Editing 1797 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 3]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Tripoli]], a peace treaty between the [[United States]] and [[Ottoman Tripolitania]], is signed at [[Algiers]] (''see also'' [[1796]]).
* [[January 7]] &ndash; The parliament of the [[Cisalpine Republic]] adopts the Italian green-white-red tricolour as their official flag (this is considered the birth of the [[flag of Italy]]).
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Action of 13 January 1797]], part of the [[War of the First Coalition]]: Two British [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]]s, [[HMS Indefatigable (1784)|HMS ''Indefatigable'']] and [[HMS Amazon (1795)|HMS ''Amazon'']], drive the French [[Seventy-four (ship)|74-gun]] [[ship of the line]] ''[[French ship Droits de l'Homme (1794)|Droits de l'Homme]]'' aground on the coast of [[Brittany]], resulting in over 900 deaths.
* [[January 14]] &ndash; [[War of the First Coalition]] &ndash; [[Battle of Rivoli]]: French forces under General [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] defeat an Austrian army of 28,000 men, under ''[[General of the branch|Feldzeugmeister]]'' [[József Alvinczi]], near [[Rivoli Veronese|Rivoli]] (modern-day [[Italy]]), ending [[Austria]]'s fourth and final attempt to relieve the fortress city of [[Mantua]].
* [[January 26]] &ndash; The Treaty of the [[Third Partition of Poland]] is signed in St. Petersburg by the [[Russian Empire]], [[Hapsburg Monarchy|Austria]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. 
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[Siege of Mantua (1796–97)|Siege of Mantua]]: Field marshal [[Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser|Dagobert von Wurmser]] surrenders the fortress city to the French; only 16,000 men of the [[garrison]] are capable of marching out as prisoners of war.
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Battle of Faenza]]: A French corps (9,000 men) under General [[Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno|Claude Victor-Perrin]] defeats the forces from the [[Papal States]], at [[Castel Bolognese]] near [[Faenza]], [[Italy]].
* [[February 4]] &ndash; The [[1797 Riobamba earthquake|Riobamba earthquake]] in Ecuador, estimated magnitude 8.3, causes up to 40,000 casualties.
* [[February 12]] &ndash; "[[Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser]]" is first performed, with the music composed in January by [[Joseph Haydn]], which also becomes the tune to the [[Deutschlandlied]], the German national anthem (''Deutschland, Deutschland über alles'', later ''Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit'').
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[French Revolutionary Wars]] &ndash; [[Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)|Battle of Cape St. Vincent]]: The British [[Royal Navy]] under Admiral Sir [[John Jervis, 1st Earl of St Vincent|John Jervis]] defeats a larger Spanish fleet off [[Cape St. Vincent]], Portugal.
* [[February 18]] &ndash; [[Invasion of Trinidad (1797)|Invasion of Trinidad]]: Spanish Governor [[José María Chacón]] peacefully surrenders the colony of [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad]] to a British naval force, commanded by Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]].
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Tolentino]]: [[Pope Pius VI]] signs a peace treaty with [[French Revolution|Revolutionary France]]. He is forced to deliver works of art, treasures, territory, the [[Comtat Venaissin]] and 30 million francs. 
* [[February 22]] &ndash; The [[last invasion of Britain]] begins: French forces, under the command of American Colonel [[William Tate (soldier)|William Tate]], land near [[Fishguard]], Wales.
* [[February 25]] &ndash; [[William Tate (soldier)|William Tate]] surrenders to the British at Fishguard.
* [[February 26]] &ndash; [[Bank Restriction Act 1797|Bank Restriction Act]] removes the requirement for the [[Bank of England]] (the national bank of Great Britain) to convert banknotes into gold - Restriction period lasts until 1821. The Bank of England issues the first [[Bank of England £1 note|one-pound]] and two-pound notes (pound notes discontinued [[March 11]], [[1988]]).
* [[March 5]] &ndash; Protestant missionaries from the [[London Missionary Society]] land in [[Tahiti]], from the ''[[Duff (1794 ship)|Duff]]'' (celebrated as [[Missionary Day]] in [[French Polynesia]]).
* [[March 13]] &ndash; ''[[Médée (Cherubini)|Médée]]'', an opera by [[Luigi Cherubini]], is premiered in Paris.
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Battle of Valvasone (1797)|Battle of Valvasone]]: The Austrian army, led by [[Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen|Archduke Charles]], fights a [[rearguard]] action at the crossing of the [[Tagliamento]] River, but is defeated by Napoleon Bonaparte at [[Valvasone]].
