Editing 1765 (section)

== Events ==

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 23]] &ndash; [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Prince Joseph of Austria]] marries Princess [[Maria Josepha of Bavaria]] in [[Vienna]].
* [[January 29]] &ndash; One week before his death, [[Mir Jafar]], who had been enthroned as the [[Nawab of Bengal]] and ruler of the Bengali people with the support and protection of the [[British East India Company]], abdicates in favor of his 18-year-old son, [[Najmuddin Ali Khan]].<ref>Abdul Majed Khan, ''The Transition in Bengal, 1756-75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan'' (Cambridge University Press, 2007) p69</ref>
* [[February 8]]
**[[Frederick the Great]], the [[King of Prussia]], issues a decree abolishing the historic punishments against unmarried women in Germany for "sex crimes", particularly the ''Hurenstrafen'' (literally "whore shaming") practices of public humiliation.<ref>Isabel V. Hull, ''Sexuality, State, and Civil Society in Germany, 1700-1815'' (Cornell University Press, 1997) p127</ref>
**[[Isaac Barré]], a member of the British House of Commons for [[Wycombe (UK Parliament constituency)|Wycombe]] and a veteran of the [[French and Indian War]] in the British American colonies, coins the term "[[Sons of Liberty]]" in a rebuttal to [[Charles Townshend]]'s derisive description of the American colonists during the introduction of the proposed Stamp Act.  Barré notes that "They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated and unhospitable country... And yet, actuated by the principles of true English liberty, they met all these hardships with pleasure, compared with those they suffered in their own country, from the hands of those who should have been their friends."  American colonists adopt the term for their own organization after reading the accounts of Barré's speech.<ref>Jonathan Mercantini, ''The Stamp Act of 1765: A History in Documents'' (Broadview Press, 2017) p71</ref>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Spain]]'s five-member "special junta", appointed by Prime Minister [[Jerónimo Grimaldi, 1st Duke of Grimaldi|Jerónimo Grimaldi]], delivers its report regarding "ways to address the backwardness of Spain's commerce with its colonies and with foreign nations".  The report provides detailed orders to be delivered to [[José de Gálvez]], the ''visitador general'' in charge of [[New Spain]].<ref>Stanley J. Stein and Barbara H. Stein, ''Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) p69</ref>
* [[March 9]] &ndash; After a public campaign by the writer [[Voltaire]], judges in [[Paris]] posthumously exonerate [[Jean Calas]] of murdering his son. Calas had been tortured and executed in [[1762]] on the charge, though his son may have committed suicide.
* [[March 22]] &ndash; Royal assent is given to the [[Duties in American Colonies Act 1765]], historically referred to as the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]], imposing the first direct tax levied from [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] on the [[Thirteen Colonies|thirteen American colonies]], effective November 1.<ref>"Sunday's and Monday's Posts", in ''The Leeds Intelligencer'', March 26, 1765, p3</ref> The revenue measure (which requires the purchase of a stamp to be affixed for validation of all legal documents, but also to licensed newspapers and even playing cards and dice) is made to help defray the costs for British military operations in [[North America]], including the French and Indian War.<ref>Richard Archer, ''As If an Enemy's Country: The British Occupation of Boston and the Origins of Revolution'' (Oxford University Press, 2010) pp20-21</ref>
* [[March 24]] &ndash; Great Britain passes the [[Quartering Act]], requiring private households in the thirteen American colonies to house British soldiers if necessary.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; At [[Fort Tombecbe]], near what is now the town of [[Epes, Alabama]], representatives of the British Empire and of the [[Choctaw]] Indian tribe in [[Mississippi]] sign a peace treaty in the wake of French cession of claims to the British.  A boundary is fixed between land to be occupied by the Choctaws and for lands which British settlers can use; in addition, the British agree to provide a police official and a gunsmith at Fort Tombecbe for the Choctaws to use for trespassing complaints and for weapons repairs.  By 1775, however, the Choctaws are outnumbered in Mississippi.<ref>"Mississippi", by Kathrin Dodds, in ''Native America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia'', ed. by Daniel S. Murphree (ABC-CLIO, 2012) p611</ref>
* [[April 5]] &ndash; After completing the portion of the [[Mason–Dixon line]] marking the semi-circular boundary between [[Pennsylvania]] and [[Delaware]], English surveyors [[Charles Mason]] and [[Jeremiah Dixon]] begin the two-and-a-half-year process of plotting out the 230-mile boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland along the latitude of 39°43′20″ N.<ref>Andro Linklater, ''The Fabric of America: How Our Borders and Boundaries Shaped the Country and Forged Our National Identity'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009) p29</ref>
* [[April 14]] &ndash; Three days after getting the news that the Stamp Act has passed, American colonists invade the British Army arsenal near the New York City Hall and sabotage guns inside by spiking them.<ref>Edward Robb Ellis, ''The Epic of New York City: A Narrative History'' (Basic Books, 2011)</ref> 
