Editing 1800 (section)

== Events ==
=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]]
** [[Quasi-War]]: [[Action of 1 January 1800]] &ndash; A naval battle off the coast of [[Haiti]], between four United States merchant vessels escorted by naval schooner {{USS|Experiment|1799|6}}, and a squadron of armed barges manned by Haitian pirates (known as [[wikt:picaroon|picaroons]]), under the command of general [[André Rigaud]], ends indecisively.
** The [[Dutch East India Company]] dissolves.
* [[February 7]] &ndash; A public [[1800 French constitutional referendum|plebiscite in France]] confirms [[Napoleon]] as [[First Consul]], by a substantial majority.
* [[February 11]] &ndash; [[Infrared radiation]] is discovered by astronomer [[Sir William Herschel]].
* [[February 22]] &ndash; The [[Baker rifle]], designed by [[Ezekiel Baker]], is selected by the British [[Board of Ordnance]] as a new standard.
* {{anchor|March}}[[March 14]] &ndash; [[Papal conclave, 1799–1800]]: cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti succeeds [[Pope Pius VI|Pius VI]] as [[Pope Pius VII|Pius VII]], the 251st pope. He is crowned on [[March 21]], in Venice.
* [[March 17]] &ndash; The British [[Royal Navy]] [[ship of the line]], {{HMS|Queen Charlotte|1790}}, catches fire off the coast of [[Capraia]], with the loss of 673 lives.<ref name="People's Chronology">{{cite book|chapter=1800|title=The People's Chronology|editor=Everett, Jason M.|publisher=Thomson Gale|year=2006}}</ref>
* [[March 20]] &ndash; [[Alessandro Volta]] describes his new invention, the [[voltaic pile]], the first chemical [[Battery (electricity)|battery]], in a letter to the [[Royal Society]] of London.
* [[March 26]] &ndash; British [[Royal Navy]] officer [[Henry Waterhouse]] first charts the [[Antipodes Islands]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 2]]
** [[Ludwig van Beethoven]]'s ''[[Symphony No. 1 (Beethoven)|Symphony No. 1]]'' premieres at the [[Burgtheater]], in [[Vienna]].
** The [[Treaty of Constantinople (1800)|Treaty of Constantinople]] establishes the [[Septinsular Republic]], the first autonomous Greek state since the [[Fall of the Byzantine Empire]].
* [[April 3]] &ndash; The first voting, albeit indirect, begins in the [[1800 United States presidential election]] as voters in the state of [[New York (state)|New York]] make [[1800 United States presidential election in New York|their selections for the New York state legislature]], which in turn will vote on October 31 for the state's 12 presidential electors.<ref>''Manual of Westchester County, Past and Present'' (Henry T. Smith, 1898) p. 16</ref> A majority of state legislature members are from the [[Democratic-Republican Party]], rather than the Federalist Party. At the time, only 4 of the 16 U.S. states (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina and Virginia) have a popular vote for the presidential electors and the President. The other 12, including New York, have a popular vote for the state legislature, but not for the president. At the time, neither of the major parties have picked their nominees for president and vice president. The result will not be certified until February, [[1801]].<ref>''Narrative and Critical History of America'', ed. by Justin Winsor (Houghton Mifflin, 1888) p. 269</ref> 
* [[April 6]] &ndash; [[War of the Second Coalition]]: [[Siege of Genoa (1800)|Siege of Genoa]] &ndash; General [[André Masséna]] is surrounded by 40,000 Austrian troops under Field Marshal [[Michael von Melas]] and blockaded by a strong British [[Squadron (naval)|squadron]] under Lord [[George Elphinstone, 1st Viscount Keith|Keith]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Reginald George|last=Burton|year=2010|title=Napoleon's Campaigns in Italy 1796–1797 & 1800|page=107|publisher=Leonaur Limited |isbn=978-0-85706-356-4}}</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The U.S. [[Library of Congress]] is founded in Washington, D.C.
