Editing 1669 (section)

== Events ==
=== January–March ===
* [[January 2]] &ndash; Pirate [[Henry Morgan]] of Wales holds a meeting of his captains on board his ship, the former Royal Navy frigate ''Oxford'', and an explosion in the ship's gunpowder supply kills 200 of his crew and four of the pirate captains who had attended the summit.<ref>David Cordingly, ''Under the Black Flag: The Romance and Reality of Life Among the Pirates'' (Random House, 1996) p. 48</ref>  
* [[January 4]] &ndash; A 5.7 magnitude earthquake strikes the city of [[Shamakhi]] in Iran (now in Azerbaijan) and kills 7,000 people. Fourteen months earlier, an [[1667 Shamakhi earthquake|earthquake in Shamakhi killed 80,000 people]].
* [[February 13]] &ndash; The first performance of the ''Ballet de Flore'', a joint collaboration of [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and [[Isaac de Benserade]] is given, premiering at the [[Palais du Louvre]] in Paris. King [[Louis XIV]] finances the performance and even appears in a minor role in the production as a dancer.<ref>Christiane Aulanier, ''Le Pavillon de Flore'' (Editions des Musées Nationaux, 1971) p. 20</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Isaac Newton]] writes his first description of his new invention, the [[reflecting telescope]].<ref>Alfred Rupert Hall, ''Isaac Newton: Adventurer in Thought'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996) p. 67</ref> 
* [[March 11]] &ndash; [[Mount Etna]] [[1669 Etna eruption|erupts]], destroying the Sicilian town of [[Nicolosi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mount Etna {{!}} Eruptions, History, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mount-Etna |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=7 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref> 
* [[March 28]] &ndash; [[Radu Leon]] is deposed by the Ottoman Sultan as [[List of rulers of Wallachia|Prince]] of [[Wallachia]] (now part of [[Romania]] and is replaced by [[Antonie Vodă din Popești]].

=== April–June === 
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Aurangzeb]], the Muslim Emperor of the [[Mughal Empire]] in India, issues a [[firman]] decree for the protection of all [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temples and schools in his kingdom.
* [[May 1]] &ndash; the Spanish [[Armada de Barlovento]] is defeated by an English Privateer fleet led by Captain [[Henry Morgan]] during [[Henry Morgan's raid on Lake Maracaibo|his raid on Lake Maracaibo]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Walter Adolphe |author1-link=Walter Adolphe Roberts |title=Sir Henry Morgan, Buccaneer and Governor |date=1933 |publisher=Covici, Friede |page=156 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKlnAAAAMAAJ}}</ref>
* [[May 19]] &ndash; The first people executed in Sweden's [[Mora witch trial]] are put to death, with seven women and one man beheaded after being convicted of "abduction of children to Satan."  
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Samuel Pepys]] stops writing his diary.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pepys' last words |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/only-in-britain/samuel-pepys-diary/ |website=The Telegraph |access-date=13 June 2018 |date=31 May 2016}}</ref>
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Roux de Marsilly]], accused of plotting the assassination of King [[Louis XIV of France]], is publicly tortured in Paris, [[Kingdom of France|France]].
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[François de Vendôme, Duke of Beaufort]], disappears in battle, during the [[siege of Candia]] in [[Crete]].

=== July–September ===
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Trịnh Tạc]], the warlord who administers the [[Dai Viet|Kingdom of Vietnam]], issues an order banning all foreign vessels from entering the harbor at [[Hanoi]], requiring to anchor no closer than the river port  at [[Hưng Yên|Pho Hien]], {{convert|35|mi}} down the Red River from Hanoi.   
* [[July 16]] &ndash; A rockfall from the [[Mönchsberg]] mountain above [[Salzburg]] in Austria kills 230 people as tons of the mountainside fall onto a neighborhood on a street, the ''Gstättengasse''.
* [[July 24]] &ndash; During an attempt by a fleet of French Navy ships to stop the [[siege of Candia]] by bombardment of Ottoman positions on the island of [[Crete]], the arsenal of gunpowder on the French [[flagship]], the 56-gun warship [[French ship Thérèse (1665)|''Thérèse'']], catches fire and explodes. Out of 350 crew on the ''Thérèse'', only seven survive. Demoralized, the remaining French commanders halt the bombardment and the fleet withdraws.