* [[April 26]] &ndash; At [[Saint Petersburg]], German engineer [[Christian Gottlieb Kratzenstein|Christian Kratzenstein]] presents to the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] a perfected version of the arithmetical machine originally invented by [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Gottfried Leibniz]].  Kratzenstein claims that his machine solves the problem with the Leibniz machine has with calculations above four digits, perfecting the flaw where the machine is "prone to err whenever it is necessary to make a number of 9999 move to 10000", but the machine is not developed further.<ref>[[Matthew L. Jones]], ''Reckoning with Matter: Calculating Machines, Innovation, and Thinking about Thinking from Pascal to Babbage'' (University of Chicago Press, 2016) p133</ref>
* [[May 18]] &ndash; Not long after British rule has started over the formerly French colony of [[Quebec]], an accidental fire destroys one quarter of the town of [[Montreal]].<ref>William Henry Atherton, ''Montreal, 1535-1914: Under British rule, 1760-1914'' (S. J. Clarke, 1914) p397</ref>
* [[May 26]] &ndash; During a stroll in the park "on a fine Sabbath afternoon" at [[Glasgow Green]], Scottish engineer [[James Watt]] receives the inspiration that provides the breakthrough in his development of the [[steam engine]]; he recounts later that "The idea came into my mind, that as steam was an elastic body it would rush into a vacuum, and if a communication was made between the cylinder and an exhausted vessel, it would rush into it, and might be there condensed without cooling the cylinder... I had not walked further than the Golf-house when the whole thing was arranged in my mind."<ref>H. W. Dickinson, ''James Watt: Craftsman and Engineer'' (Cambridge University Press, 1936) pp36-37</ref>
* [[June 21]] &ndash; The [[Isle of Man]] is brought under British control, the [[Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765|Isle of Man Purchase Act]] (coming into force 10 May) confirming [[HM Treasury]]'s purchase of the feudal rights of the [[Dukes of Atholl]], as [[Lord of Mann]] over the island, and [[wikt:revested|revesting]] them into the [[British Crown]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hartley Booth|first1=V. E.|last2=Sells|first2=Peter|title=British extradition law and procedure: including extradition between the United Kingdom and foreign states, the Commonwealth and dependent countries and the Republic of China.|publisher=Sijthoff & Noordhoff|location=Alphen aan den Rijn|year=1980|page=5|isbn=978-90-286-0079-9|oclc=6890466}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;December ===
* [[July 10]] &ndash; King George III dismisses [[George Grenville]] from the office of [[Prime Minister of Great Britain]], and replaces him with another Whig Party statesman, [[Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham|Charles Watson-Wentworth]], Lord Rockingham.<ref>Nicholas K. Robinson, ''Edmund Burke: A Life in Caricature'' (Yale University Press, 1996) p17</ref>
* [[July 12]] &ndash; On orders of [[Pontiac (Ottawa leader)|Chief Pontiac]], War Chief Wahpesah of the [[Kickapoo people]] releases British Indian Affairs negotiator [[George Croghan]] from 35 days of detention.<ref>Arrell M. Gibson, ''Kickapoos: Lords of the Middle Border'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 1975)</ref>  At the same time, Pontiac authorizes a Shawnee Chief, Nanicksah, to sign a treaty with the British on behalf of the Great Lakes tribes, settling the French and Indian War.<ref>"Nanicksah", in ''Native Peoples A to Z: A Reference Guide to Native Peoples of the Western Hemisphere'', ed. by Donald Ricky (Native American Book Publishers, 2009) p1779</ref>
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Qianlong Emperor|Qianlong]], the [[Emperor of China]] issues a decree that copper engravings be made to depict all of his victories in battle.  In the interest of amity with the Chinese, King [[George III of Great Britain]] gives priority to the sale of British copper, and King [[Louis XV of France]] assents to the use of French artisans.<ref>John Wiley Spiers, ''How Small business Trades Worldwide'' (Writer's Showcase, 2001) p86</ref>
* [[July 21]] &ndash; Having eliminated all of his rivals for leadership of [[Persia]], [[Karim Khan Zand]] returns in triumph to his home in [[Shiraz]] and makes it his capital then begins construction of citadels, mosques, schools and other buildings.<ref>"Karim Khan Zand (ca. 1705-1779)" in ''The Ottoman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia'', by Mehrdad Kia (ABC-CLIO, 2017) p133</ref> 
* [[July 23]] &ndash; Headed by [[Odawa]] Chief Pontiac and George Croghan, a party of Great Lakes tribesmen and British soldiers travel along the [[Wabash River]] and obtain the release of all white [[prisoners of war]] remaining in the [[Miami people]] and Odawa villages between [[Ouiatenon]] (near modern-day [[Granville, Indiana]]) and [[Detroit]].<ref>Bert Anson, ''The Miami Indians'' (University of Oklahoma Press, 2000) p74</ref>
* [[July 30]] &ndash; At [[Yale College]], eight students attack the residence of Yale's President [[Thomas Clap]] because of his promotion of [[Old and New Light|"New Light"]] [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] doctrine; and "with Evil Intent" and "with Strong hand burst and take off the gates of the yard of the mansion house and Carry away and with Screaming and Shouting... throw into said House Numbers of large stones with Cattles Horns into the windows of said House."<ref>Robert Blair St. George, ''Conversing by Signs: Poetics of Implication in Colonial New England Culture'' (University of North Carolina Press, 2000) p246</ref> The students plead guilty and pay nominal fines, and Clap resigns at the end of the 1765–66 school year. 
* [[August 9]] &ndash; [[Russian Empire|Russian]] Empress [[Catherine the Great|Catherine II]] issues a decree authorizing the new way to produce [[vodka]] (by freezing).