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars#Second Coalition (1799–1800)|Second Coalition]]: French forces under General [[Louis-Alexandre Berthier]] are halted by 400 Austro-Piedmont soldiers, at [[Fort Bard]] in the [[Aosta Valley]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Reginald George|last=Burton|year=2010|title=Napoleon's Campaigns in Italy 1796–1797 & 1800|page=115|publisher=Leonaur Limited |isbn=978-0-85706-356-4}}</ref>
* [[May 15]] &ndash; [[Napoleon]] and his French army (40,000 men)—not including the [[field artillery]] and [[Train (military)|baggage trains]]—(35,000 [[Artillery|light artillery]] and [[infantry]], 5,000 [[cavalry]]) begin crossing the [[Alps]]. He selects the shortest route through the [[Great St Bernard Pass]], and invades after five days traversing the northern region of [[Italy]].
* [[June 2]] &ndash; The first [[smallpox]] [[vaccination]] is made in North America, at [[Trinity Bight, Newfoundland and Labrador|Trinity, Newfoundland]].
* [[June 3]] &ndash; U.S. President [[John Adams]] moves to [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]]. Because the [[White House|President's Mansion]] is still under construction, President Adams takes up residence at Tunnicliffe's City Hotel near the unfinished U.S. Capitol Building.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-john-adams-moves-into-a-tavern-in-washington-d-c|title=1800: President John Adams moves into a tavern in Washington, D.C.|work=This Day in History|publisher=history.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401120120/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/president-john-adams-moves-into-a-tavern-in-washington-d-c|archive-date=1 April 2015}}</ref>
* [[June 4]] &ndash; [[War of the Second Coalition]]: [[Siege of Genoa (1800)|Siege of Genoa]] &ndash; The French army is evacuated from Genoa. Marshal [[André Masséna]] is allowed to march out, with all the honours of war. A portion of his force joins General [[Louis-Gabriel Suchet]], and the rest is conveyed in British ships to [[Antibes]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Reginald George|last=Burton|year=2010|title=Napoleon's Campaigns in Italy 1796–1797 & 1800|page=121|publisher=Leonaur Limited |isbn=978-0-85706-356-4}}</ref>
* [[June 14]]
** [[War of the Second Coalition]]: [[Battle of Marengo]] &ndash; Napoleon defeats the Austrian troops near Marengo, Italy.
** French general [[Jean-Baptiste Kléber]] is assassinated in [[Cairo]] by Syrian [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] Muslim student [[Suleiman al-Halabi]].
* [[June 15]] &ndash; [[Convention of Alessandria]] (Armistice of Marengo): Austria agrees to evacuate much of Italy.
* [[June 19]] &ndash; [[War of the Second Coalition]]: [[Battle of Höchstädt (1800)|Battle of Höchstädt]] &ndash; General [[Jean Victor Marie Moreau]] leads French forces to victory, opening the [[Danube]] passageway to Vienna.
* [[June 27]] &ndash; [[War of the Second Coalition]]: [[Battle of Neuburg (1800)|Battle of Neuburg]] &ndash; General [[Claude Lecourbe]] leads French forces to victory, securing control of the [[Danube]] from Austria.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 2]] &ndash; The [[Acts of Union 1800|Union with Ireland Act 1800]] is passed by the [[Parliament of Great Britain]]; the Irish Parliament passes similar legislation in the following month, uniting the two kingdoms<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/|title=Act of Union 1707|work=www.parliament.uk|year=2007|access-date=2012-08-10|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015044930/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/|archive-date=2008-10-15}}</ref><ref>''[[s:Act of Union 1707|Act of Union 1707]]''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Act of Union Timeline|work=Act of Union Virtual Library|url=http://www.actofunion.ie/timeline.htm|access-date=2013-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041212131051/http://www.actofunion.ie/timeline.htm|archive-date=December 12, 2004|url-status=live}}</ref> and abolishing the Parliament of Ireland.
