Editing 1709 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Battle of St. John's]]: The [[France|French]] capture [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], the capital of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] [[colony of Newfoundland]].
* [[January 6]] &ndash; Western Europe's [[Great Frost of 1709]], the coldest period in 500 years, begins during the night, lasting three months, with its effects felt for the entire year.<ref name="newscientist">Pain, Stephanie. "[https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126942.100-1709-the-year-that-europe-froze.html?full=true 1709: The year that Europe froze]." ''[[New Scientist]]'', 7 February 2009.</ref> In France, the Atlantic coast and [[Seine]] River freeze, crops fail, and 24,000 Parisians die. Floating ice enters the [[North Sea]].
* [[January 10]] &ndash; [[Abraham Darby I]] successfully produces [[cast iron]] using [[coke (fuel)|coke fuel]] at his [[Coalbrookdale]] [[blast furnace]] in [[Shropshire]], England.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mott|first=R. A.|title=The earliest use of coke for ironmaking|journal=The Gas World, Coking Section Supplement|volume=145|pages=7–18|date=5 January 1957}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=Arthur|last=Raistrick|title=Dynasty of Ironfounders: the Darbys and Coalbrookdale|location=London|publisher=Longmans, Green|year=1953|page=34}}</ref><ref name="Cassell's Chronology292">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292 292]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/292}}</ref>
* [[February 1]] or [[February 2|2]] &ndash; During his first voyage, Captain [[Woodes Rogers]] encounters marooned privateer [[Alexander Selkirk]], and rescues him after four years living on one of the [[Juan Fernández Islands]], inspiring [[Daniel Defoe]]'s novel ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]''.<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Ober|first=Frederick A.|title=Our West Indian Neighbors: the Islands of the Caribbean Sea|location=New York|publisher=James Pott & Company|year=1912|page=11}}</ref> After sacking [[Guayaquil]], he and Selkirk will visit the [[Galápagos Islands]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Michael H.|title=Galapagos: a Natural History|publisher=University of Calgary Press|year=1993|isbn=1-895176-07-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/galapagos00mich}}</ref>
* [[February 19]] &ndash; [[Tokugawa Ienobu]] becomes the sixth ''[[shōgun]]'' of the [[Tokugawa shogunate|Tokugawa dynasty]] of [[Japan]], after the death of the shōgun [[Tokugawa Tsunayoshi|Tsunayoshi]], who had been head of government since 1680.
* [[February]] &ndash; In America, [[Mardi Gras]] is celebrated one more time with ''[[Mardi Gras in Mobile, Alabama|Masque de la Mobile]]'' in the capital of [[Louisiana (New France)|French Louisiana]], [[Mobile, Alabama]], before Mobile is moved 27 miles (43&nbsp;km) down the [[Mobile River]] to [[Mobile Bay]] in [[1711]].
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Johann Friedrich Böttger]] reports the first production of [[hard-paste porcelain]] in Europe, at [[Dresden]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 13]] &ndash; The [[Raudot Ordinance of 1709]] becomes law in the French colony of [[New France]], legalizing slavery.
* [[April 21]] &ndash; [[Mirwais Hotak]] takes control of [[Kandahar]] (in Afghanistan) by murdering the [[Safavid dynasty|Persian]] governor, [[George XI of Kartli|Gurgin Khan]], known also as George XI.
* [[May 6]] &ndash; The first influx into Britain of poor [[refugee]] families of [[German Palatines]] from the [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhenish Palatinate]] arrives in England.<ref>John Tribbeko and George Ruperti, ''Lists of Germans from the Palatinate Who Came to England in 1709'' (Clearfield, 1965) p.5</ref>  Most of them are [[Protestants]] ''en route'' to the [[New World]] colonies.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gardiner, Juliet|editor=Wenborn, Neil|title=The History Today Companion to British History|location=London|publisher=Collins & Brown|year=1995|isbn=1-85585-178-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577 577]|url=https://archive.org/details/historytodaycomp0000unse/page/577}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Trịnh Cương]] becomes the new [[Trịnh lords|king of northern Vietnam]] ([[Đàng Ngoài]]) upon the death of his grandfather,  [[Trịnh Căn]], and begins a 20-year reign until his death on December 20, [[1729]]
* [[June 26]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Fort Albany (1709)|Battle of Fort Albany]], an attack by 100 French colonial volunteers and [[Plains Cree people|Cree]] natives on the British [[Hudson's Bay Company]] outpost at [[Fort Albany (Ontario)|Fort Albany]] on [[Hudson Bay]].  [[John Fullartine]], commander of the post, leads a successful defense of the fort and 18 of the attackers are killed and then retreat.   The site is now part of a [[Fort Albany First Nation|Cree First Nation]] reserve in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].
* [[June 28]] &ndash; A [[Treaty of Dresden (1709)|treaty is signed in Dresden]] to re-establish an alliance between the Kingdoms of [[Denmark-Norway]] and the Electorate of Saxony, on behalf of King [[Frederik IV of Denmark-Norway]] and Saxony's King [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus II]].

