Editing 1670 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 17]] &ndash; [[Raphael Levy]], a Jewish resident of the city of [[Metz]] in [[France]], is burned at the stake after being accused of the September 25 abduction and ritual murder of a child who had disappeared from the village of [[Glatigny, Moselle|Glatigny]]. The prosecutor applies to King [[Louis XIV]] for an order expelling all 95 Jewish families from Metz, but the king refuses.
* [[January 27]] &ndash; The [[Islam|Muslim]] emperor [[Aurangzeb]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]] issues an order for the destruction of all [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples and schools in the empire, including the [[Krishna Janmasthan Temple Complex|Keshvadeva Temple]] in [[Mathura]]. 
* [[February 4]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Sinhagad]] takes place in [[India]] (in the modern-day [[Maharashtra]] state) as the [[Maratha Confederacy|Maratha Empire]] army, led by [[Tanaji Malusare]], leads an assault on the Kondhana Fortress that had been captured by the [[Mughal Empire]]. Tanaji, called "The Lion" by his followers, captures the fortress by guiding the successful scaling of the walls of the fortress with ladders created from rope, but is killed in the battle. The Maratha emperor [[Shivaji]] orders the fortress named [[Sinhagad]], the [[Marathi language]] words for "Lion's Fort". 
* [[February 9]] &ndash; [[Christian V of Denmark|Christian V]] becomes the [[Denmark-Norway|king of Denmark-Norway]] upon the death of his father, [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III]].
* [[February 27]] &ndash; The royal wedding in Poland, between [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki|King Michal Wisniowiecki]] (who is also the [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]) and [[Eleonore of Austria, Queen of Poland|Eleonore of Austria]] (daughter of the late [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]], [[Holy Roman Emperor]]), with ceremonies taking place at the Denhoff Palace in [[Kruszyna, Silesian Voivodeship|Kruszyna]].
* [[March 7]] &ndash; [[Oliver Plunkett]], the Roman Catholic [[Archbishop of Armagh]] since 1669, is allowed to return to [[Ireland]] for the first time in more than 22 years, after a new policy of tolerance of Catholicism is enacted in England. Plunkett had departed for Rome in 1647 during the [[Cromwellian conquest of Ireland]]. Executed in 1681 on false charges of plotting an invasion of Ireland, Plunkett is canonized as a saint of the Roman Catholic Church in 1975.
* [[March 15]] &ndash; The first English settlers arrive at the modern-day U.S. state of [[South Carolina]], at this time the Province of Clarendon carved out of the [[Province of Carolina]], and construct a settlement at Albemarle Point on the [[Ashley River]].<ref>"'Shaftesbury's Darling': British Settlement in the Carolinas at the Close of the Seventeenth Century", by Robert M. Weir, in ''The Oxford History of the British Empire, Volume I: The Origins of Empire'' (Oxford University Press, 1998) p. 380</ref>
* [[March 18]] &ndash; [[Petar Zrinski]], the [[Ban of Croatia|Viceroy of Croatia]] within the [[Holy Roman Empire]], issues a proclamation urging Croatians to rebel against the Habsburg rulers.<ref>Marcus Tanner, ''Croatia: A Nation Forged in War'' (Yale University Press, 2010)</ref> The uprising fails and Zrinski and his brother-in-law, Krsto Frankopan, are quickly arrested. Both are beheaded in Vienna on April 30, 1671.
* [[March 31]] &ndash; The British warship [[HMS Sapphire (1660)|HMS ''Sapphire'']] is wrecked beyond repair when her captain, John Pearce, orders the ship to be run aground at Sicily while fleeing what he believes to be four Algerian pirate ships, rather than attempting to fight. The ships turn out to have been friendly, and Pearce and his lieutenant, Andrew Logan, are court-martialed for their cowardice and executed on September 17.<ref>William Laird Clowes, The Royal Navy, A History from the Earliest Times to 1900 (Sampson, Low, Marston and Company Ltd., 1898) pp. 439-440</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 18]] &ndash; King Christian V of Denmark fires [[Christoffer Gabel]], who had been the corrupt chief adviser to King Frederick III, and replaces him with [[Peder Griffenfeld]].