* [[July 25]] &ndash; Pieter Bickel, a Lutheran pastor and a mountaineer in Austria, becomes the first person to climb to the peak of the tallest of the Southeastern Walsertal Mountains, the {{convert|8310|foot}} [[Großer Widderstein]].
* [[July]] &ndash; The [[Hanseatic League]], after 400 years of operation, holds its last official meeting, taking place at the city of [[Lübeck]]. At its height, the economic alliance of German cities had 180 members; only nine (Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, Danzig, Braunschweig, Cologne, Hildesheim, Osnabrück and Rostock) are represented for the final gathering.<ref>Dieter Zimmerling, ''The Hanseatic League: Trading Power under the Sign of the Cog'' (Heyne, 1978)</ref> The final series of meetings had started on May 29.<ref>Werner Scheltjens, ''North Eurasian Trade in World History, 1660–1860: The Economic and Political Importance of the Baltic Sea'' (Taylor & Francis, 2021)</ref>
* [[August 17]] &ndash; A group of English settlers, led by [[Joseph West (politician)|Joseph West]], departs from The Downs on the ship ''Carolina'' with instructions to make the first European settlement in the modern-day U.S. state of [[South Carolina]]. After a long voyage with stops in Ireland and Barbados, the ''Carolina'' settlers arrive at Port Royal on March 17 next.  
* [[August 24]] &ndash;  "The [[Man in the Iron Mask]]", a prisoner identified as "Eustache Dauger", arrives at the French fortress of [[Pinerolo|Pignerol]], with [[Bénigne Dauvergne de Saint-Mars]] in charge of his incarceration. The identity of the prisoner is kept secret with a mask &ndash; actually of velvet &ndash; over his face, so legends as to his true identity grow.<ref>French novelist and historian [[Marcel Pagnol]] theorizes in a 1965 book, ''[[Le Secret du Masque de fer]]'', that the prisoner is the older, illegitimate brother of France's King [[Louis XIV]], punished for conspiracy against the crown.</ref>  
* [[August 25]] &ndash; The day after the verdicts at the [[Mora witch trial]] in Sweden, 14 women and one man are publicly beheaded after having confessed to various crimes involving the use of "enchanted tools" on behalf of the Devil. Another 47 are convicted and taken away for a later execution.  
* [[September 6]] &ndash; [[Francesco Morosini]], ''capitano generale'' of the Venetian forces in the [[siege of Candia]], surrenders to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]].
* [[September 23]] &ndash; [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]] grants the status and privileges of a [[university]] to the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]] [[Academy]] in [[Zagreb]], the precursor to the modern [[University of Zagreb]].
* [[September 29]] &ndash; The formal coronation of [[Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki]] as [[King of Poland]] (and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]]) takes place in [[Kraków]].

=== October–December ===
* [[October 4]] &ndash; Dutch painter [[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]] dies at the age of 63, after completing his final known work ''[[Self-Portrait at the Age of 63]]''.  Despite his wealth, is buried in an unmarked grave in [[Amsterdam]]'s [[Westerkerk]].  After 20 years, his remains are removed and destroyed in accordance with church custom. 
* [[October 6]] &ndash; [[Molière]]'s comedy ballet ''[[Monsieur de Pourceaugnac]]'' (with music by [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]] and choreography by [[Pierre Beauchamp]] is performed for the first time, premiering at the [[Château of Chambord]].
* [[October 9]] &ndash; The English ship ''Nonsuch'' returns to London with the first products acquired from trade around Canada's Hudson Bay, a cargo of fine furs.  The bounty from the ''Nonsuch'' expedition attracts investors for the soon-to-be-chartered [[Hudson's Bay Company]].
* [[October 15]] &ndash; The [[University of Innsbruck]] is chartered in Austria by [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor]].<ref>[https://www.uibk.ac.at/universitaet/profil/geschichte/ "History of the University of Innsbruck"], University of Innsbruck website</ref>  After being reduced to a lesser function on November 29, 1781, it is rechartered in 1826. 
* [[October 19]] &ndash; The [[List of parliaments of Scotland|Parliament of Scotland]] holds its first new session in six years (although two Conventions of Estates had been held briefly in 1665 and 1667). The session is opened in [[Edinburgh]] by [[Charles II of England]] in his capacity as [[King of Scotland]]. 