=== July&ndash;December ===
* [[July 8]] ([[June 27]] [[Old Style]]; June 28 in the [[Swedish calendar]]) &ndash; [[Great Northern War]]: [[Battle of Poltava]] in the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] ([[Ukraine]]) &ndash; [[Peter the Great]] leads forces of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] to a decisive victory over Swedish forces under [[Charles XII of Sweden|Charles XII]], ending the [[Swedish invasion of Russia]] and effectively ending [[Sweden]]'s role as a major power in Europe.
* [[July 9]] &ndash; [[Christopher Slaughterford]] of [[London]] is executed in [[Guildford]] for the murder of Jane Young, his fiancée. He is the first person in modern [[England]] executed for murder based exclusively on [[circumstantial evidence]], and he maintains his innocence to the last.
* [[July 13]] &ndash; Production of [[Eau de Cologne]] is begun by perfumier [[Johann Maria Farina]] in Germany, founding [[Johann Maria Farina gegenüber dem Jülichs-Platz]].
* [[July 26]] &ndash; [[Reinhard Keiser]]'s opera ''Desiderius, König der Langobarden'' is premiered in [[Hamburg]].<ref name="Griffel2018">{{cite book|first=Margaret Ross|last=Griffel|title=Operas in German: A Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-xEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|year=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-4797-0|page=97}}</ref>
* [[July 27]] &ndash; [[Japan]]'s [[Emperor Higashiyama]] [[abdication|abdicates]] after a reign of 23 years that began in 1687, and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who is enthroned as the [[Emperor Nakamikado]].
* [[July 30]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: [[Tournai]] is captured by [[John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough]] and [[Prince Eugene of Savoy]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The [[hot air balloon]] of [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]] flies in Portugal.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[Pamheiba]] is crowned King of [[Manipur]].
* [[September 11]] (August 31 [[Old Style]]) &ndash; War of the Spanish Succession: [[Battle of Malplaquet]] &ndash; Troops of the [[Dutch Republic]], [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]], led by the Duke of Marlborough, drive the French from the field, but suffer twice as many casualties.<ref name="Cassell's Chronology292"/>
* [[October 9]] &ndash; [[War of the Spanish Succession]]: The British army captures [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]].<ref name=CBH207208>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=207–208|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October 12]] &ndash; [[Chihuahua City]] in Mexico is founded.
* [[October 14]] – The Chinese region of [[Ningxia]] is shaken by a [[1709 Zhongwei earthquake|7.5 earthquake]] killing more than 2,000 people.
* [[December 25]] &ndash; From London, ten ships leave for the [[New York Colony]] carrying over 4,000 people.
* [[December 26]] &ndash; The first performance of the opera ''[[Agrippina (opera)|Agrippina]]'' by [[George Frideric Handel]] takes place at the [[Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo]] in [[Venice]].<ref>Dean, Winton; and [[J. Merrill Knapp]] (1995), ''Handel's Operas, 1704–1726'' (Revised edition). p. 128. Clarendon Press, Oxford. {{ISBN|0-19-816441-6}}.</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Herculaneum]], an ancient town in [[Ercolano]], [[Campania]], Italy and buried under volcanic ash and pumice in the eruption of [[Mount Vesuvius]] in 79 AD, is discovered by accident when attempts to drill a well for a monastery encountered marble and other materials. 
* The first modern edition of [[William Shakespeare]]'s plays is published in [[London]], [[Shakespeare's editors|edited by]] [[Nicholas Rowe (writer)|Nicholas Rowe]].
* The first [[piano]] is exhibited in [[Florence]] by its inventor [[Bartolomeo Cristofori]], who names it "gravicembalo col piano e forte", a name which is subsequently shortened to "pianoforte" and then "piano".
* A collapsible [[umbrella]] is introduced in [[Paris]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The History of Umbrellas|url=http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|publisher=Oakthrift Corporation|access-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902053708/http://www.oakthriftumbrellas.com/pages/umbrellas4.htm|archive-date=2013-09-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Trinity School (New York City)|Trinity School]] is founded as the [[charity school]] of [[Trinity Church (Manhattan)|Trinity Church]], in New York City.
* The second [[Eddystone Lighthouse]], erected off the south west coast of England by [[John Rudyard|John Rudyerd]], is completed.<ref>{{cite book|first=Fred|last=Majdalany|title=The Red Rocks of Eddystone|location=London|publisher=Longmans|year=1959|page=86}}</ref>
* ''De Nostri Temporis Studiorum Ratione'' (''On the Study Methods of Our Times'') is published by [[Naples|Neapolitan]] philosopher [[Giambattista Vico]].
* Priceless medieval [[altarpiece]]s, created by Tyrolese sculptor [[Michael Pacher]], are destroyed.
* [[Basil Lazarus III]] becomes [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]] [[Maphrian|Maphrian of the East]].<ref>{{cite book | last1 =Wilmshurst| first=David |date=2019|chapter=West Syrian patriarchs and maphrians|title=The Syriac World|publisher=Routledge|page=812|editor1=Daniel King}}</ref>
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