* [[April 29]] &ndash; After more than four months, the [[1669–1670 papal conclave|papal conclave]] to elect a successor to the late [[Pope Clement IX]] selects Cardinal Emilio Albieri with 56 of the 59 votes. Altieri, 79 years old at the time, remains the oldest person ever to be elected pope.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160604212902/http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2013/feb/13/popes-full-list "Every Pope ever: the full list"], ''The Guardian'' (London), February 13, 2013</ref> He announces that he will take the name of [[Pope Clement X]] in honor of Clement IX, who had made him a cardinal. He serves for six years until his death in 1676 shortly after his 86th birthday.<ref>{{cite book|author=Rudolf Wittkower|title=Gian Lorenzo Bernini: The Sculptor of the Roman Baroque|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CYZKAQAAIAAJ|year=1981|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-1430-5|page=257}}</ref>
* [[May 2]] &ndash; The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] is granted a royal charter in England with the jurisdiction to control administration and commerce in "[[Rupert's Land]]", governed for the crown by [[Prince Rupert of the Rhine|Rupert, Duke of Cumberland]], the cousin of King Charles II. The land is a 1.5 million square mile area of what is now [[Canada]] around [[Hudson Bay]]. The area controlled covers all of the modern province of [[Manitoba]], most of [[Saskatchewan]], and significant portions of [[Alberta]] and [[Nunavut]], as well as parts of what are now [[Ontario]] and [[Quebec]], and parts of the U.S. states of [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]] and [[Montana]].
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany|Cosimo III de' Medici]] becomes the [[Grand Duke of Tuscany]], at the time an independent nation in Italy, upon the death of his father [[Ferdinando de' Medici, Grand Prince of Tuscany|Ferdinando de' Medici]].
* [[June 1]] &ndash; At [[Dover]], England, [[Charles II of England]] and [[Louis XIV of France]] sign the [[Secret Treaty of Dover]], ending hostilities between their kingdoms. Louis will give Charles 200,000 pounds annually. In return Charles will relax the laws against Catholics, gradually re-Catholicize England, support French policy against the [[Dutch Republic]] (leading England into the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]]), and convert to Catholicism himself. The treaty is ratified three days later. The terms will not become public until the early 19th century.<ref>In [[John Lingard]]'s ''History of England''.</ref> Louis is represented in the negotiations by Charles' sister [[Henrietta of England|Princess Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans]], who dies suddenly soon after returning to France.
* [[June 9]] &ndash; Taking advantage of a [[monsoon]], the [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]] Empire's [[Shivaji]] orders an attack on areas that had been turned over to the Mughal Empire and its emperor [[Aurangazeb]] in 1665. Within 15 days, the cities of Pune, Baramati, Supi and Indapur, along with the [[Rohida fort]], are recaptured by the Maratha Army.
* [[June 10]] &ndash; King Louis XIV of France issues an ordinance prohibiting the French colonies in the Americas from trading with any other nation except France.<ref>Isidore Guët, ''Origines de la Martinique. Le colonel François de Collart et la Martinique de son temps; colonisation, sièges, révoltes et combats de 1625 à 1720'' (Lafoye, 1893) p. 148</ref>
* [[June 15]] &ndash; The first stone of [[Fort Ricasoli]] is laid down in Malta.<ref>{{cite book|title=Studi magrebini|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tpwAAAAMAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Istituto Universitario Orientale|page=98}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 11]] &ndash; Representatives of [[England]] (led by [[Charles II of England|King Charles II]]) and [[Denmark]] (led by [[Christian V of Denmark|King Christian V]]) sign a treaty of alliance and commerce, the [[Treaty of Copenhagen (1670)|Treaty of Copenhagen]]. 
* [[July 18]] (July 8, O.S.) &ndash; The [[Treaty of Madrid (1670)|Treaty of Madrid]], also known as the Godolphin Treaty, is signed between [[England]] and [[Spain]] to formally end hostilities left over from the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)|Anglo-Spanish War]], in the Caribbean, that ended ten years earlier. For the first time, Spain acknowledges that it is not entitled to all territory in the Americas west of Brazil, as provided by the [[1493]] line of demarcation decreed by [[Pope Alexander VI]], and by the [[1494]] [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] between Spain and Portugal. Spain acknowledges that [[Jamaica]] and the [[Cayman Islands]] are English possessions.
* [[August 17]] &ndash; A joint fleet of warships from England (commanded by Commodore Richard Beach on HMS ''Hampshire'') and from the Dutch Republic (led by Admiral Willem Joseph van Ghent on ''Spiegel'') rescue 250 Christian slaves and then sink six [[Barbary pirates|Algerian]] pirate ships in a battle in the Mediterranean Sea off of the coast of [[Morocco]] at [[Cape Spartel]].<ref>[https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/rmgc-object-11790 "Beach and Van Ghent destroy six Barbary ships near Cape Spartel, Morocco, 17 August 1670"], Royal Museums Greenwich</ref>
* [[August 26]] &ndash; The Parliament of France enacts a uniform criminal code for the nation with the passage of the [[Criminal Ordinance of 1670]], which takes effect on January 1. The code remains in force until October 9, 1789, when it is abrogated during the [[French Revolution]].  