* [[March 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Parramatta]]: Resistance leader [[Pemulwuy]] led a group of [[Aboriginal Australians|aboriginal]] warriors, estimated to be at least 100, in an attack on a government farm at [[Toongabbie]] in [[Sydney]], Australia.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Sun Herald|date=2008-02-16|url=http://blogs.sunherald.com.au/whoweare/archives/2008/03/who_we_are_the_11.html|title=Who We Are: The man who nearly changed everything|first=David|last=Dale|access-date=April 26, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623080301/http://blogs.sunherald.com.au/whoweare/archives/2008/03/who_we_are_the_11.html|archive-date=June 23, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=J. Henniker|last=Heaton|title=Australian Dictionary of Dates and Men of the Time|location=Sydney|year=1873}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=Al|last1=Grassby|first2=Marji|last2=Hill|title=Six Australian Battlefields|location=North Ryde|publisher=Angus & Robertson|year=1988|page=99}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pemulwuy |url=https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/pemulwuy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309035825/https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/pemulwuy |archive-date=9 March 2022 |access-date=14 August 2022 |website=www.nma.gov.au |publisher=[[National Museum of Australia]] |language=en |publication-place=Canberra, Australia}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 16]] &ndash; The [[Spithead and Nore mutinies]] break out in the British Royal Navy.
* [[April 17]]
** [[Battle of San Juan (1797)|Battle of San Juan]]: Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]] unsuccessfully invades [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] in what will be one of the largest British attacks on Spanish territories in the western hemisphere, and one of the worst defeats of the British Royal Navy for years to come.
** [[Veronese Easter]]: Citizens of [[Verona]], Italy, began an unsuccessful eight-day rebellion against the French occupying forces.
* [[April 18]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Leoben|Armistice of Leoben]]: On behalf of the [[French First Republic|French Republic]], a delegation under Napoleon Bonaparte signs a [[peace treaty]] with the [[Holy Roman Empire]] at [[Leoben]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=John Holland|last=Rose|author-link=John Holland Rose|title=Bonaparte and the Conquest of Italy|page=582|editor1-first=A. W.|editor1-last=Ward|editor2-first=G. W.|editor2-last=Prothero|editor3-first=Stanley|editor3-last=Leathes|encyclopedia=The Cambridge Modern History, vol. VIII: The French Revolution|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1904}}</ref>
* [[May 10]] &ndash; The first ship of the [[United States Navy]], the frigate [[USS United States (1797)|USS ''United States'']], is commissioned.
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[War of the First Coalition]]: Napoleon Bonaparte conquers [[Venice]], ending the city and [[Republic of Venice]]'s 1,100 years of independence. The last [[doge of Venice]], [[Ludovico Manin]], steps down. The [[Venetian Ghetto]] is thrown open.
* [[May 30]] &ndash; English abolitionist [[William Wilberforce]] marries [[Barbara Spooner Wilberforce|Barbara Ann Spooner]] about six weeks after their first meeting.
* [[June 28]] &ndash; French troops disembark in [[Corfu]], beginning the [[French rule in the Ionian Islands (1797–1799)|First period of French rule in the Ionian Islands]].
* [[June 29]] &ndash; Napoleon Bonaparte decrees the birth of the [[Cisalpine Republic]]; he appoints ministers and establishes the [[Constitution of the Cisalpine Republic (1797)|first constitution]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
[[File:Ataque británico en Santa Cruz de Tenerife.jpg|thumb|right|[[July 24]]: [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)|Battle of Santa Cruz]]]]
* [[July 9]] &ndash; U.S. Senator [[William Blount]] becomes the first federal legislator to be expelled from office, as his fellow Senators vote 25 to 1 to block him from his seat during an investigation against him on charges of criminal conspiracy.<ref name="Harper1797">{{cite book|title=Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1909|editor1=Lossing, Benson John|editor2=Wilson, Woodrow|location=New York|publisher=Harper & Brothers|year=1910|page=171}}</ref>
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Gual and España conspiracy]] against Spanish rule in [[Colonial Venezuela]] is exposed.
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Horatio Nelson]] is wounded at the [[Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)|Battle of Santa Cruz]], losing an arm.
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[Massacre of Tranent]]: British troops attack protestors against enforced recruitment into the [[Militia (Great Britain)|militia]] at [[Tranent]], [[Scotland]], killing 11 and injuring 8. 
