Editing 1665 (section)

== Events ==


=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 5]] &ndash; The ''[[Journal des sçavans]]'' begins publication of the first scientific journal in France.
* [[February 15]] &ndash; [[Molière]]'s comedy ''[[Dom Juan|Dom Juan ou le Festin de pierre]]'', based on the Spanish legend of the womanizer [[Don Juan|Don Juan Tenorio]] and [[Tirso de Molina]]'s Spanish play ''[[El burlador de Sevilla y convidado de piedra]]'', premieres in [[Paris]] at the [[Théâtre du Palais-Royal (rue Saint-Honoré)|Théâtre du Palais-Royal]].
* [[February 21]] &ndash; In India, [[Shivaji|Shivaji Bhonsale]] of the Maratha Empire captures the English [[East India Company]]'s trading post at [[Sadashivgad]] (now located in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]).  
* [[February]] &ndash; In England, [[Richard Lower (physician)|Dr. Richard Lower]] performs the first blood transfusion between animals.  According to his account to the Royal Society journal ''Philosophical Transactions'' in December, Dr. Lower "towards the end of February...  selected one dog of medium size, opened its jugular vein, and drew off blood, until its strength was nearly gone.  Then, to make up for the great loss of this dog by the blood of a second, I introduced blood from the cervical artery of a fairly large mastiff, which had been fastened alongside the first, until this latter animal showed it was overfilled by the inflowing blood."  <ref>"The history of peripheral intravenous catheters: How little plastic tubes revolutionized medicine", By A. M. Rivera, et al., ''Acta Anaesthesiologica Belgica 56'' (2005) p. 272-273</ref>
* [[March 4]] &ndash; The [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] begins.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyorb.com/events/date/1735|title=Historical Events for Year 1735 &#124; OnThisDay.com|website=Historyorb.com|access-date=2016-08-14}}</ref>
* [[March 6]] &ndash; The ''[[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society|Philosophical Transactions]]'' of the [[Royal Society]] of London begins publication in England, the first scientific journal in English and the oldest to be continuously published.
* [[March 11]] &ndash; A new legal code is approved for the Dutch and English towns of New York, guaranteeing all Protestants the right to continue their religious observances unhindered.
* [[March 16]] &ndash; [[Bucharest]] allows Jews to settle in the city, in exchange for an annual tax of 16 guilders.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The burial of Margaret Porteous is recorded; hers is the first known death during the [[Great Plague of London]]. This last major outbreak of [[Bubonic plague]] in the British Isles has possibly been introduced by [[Netherlands|Dutch]] [[prisoners of war]]. Two-thirds of Londoners leave the city, but over 68,000 die. The plague spreads to [[Derby plague of 1665|Derbyshire]].
* [[May 19]] &ndash; Great fire of [[Newport, Shropshire]], [[Kingdom of England|England]].
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Shivaji]], leader of the Bhonsale clan of the Marathas in India, signs the [[Treaty of Purandar (1665)|Treaty of Purandar]] with the [[Mughal Empire]], giving up 23 of the 35 forts under his control, agreeing to pay reparations to the Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]], and sending his son to stay as a hostage at [[Agra]].
* [[June 12]] &ndash; England installs a municipal government in New York City (the former [[Netherlands|Dutch]] settlement of [[New Amsterdam]]).
* [[June 13]] ([[June 3]] [[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]]) &ndash; [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lowestoft]]: The English Navy,  under [[James II of England|James Stuart, Duke of York]], is victorious against the Dutch.
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Battle of Montes Claros]] between [[Habsburg Spain|Spanish]] and a combined [[English Expedition to Portugal (1662-1668)|Anglo]]-[[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]] force ends with a decisive Portuguese victory.
* [[June 30]] &ndash; King [[Charles II of England]] issues a second charter for the [[Province of Carolina]], which clarifies and expands the borders of the [[Lords Proprietor]]s' tracts.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 3]] &ndash; The first documented case of [[cyclopia]] is diagnosed in a horse.