[[File:IGI1908India1765a.jpg|thumb|Map of [[India]] in 1765 showing territories loyal to the [[Maratha]]s (yellow); and the territories of those loyal to the [[Great Mogul]] (green)]]

* [[August 14]] &ndash; In protest of the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]], [[Boston]]ians attack the home of official [[Andrew Oliver]].
* [[August 16]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Allahabad]] is signed. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of [[Company rule in India]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bhattacherje |first=S. B. |date=May 1, 2009 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oGVSvXuCsyUC&q=St.+Peter%27s+Church+allahabad&pg=SL1-PA63 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |pages=A-96 |isbn= 9788120740747|access-date=March 24, 2014 }}</ref>
* [[August 18]] &ndash; [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] becomes [[Holy Roman Emperor]].
* [[August 26]] &ndash; In protest of the [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]], [[Boston]]ians destroy the home of lieutenant governor [[Thomas Hutchinson (governor)|Thomas Hutchinson]].
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]'s house in [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]] is stoned by a mob.
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Antoine de Beauterne|François Antoine]] announces he has killed the [[Beast of Gévaudan]].
* [[October 17]] &ndash; The ''[[Pennsylvania Gazette]]'' reports that a Mr. McCullough, the Distributor of Stamps for the [[Royal Colony of North Carolina]], has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act. A Dr. Huston is appointed to the position.
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The [[Stamp Act 1765|Stamp Act]] goes into effect in the [[Thirteen Colonies|thirteen American colonies]].
* [[December 12]] &ndash; The ''Pennsylvania Gazette'' reports that Dr. Huston, the recently instated Distributor of Stamps for the Royal Colony of North Carolina, has resigned his post in protest at the Stamp Act.

=== Date unknown ===
* The first chocolate factory in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] is established by Dr. James Baker at [[Dorchester, Massachusetts]].
* The first true [[restaurant]] opens in [[Paris]], where a [[tavern]]-keeper named Boulanger sells cooked dishes at an all-night place on the Rue Bailleul.
* In [[Lisbon]], the ''[[auto-da-fé]]'' parade (often an excuse for violence against Jews or Christian [[Christian heresy|'heretics']]) is abolished.
* Desai [[Atash Behram]] is established in [[Navsari]], India.
* [[Catherine the Great]] establishes the first secondary education school for non-noble females in Russia: the [[Novodevichii Institute]], for the daughters of commoners.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bisha|first=Robin|title=Russian Women, 1698-1917 Experience and Expression: An Anthology of Sources.|year=2002|publisher=Indiana University Press|location=Bloomington, IN|pages=162–163}}</ref>{{dubious|reason=listed in both 1764 & 1765|date=November 2022}}