* [[September 4]] &ndash; The [[Coup of 18 Fructidor]] is carried out in [[France]] as three of the five members of [[French Directory|The Directory]], France's executive council, arrested royalist members of the [[Council of Five Hundred]], the national legislature, and discard the results of the spring elections.<ref>{{cite book|first=K. Steven|last=Vincent|title=Benjamin Constant and the Birth of French Liberalism|publisher=Springer|year=2011|pages=81–82}}</ref>
* [[September 5]] &ndash;  France's new government decrees that citizens who left the country without authorization are subject to the death penalty if they return.<ref>{{cite book|first=David|last=Andress|title=The Oxford Handbook of the French Revolution|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015}}</ref>
* [[September 30]] &ndash; [[Dominique-Vincent Ramel-Nogaret]], French finance minister, repudiates two thirds of France's debt.

=== October&ndash;December ===
[[File:Thomas-Whitcombe-Battle-of-Camperdown.jpg|thumb|right|[[October 11]]: [[Battle of Camperdown]]]]
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Battle of Camperdown]]: the British Royal Navy defeats the fleet of the [[Batavian Republic]] off the coast of [[Holland]].<ref name=CBH236237>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=236–237|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 17]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Campo Formio]] ends the [[War of the First Coalition]].
* [[October 18]] &ndash; The [[XYZ Affair]] inflames tensions between France and the United States when American negotiators [[Charles Cotesworth Pinckney]], [[John Marshall]], and [[Elbridge Gerry]] meet with French government representatives [[Jean-Conrad Hottinguer]], Pierre Bellamy and Lucien Hauteval and are told that a treaty between France and the U.S. will require payment of a bribe to France's Foreign Minister [[Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord|Charles Talleyrand]] and a large loan of American cash to France. Pinckney tells people later that his response was "No, no, not a sixpence!"; Hottinguer, Bellamy and Hauteval are referred to, respectively, as "X", "Y" and "Z" in U.S. government reports on the failed negotiations.<ref>{{cite book|first=Mathew|last=Manweller|title=Chronology of the U.S. Presidency|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2012|page=57}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; In [[Boston Harbor]], the 44-gun United States Navy frigate {{USS|Constitution}} is launched to fight [[Barbary pirates]] off the coast of [[Tripoli, Libya|Tripoli]]; the ship will remain in commission in the 21st century.
* [[October 22]] &ndash; [[André-Jacques Garnerin]] makes the first parachute descent, at Parc Monceau, Paris; he uses a silk parachute to descend approximately {{convert|3,000|ft|m}} from a hot air balloon.
* [[November]] &ndash; [[1797 Rugby School rebellion]]: The students at [[Rugby School]] in England rebel against the headmaster, Henry Ingles, after he decrees that the damage to a tradesman's windows should be paid for by the students.<ref>''[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433081625000;view=2up;seq=218;skin=mobile A History of Rugby School]''. pp. 182–185.</ref>
* [[November 16]]
** The Prussian heir apparent, Frederick William, becomes King of Prussia as [[Frederick William III of Prussia|Fredrick William III]].
** (or November 23?) &ndash; British [[Royal Navy]] [[frigate]] {{HMS|Tribune|1796}} is wrecked on the approaches to [[Halifax, Nova Scotia]]; of the 240 on board, all but 12 are lost.<ref name=Hepper>{{cite book|last=Hepper|first=David J.|year=1994|title=British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650–1859|publisher=Jean Boudriot|location=Rotherfield|isbn=0-948864-30-3|page=85}}</ref>

=== Undated ===
* The secret [[Lautaro Lodge]] as the ''Logia de los Caballeros Racionales'' ("Lodge of Rational Knights") is founded, perhaps in [[Cádiz]]; membership will include many leaders of the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] such as [[Francisco de Miranda]], [[Bernardo O'Higgins]] and [[José de San Martín]].
* Shinyukan Cram School (進修館) founded by Masataka Okudaira (奥平昌孝) in [[Nakatsu]], [[Buzen Province]] (now [[Oita Prefecture]]), [[Kyushu Island]], as predecessor of [[Keio University|Keio-Gijyuku University]] in Japan.<ref>[[:ja:進修館#創設]] '''(Japanese language edition)''' Ritreveted date on 23 May 2020.</ref> 
* [[Joseph-Louis Lagrange]] publishes his treatise on [[differential calculus]], entitled ''Théorie des fonctions analytiques''.
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