Editing 1691 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January–March ===
* [[January 6]] – King [[William III of England]], who rules Scotland and Ireland as well as being the Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, departs from [[Margate]] to tend to the affairs of the Netherlands.<ref>Frederic Hervey, ''The Naval History of Great Britain: From the Earliest Times to the Rising of the Parliament in 1779'' (William Adlard Publishing, 1779) p. 420</ref>
* [[January 14]] – A fleet of ships carrying 827 Spanish Navy sailors and marines arrives at [[Manzanillo Port|Manzanillo Bay]] on the island of [[Hispaniola]] in what is now the [[Dominican Republic]] and joins 700 Spanish cavalry, then proceeds westward to invade the French side of the island in what is now [[Haiti]].<ref>"King William's War (1688–1697)", in ''Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present'' by David E. Marley (ABC-CLIO, 1998) p. 206</ref>
* [[January 15]] – King Louis XIV of France issues an order specifically prohibiting play of games of chance, specifically naming [[Basset (banking game)|basset]] and similar games, on penalty of 1,000 livres for the first offence.<ref>"Jeu", in ''A Military Dictionary, or explanation of the several systems of discipline of different kinds of troops'', by William Duane (William Duane, 1810) p. 288</ref>
* [[January 23]] – Spanish colonial administrator [[Domingo Terán de los Ríos]], most recently the governor of Sonora y Sinaloa on the east side of the [[Gulf of California]], is assigned by the Viceroy of New Spain to administer a new province that governs lands on both sides of the [[Rio Grande|Río Bravo del Norte]], "Coahuila y Tejas", and effectively becomes the first [[Governor of Texas]]. 
* [[February 13]] – The [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] issues the first [[paper money]] in [[North America]], in lieu of coins, two months after a December 20 law authorizing the printing. The oldest known specimen, for 20 [[Massachusetts pound|Massachusetts shillings]] bears the date "Feb. 3, 1690" based on the British old style calendar in use at the time.<ref>Andrew McFarland Davis, ''Currency and Banking in the Province of the Massachusetts-Bay'', Volume 1, Issue 4 (American Economic Association, 1900) p.370</ref>
* [[February 28]] – An annular [[solar eclipse]] is visible across the Philippines, North Borneo and eastern Sumatra.<ref name="Astro0231691">{{Cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/0231691/|title=Annular Eclipse of the Sun: 1691 February 28|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|accessdate=October 3, 2022}}</ref>
* [[March 5]] – [[Nine Years' War]]: French troops under Marshal Louis-Francois de Boufflers [[Siege of Mons (1691)|besiege]] the Spanish-held town of [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]].
* [[March 14]] – The [[Public Security Police Force of Macau]] is founded.<ref name="CPSP History">{{Cite web|title=História |trans-title=History |url=http://www.fsm.gov.mo/psp/por/psp_org_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110702173917/http://www.fsm.gov.mo/psp/por/psp_org_2.html |archive-date=July 2, 2011 |access-date=June 28, 2010 |publisher=Corpo de Polícia de Segurança Pública |language=pt}}</ref>
* [[March 17]] – ''[[The Athenian Mercury]]'' begins twice-weekly publication by [[The Athenian Society]] in London.
* [[March 20]] – [[Leisler's Rebellion]]: A new governor arrives in [[New York (state)|New York]] – [[Jacob Leisler]] surrenders, after a standoff of several hours.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1691 |title=Historical Events for Year 1691 {{pipe}} OnThisDay.com |website=Historyorb.com |date=1691 |access-date=July 8, 2016}}</ref>
* [[March 29]] – The [[Siege of Mons (1691)|Siege of Mons]] ends in the city's surrender.

=== April–June ===
* [[April 9]] – A fire at the [[Palace of Whitehall]] in [[London]] destroys its Stone Gallery.<ref>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p46</ref>
* [[May 6]]
** The [[Spanish Inquisition]] condemns and forcibly baptizes 219 [[Xueta]]s in [[Palma, Majorca]]. When 37 try to escape the island, they are burned alive at the stake.
** The [[Province of New York]] establishes the [[New York Supreme Court]] as the Supreme Court of Judicature. It is the oldest Supreme Court with general original jurisdiction.
* [[May 16]] – [[Jacob Leisler]] is hanged for [[treason]].
* [[June]]  – The first performance takes place of the semi-opera ''[[King Arthur (opera)|King Arthur]]'' with a [[libretto]] by [[John Dryden]] and music by [[Henry Purcell]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/285 285]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/285}}</ref>
* [[June 23]] – [[Ahmed II]] (1691–1695) succeeds [[Suleiman II of the Ottoman Empire|Suleiman II]] (1687–1691), as [[Ottoman Emperor]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 12]]
** [[Pope Innocent XII]] becomes the 242nd [[pope]], succeeding [[Pope Alexander VIII]].
** [[Williamite War in Ireland]] – [[Battle of Aughrim]]: Protestant [[Williamite]] forces, led by [[Godert de Ginkell, 1st Earl of Athlone|Godert de Ginkell]], decisively defeat [[Jacobitism|Jacobites]] under the [[Marquis de St Ruth]] (who is killed).