* [[July 10]] &ndash; [[Fort William College]] is established by [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Lord Wellesley]], British [[Governor-General of India]], in [[Calcutta]], to promote [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Hindi]] and other [[vernacular]]s of the [[Indian subcontinent]].
* [[August 1]] &ndash; King George III gives royal assent to the [[Acts of Union 1800|second Act of Union]] to unite the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and [[Kingdom of Ireland]] (both ruled by him) into the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]], effective on January 1, 1801.<ref>{{cite book|first=John O'Beirne|last=Ranelagh|title=A Short History of Ireland|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2012|page=102}}</ref>
* [[August 30]] &ndash; The plot by African-American blacksmith and slave [[Gabriel Prosser]] to seize [[Richmond, Virginia]], and guide a slave uprising, is thwarted by a massive downpour on the evening that it is set to begin; two other slaves have revealed Prosser's plans to authorities, who have prepared to follow him to the rendezvous point and arrest the conspirators, so that "neither the geographical extent of the plot nor the number of insurgents in the conspiracy was revealed";<ref>{{cite book|first=Michael L.|last=Nicholls|title=Whispers of Rebellion: Narrating Gabriel's Conspiracy|publisher=University of Virginia Press|year=2012}}</ref> eventually, 25 slaves, including Prosser, will be captured, tried and hanged.
* [[September 4]] &ndash; [[Siege of Malta (1798–1800)]]: The French garrison in [[Valletta]] surrenders to British troops, who had been called at the invitation of the [[Maltese people|Maltese]]. The islands of [[Malta (island)|Malta]] and [[Gozo]] become the [[Malta Protectorate]].
* [[September 30]] &ndash; The [[Convention of 1800]], or Treaty of Mortefontaine, is signed between France and the United States of America, ending the [[Quasi-War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/fr1800.asp|title=France - Convention of 1800: Text of the Treaty|work=The Avalon Project|publisher=Yale Law School|access-date=October 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001112546/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/fr1800.asp|archive-date=October 1, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Third Treaty of San Ildefonso]]: Spain returns [[Louisiana (New Spain)]] to France, in return for the [[Tuscany]] area of Italy.
* [[October 7]] &ndash; French [[privateer]] [[Robert Surcouf]] leads the 150-man crew of his corvette {{ship||Confiance|1797 ship|2}} to capture the 40-gun, 437-man British [[East Indiaman]] {{ship||Kent|1799 ship|2}} in the [[Indian Ocean]].
* [[November 1]]
** U.S. President [[John Adams]] becomes the first [[President of the United States]] to live in the Executive Mansion (later renamed the [[White House]]).
** [[Middlebury College]] is granted its charter by the [[Vermont General Assembly]].
* [[November 17]] &ndash; The [[United States Congress]] holds its first Washington, D.C., session.
* [[November 22]] &ndash; [[War of the Second Coalition]]: Hostilities resume.
[[File:Bataille de Hohenlinden.jpg|thumb|right|[[December 3]]: [[Battle of Hohenlinden]].]]
* [[December 3]]
** [[War of the Second Coalition]]: [[Battle of Hohenlinden]] &ndash; The French army defeats [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] and [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]]n troops.
** The [[1800 United States presidential election]]: The Electoral College casts votes for president and Vice President that results in a tie between [[Thomas Jefferson]] and [[Aaron Burr]], requiring a [[contingent election]] which will select Jefferson as president.
* [[December 24]]
** The [[Plot of the rue Saint-Nicaise]] fails to kill [[Napoleon Bonaparte]].
** [[Peter Coudrin|Pierre Coudrin]] and Henriette Aymer de la Chevalerie found the [[Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary]] in Paris.
* [[December 25]] – The [[Armistice of Steyr]] is signed between French and Imperial forces in Germany, ending active hostilities of the [[War of the Second Coalition]] in Germany.