</ref> Still, the [[Abolitionism|abolitionist]] movement began to gain ground in this period. Britain enacted the [[Slave Trade Act 1807]], which barred the trade of slaves in Great Britain (though slavery was still legal). The United States enacted a similar ban in 1808.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/30/opinion/30foner.html Foner, Eric. "Forgotten step towards freedom,"] ''New York Times.'' 30 December 2007,</ref> However, Napoleon revoked the French Empire's ban on slavery with the [[Law of 20 May 1802]].

On 30 August 1800, under the cloak of religious meetings, [[Gabriel Prosser]] and Jack Bowler planned a slave rebellion in [[Richmond, Virginia]]. The rebellion was postponed due to poor weather and was ultimately unsuccessful because of unnamed two slaves betraying the cause.<ref name = "Jim Crow Museum">“Slavery in America.” Ferris State University, https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/timeline/slavery.htm. </ref>

===Prominent political events===
* 1800
** The unfinished [[White House]] (at the time known as the "Executive Mansion") housed its first president, [[President John Adams]], on 1 November 1800.<ref name="ThoughtCo" />
* 1801
** Under the [[District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801]], [[Washington, D.C.]], a new [[New town|planned city]] and [[Capital (political)|capital]] of the [[United States]], was placed under the jurisdiction of the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]].
** The [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Ireland]] merge into the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] in 1801.
* 1803
** United States doubles its size with territories gained from [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] in the [[Louisiana Purchase]].
** The [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] rules in [[Marbury v. Madison]], giving themselves the ability of [[Judicial review in the United States|Judicial review]], and substantially expanding the Judicial branch's power.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Marbury v. Madison |url=https://www.oyez.org/cases/1789-1850/5us137 |access-date=6 November 2024 |website=Oyez}}</ref>
*1809
**The first British monarch to mark a jubilee in a significant way was [[King George III]]. The [[Golden Jubilee of George III]] on 25 October 1809 marked the forty-ninth anniversary of his accession and his entrance into the 50th year of his reign.

===World leaders===
*[[List of state leaders in the 18th century]] (1701–1800)
*[[List of state leaders in the 19th century (1801–1850)]]

===Colonies===
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* North America/Latin America
** [[Canada]] - a colony of Great Britain under the control of [[Secretary of State for War and the Colonies]]
** [[Russian America]] - Alaska down through parts of California were claimed by Russia during this time, commercialized through the establishment of the [[Russian-American Company]]
** [[New Spain]] - Present day Mexico, Central America, and the western United States were under the control of Spain during this decade.
* South America
** Largely under colonial rule by [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]. Spain was losing its grip due to problems at home, setting the stage for [[Spanish American wars of independence]] in the following decade.
* Africa
** The Ottoman Empire loosely controlled the [[Maghreb]] (a.k.a. the [[Barbary Coast]])
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