* [[August 11]] – [[Battle of La Prairie]] in Canada: An [[Kingdom of England|English]] and [[Iroquois]] force come north from [[Albany, New York]] to attack Montreal, but are repulsed with significant casualties by the [[Kingdom of France|French]] and their [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] allies.
* [[August 19]] – The [[Battle of Slankamen]] takes place between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and allies at [[Sanjak of Syrmia|Syrmia]] (now the [[Serbia]]n province of [[Vojvodina]]), and 25,000 Ottomans are killed, including [[Köprülüzade Fazıl Mustafa Pasha]], the [[List of Ottoman Grand Viziers|Grand Vizier]].
* [[August 23]] – A total [[solar eclipse]] is visible across South America, Central America and Mexico.<ref name="AstroIndex">{{Cite web|url=http://astro.ukho.gov.uk/eclipse/0511691/index.html|title=Total Eclipse of the Sun: 1691 August 23|website=astro.ukho.gov.uk|accessdate=October 3, 2022}}</ref>
* [[August 27]] – In Scotland, King William offers the Highland clans a pardon for their part in the [[Jacobite rising of 1689]] if they agree to pledge allegiance to him before New Year's Day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/unioncrownsparliaments/massacreofglencoe/index.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528080940/http://www.educationscotland.gov.uk/scotlandshistory/unioncrownsparliaments/massacreofglencoe/index.asp|archive-date=May 28, 2013|title= The Massacre of Glencoe |website=www.educationscotland.gov.uk| access-date= April 29, 2013}}</ref>
* [[September 3]] – [[HMS Coronation (1685)|HMS ''Coronation'']] and [[HMS Harwich (1674)|HMS ''Harwich'']] are lost in a storm while making for shelter in [[Plymouth Sound]] with 900 killed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Harwich – Historic England Research Records|url=https://www.heritagegateway.org.uk/Gateway/Results_Single.aspx?uid=876440&resourceID=19191|work=Heritage Gateway|accessdate=May 15, 2021}}</ref>
* [[September 18]] – [[War of the Grand Alliance]]: English and Dutch forces are defeated by the French in the [[Battle of Leuze]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October 3]] – The [[Treaty of Limerick]], ending the [[Williamite War in Ireland]] and guaranteeing civil rights to [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]], is signed. The [[Flight of the Wild Geese]] follows.
* [[October 17]] (October 7 O.S.) – In [[New England]], the two separate colonies of [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]] and [[Plymouth Colony]] are united into a single entity [[Massachusetts Charter|by an act]] of the King and Queen of England.
* [[November 26]] – In [[Limerick]], "A Form of Prayer and Thanksgiving to the Almighty God for the Preservation of Their Majesties, the Success of Their Forces in the reducing of Ireland, and for His Majesties Safe Return" is celebrated in all Anglican churches in Britain and Ireland by order of Archbishop Tillotson.<ref>"Special Forms of Prayer in the Church of England", Part III, ''The Newberry House Magazine'' (February 1893) p. 137</ref>
* [[December 6]] – During the [[Morean War]], Captain Luca Dalla Rocca of Naples betrays Venice by surrendering the fortress of [[Gramvousa]], on the island of [[Crete]] to the Ottoman Turks, in return for a large amount of money and sanctuary in Istanbul.<ref>"Turkish Rule in Crete", by Theocharis Detorakis, in ''Crete, History and Civilization'' (1988) p. 343</ref>
* [[December 22]] – [[Patrick Sarsfield]] and 19,000 troops of the Irish Army who had been supporters of the Jacobite Rebellion leave the country and relocate to France.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[HMNB Devonport]], currently one of three operating bases in the United Kingdom for the Royal Navy and the largest naval base in Western Europe, opens.
* [[Michel Rolle]] invents [[Rolle's theorem]], which states that any real-valued [[differentiable function]] that attains equal values at two distinct points must have at least one [[stationary point]] somewhere between them.
* The [[Khalkha]] submit to the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] invaders, bringing most of modern-day [[Mongolia]] under the rule of the [[Qing Dynasty]].
* [[Nimavar school]] in [[Isfahan]], [[Iran]] is built and opens in this era of [[Suleiman I of Persia|Suleiman I]].
* The textile factory ''[[Barnängens manufaktur]]'' is founded in [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]].
* The [[Society for the Reformation of Manners]] is founded in the [[London Borough of Tower Hamlets]] with the aim of suppressing [[profanity]], [[immorality]], and other lewd activities in general, and of [[brothel]]s and [[prostitution]] in particular.
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