* [[July 7]] &ndash; King Charles II of England leaves London with his entourage, fleeing the [[Great Plague of London|Great Plague]]. He moves his court to [[Salisbury]], then [[Exeter]].
* [[July 9]] &ndash; The colonization of the south Indian Ocean island [[Réunion]] begins, with the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|Compagnie des Indes Orientales]] sending 20 permanent settlers, under the command of Etienne Regnault, from the French ship ''Taureau''.<ref>Raoul Lucas and Mario Serviable, ''Commandants et gouverneurs de l'île de La Réunion'' (Océan Éditions, 2008)</ref>
* [[July 11]] &ndash; Pierre de Beausse, an envoy of France's King [[Louis XIV]], formally claims possession of the African island of [[Madagascar]] on behalf of the [[Louis XIV's East India Company|French East India Company]] after landing on the coast in the 32-gun frigate ''Saint-Paul''.<ref>"Theological and Religious Intelligence: A General View of Missions, IX. Madagascar", in ''The Andover Review'' (June 1888) p.648</ref>
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The Dutch fleet defeats the English in the [[Battle of Vågen]] off Norway in the [[Second Anglo-Dutch War]].
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The Great Plague forces the closure of the [[University of Cambridge]], where [[Isaac Newton]] is a student.<ref>"Newton, Sir Isaac", in ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Vol. XL (Myllar—Nicholls) (Smith, Elder & Co., 1894) p. 372</ref> Newton retires to his home in [[Lincolnshire]] for safety, and stays there for two years.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hitzeroth | first = Deborah | title = Sir Isaac Newton | publisher = Lucent Books | location = San Diego, CA | year = 1994 | isbn = 9781560060468 | page=24}}</ref> During this time alone, Newton will make groundbreaking discoveries in [[mathematics]], [[calculus]], [[mechanics]] and [[optics]], and lay the foundations for his books ''[[Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica]]'' and ''[[Optiks]]''.
* [[August 27]] &ndash; ''Ye Bare & Ye Cubbe'', the first play in English in the American colonies, is given its first performance.  The presentation takes place at Cowles Tavern in [[Pungoteague, Virginia]].<ref>[https://jlaschulman.tripod.com/id28.html "1665 The First Play"], by Joel Eis</ref> The event is documented in 1958 in a historical marker with the heading "The Bear and the Cub" which says "This first play recorded in the United States was presented August 27, 1665. The [[Accomack County, Virginia|Accomack County]] Court at Pungoteague heard charges against three men 'for acting a play,' ordered inspection of costumes and script, but found the men 'not guilty.'"<ref> [https://vcris.dhr.virginia.gov/HistoricMarkers/ Historical Highway Markers, "The Bear and the Cub WY-17"], Virginia Department of Historic Resources</ref>
* [[September 17]] &ndash; [[Charles II of Spain]] becomes king while not yet four years old.
* [[September 22]] &ndash; [[Molière]]'s ''[[L'Amour médecin]]'' is first presented, before [[Louis XIV of France]], at the [[Palace of Versailles]], with music by [[Jean-Baptiste Lully]].
* [[September]] &ndash; [[Robert Hooke]]'s ''[[Micrographia]]'' is published in London, first applying the term '[[Cell (biology)|cell]]' to plant tissue, which he discovered first in [[Cork (material)|cork]], then in living organisms, using a [[microscope]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[Kiel University]] is founded in the [[Duchy of Holstein]].
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Louis XIV of France]] and [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert]] found the ''Manufacture royale des glaces of [[Saint Gobain]]'', which is the oldest French company of the [[CAC 40]], with 350 years in [[2015]].
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mbwila]]: Portuguese forces defeat and kill King [[António I of Kongo]].
* [[November 7]] &ndash; ''[[The London Gazette]]'' is first published as ''The Oxford Gazette''.
* [[December 10]] &ndash; The [[Royal Netherlands Marine Corps]] is founded by [[Michiel de Ruyter]].

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Joan Blaeu]] completes publication of his ''[[Atlas Maior]]'' (''Theatrum Orbis Terrarum'') in [[Amsterdam]].