* mid-[[August]] &ndash; Three Spanish frigates from Spanish Florida, sailing from St. Augustine and under the command of Juan Menendez Marques, arrive at [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charleston]] harbor, preparing to attack the English settlement in South Carolina. The English settlers have been warned in advance by Indians who had found out about the invasion. Because of a storm, and the English preparations for a siege, Captain Menendez abandons the colony without attempting an attack.<ref>"Intercolonial Friction (1660-1700)", in ''Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present'', ed. by David Marley (ABC-CLIO, 1998) p. 173</ref>
* [[September 5]] &ndash; [[William Penn]] and [[William Mead (merchant)|William Mead]] are found not guilty of violating the [[Conventicles Act 1670]], after a five day jury trial in London. The two had been arrested on August 14 in front of a meeting house [[Gracechurch Street]] after preaching a Quaker sermon outside following a ban on preaching indoors. The defiance by the jury leads to the landmark English decision in [[Bushel's Case]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 3]] &ndash; In India, [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shivaji]] maharaj, the ruler of the [[Maratha Empire]], leads an attack on the British settlement at [[Surat]] near [[Bombay]]. British Governor [[Gerald Aungier]] secures the British fortress at Surat and saves the lives and property of British citizens. 
* [[October 14]] &ndash; ''[[Le Bourgeois gentilhomme]]'', a five-act comedy and ballet authored by [[Molière]], is given its first performance, presented before King [[Louis XIV]] at the [[Château de Chambord]]. Public performances begin on November 23 at the [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)|Théâtre du Palais-Royal]] in [[Paris]].
* [[October 18]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Kitombo]] takes place in southwest Africa in [[Angola]], when colonial soldiers of the [[Army of Portugal]] invade Soyo, an independent [[Kongo people|BaKongo]] kingdom, with the intent of annexing it to Portuguese West Africa.<ref>David Birmingham, ''Portugal and Africa'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 1999) p. 61</ref> The 400 Portuguese troops, led by João Soares de Almeida, encounter a stiff resistance. Soyo's Estevao da Silva, whose army has the benefit of weapons supplied by the Dutch Republic, is joined in battle by troops from the neighboring [[Ngoyo|Kingdom of Ngoyo]] on the other side of the [[Congo River]]. General Soares de Almeida is killed, and most of his troops die or are captured; Soyo's General da Silva is killed in the process of winning the battle. Because of the defeat, Portugal makes no further attempt to conquer Soyo or Ngoyo.
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Louis XIV of France]] inaugurates the construction of ''[[Les Invalides]]'', a veterans' hospital in [[Paris]].
* [[December 15]] &ndash; [[Henry Morgan]], a [[Wales|Welsh]] [[privateer]] in English service, recaptures [[Santa Catalina Island, Colombia]].
* [[December 27]] &ndash; Henry Morgan captures [[Fort San Lorenzo]], on [[Panama]]'s Caribbean coast.
* [[December 31]] &ndash; The expedition of [[John Narborough]] leaves [[Corral Bay]] having surveyed the coast and lost four hostages to the Spanish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Urbina C. |first1=María Ximena |author-link=Ximena Urbina |date=2017 |title=La expedición de John Narborough a Chile, 1670: Defensa de Valdivia, rumeros de indios, informaciones de los prisioneros y la creencia en la Ciudad de los Césares |trans-title=John Narborough expedition to Chile, 1670: Defense of Valdivia, indian rumours, information on prisoners, and the belief in the City of the Césares |url=https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-22442017000200011&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es |journal=[[Magallania]] |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=11–36 |doi=10.4067/S0718-22442017000200011 |access-date=December 27, 2019 |doi-access=free |archive-date=May 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516145116/https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0718-22442017000200011&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=es |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Stenka Razin]] begins the rebellion of [[Cossacks]] in Russia.
* Niani, capital of the [[Mali Empire]], is sacked by the [[Bambara people]] of the emerging Segou Empire.
* The first French settlers arrive on the [[Petite Côte]] of modern-day [[Senegal]].</onlyinclude>