* [[October 29]] &ndash; Ukrainian Cossack General [[Mykhailo Khanenko]] is defeated by [[Petro Doroshenko]] at the Battle of [[Stebliv]] after attempting to wrest control of [[Right-bank Ukraine|Ukraine's territory on the west side]] of the [[Dnieper]] River from Doroshenko.
* [[November 28]] &ndash; In India, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb]] learns of a rebellion of Hindu residents of in various parts of the Mathurá where he had given the order for the destruction of non-Muslim temples, with rioting in Mauza' Rewarah, Chandarkah, and Surkhrú. The Emperor's historian, Saqi Mustaid Khan, records Aurangzeb's dispatch of General Hasan 'Ali Khán to attack the rebels, and 300 of them are "sent to perdition" while the Mughals lose "many imperial soldiers".  Another 250 surviving rebels are arrested.  Kokilá Ját, leader of the rebels, is among the prisoners put to death a month later.<ref>Jadunath Sarkar, ed., ''Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History Of Emperor Aurangzeb by Saqi Mustaid Khan'' (Longmans, Green and Company, 1947) p. 60</ref>
* [[December 8]] &ndash; The [[Bima Sultanate|Sultanate of Bima]], located on the now-[[Indonesia]]n island of [[Sumbawa]] and ruled by Abu'l-Khair Sirajuddin, surrenders its authority to the Dutch East Indies Company, the VOC. 
* [[December 9]] &ndash; [[Pope Clement IX]] dies at the age of 69 after a reign of two and a half years.
* [[December 13]] &ndash; [[Jean Racine]]'s five-act tragic play ''[[Britannicus (play)|Britannicus]]'' is performed for the first time, premiering at the [[Hôtel de Bourgogne (theatre)|Hôtel de Bourgogne]] in Paris.  The play continues to be performed more than 350 years later, including a 2011 version translated by [[Howard Rubenstein (physician)|Dr. Howard Rubenstein]].  
* [[December 18]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Cádiz (1669)|Battle of Cádiz]] begins off of the coast of the Spanish city as the English warship [[HMS Mary Rose (1660)|HMS ''Mary Rose'']] encounters seven pirate ships from [[Algeria]].  Although none of the ships on either side are sunk, the Algerians are forced to retreat with an unknown number of casualties, and the ''Mary Rose'' loses 12 dead and 18 wounded.
* [[December 21]] &ndash; A [[1669–1670 papal conclave|papal conclave]] that will last for four months begins in Rome to select a successor to Pope Clement IX, who had died 12 days earlier.  At the opening, 54 of the 70 members of the [[College of Cardinals]] are present.  At least 21 Cardinals are considered for the papacy before Emilio Altieri is selected on April 29 to become Pope Clement X.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Shakushain's revolt]] breaks out in [[Hokkaido]], Japan.
* [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] units burn the eastern part of [[Kolárovo]].
* The Chinese [[Kangxi Emperor]] allows coastal residents deported in the [[Great Clearance]] of [[1662]] to return home.
* Famine in [[Bengal]] kills 3 million people.
* [[Phosphorus]] is discovered by German alchemist [[Hennig Brand]], the first chemical element to be discovered that was not known since ancient times.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/ed009p11|title=The discovery of the elements. II. Elements known to the alchemists|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=9|issue=1|page=11|year=1932|last1=Weeks|first1=Mary Elvira|bibcode=1932JChEd...9...11W}}</ref>
* [[Antonio Stradivari]] makes his first violin in Cremona.
* [[Okaya & Co.]] is founded as Sasaya, a trading company in [[Nagoya]], Japan. 
* The Chinese herbal medicine company [[Tong Ren Tang]] (同仁堂) is established in Beijing.
* [[Blaise Pascal]]'s ''[[Pensées]]'' is posthumously published in Paris.
* [[Jan Swammerdam]] publishes his ''Algemeene Verhandeling van de bloedeloose dierkens'', a groundbreaking work in [[microscopy]], as well as [[entomology]].
* The [[Orange College of Breda]] is wound up.
* [[Jean Picard]] begins measurement of 1 degree of [[Earth]]'s [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] arc in France.