Editing 1655 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Titan multi spectral overlay.jpg|110px|thumb|[[March 25]]: [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], the largest moon of [[Saturn]], is discovered.]]
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 5]] &ndash; [[Emperor Go-Sai]] ascends to the throne of [[Japan]].
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Pope Innocent X]], leader of the [[Roman Catholic Church]] and the [[Papal States]], dies after more than 10 years of rule.
* [[February 14]] &ndash; The [[Mapuche]]s launch coordinated attacks against the Spanish in Chile, beginning the [[Mapuche uprising of 1655]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Historia general de Chile|last=Barros Arana|first=Diego|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|location=Alicante|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_69.html#I_15_|edition=Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000|volume=4|language=es|author-link=Diego Barros Arana|page=349}}</ref>  
* [[February 16]] &ndash; Dutch Grand Pensionary advisor [[Johan de Witt]] marries Wendela Bicker.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rowen |first1=Herbert Harvey |title=John de Witt, grand pensionary of Holland, 1625-1672 |date=1978 |publisher=Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-05247-2 |pages=100–102 |url=https://archive.org/details/johndewittgrandp0000rowe |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[March 8]] &ndash; [[John Casor]] becomes the first legally recognized slave in what will become the United States, as a court in Northampton County in the [[Colony of Virginia]] issues its decision in the [[Anthony Johnson (colonist)#Casor lawsuit|Casor lawsuit]], the first  instance of a judicial determination in the Thirteen Colonies holding that a person who has committed no crime could be held in servitude for life.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldsmyth |first1=Samll |last2=Radford |first2=James |last3=Jones |first3=David |last4=Hawkins |first4=Peter |last5=Russell |first5=John H. |title=Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia |journal=The Journal of Negro History |date=June 1916 |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=234–235 |doi=10.2307/3035621 |jstor=3035621 |s2cid=149783730 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.2307/3035621 |access-date=16 March 2022 |language=en |issn=0022-2992}}</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Saturn]]'s largest moon, [[Titan (moon)|Titan]], is discovered by [[Christiaan Huygens]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lynn |first1=W.T. |title=The Discovery of Titan |journal=The Observatory |date=1888 |volume=11 |page=338 |bibcode=1888Obs....11..338L |url=https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1888Obs....11..338L |access-date=16 March 2022}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; Battle of [[Ghar al Milh|Porto Farina]], [[Tunis]]: English admiral [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Robert Blake]]'s fleet defeats the [[Barbary Coast|Barbary]] pirates.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Authors |first1=Multiple |title=Early Modern Wars 1500–1775 |date=17 September 2013 |publisher=Amber Books Ltd |isbn=978-1-78274-121-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_GxAgAAQBAJ&q=april+14,+1655 |chapter=Tunisia|access-date=17 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Pope Alexander VII]] (born Fabio Chigi) succeeds [[Pope Innocent X]], as the 237th [[pope]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Delbeke |first1=Maarten |title="Custos Montium". A Prophecy on the Election of Alexander VII in Jean Lepautre's Depiction of the Chapel of Notre Dame de la Paix in the Louvre |journal=Zeitschrift für Kunstgeschichte |date=2009 |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=369–388 |jstor=40379424 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40379424 |access-date=17 March 2022 |issn=0044-2992}}</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; The [[Piedmontese Easter]] Massacre of the [[Waldensians]]: [[Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy]] slaughters 1,500 men, women and children; this is memorialized in [[John Milton]]'s sonnet "[[On the Late Massacre in Piedmont]]" and apologized for by [[Pope Francis]] in [[2015]].
* [[April 26]] &ndash; The [[Dutch West India Company]] denies [[Peter Stuyvesant]]'s request to exclude Jews from [[New Amsterdam]] ([[Manhattan]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oppenheim |first1=Samuel |title=The Early History of the Jews in New York, 1654-1664: Some New Matter on the Subject |date=1909 |publisher=Reprint Services Corporation |isbn=978-0-7812-5313-0 |pages=1, 8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s3A-AAAAYAAJ&q=The+Dutch+West+India+Company+Peter+Stuyvesant+april+26+1655 |access-date=17 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Robert Blake (admiral)|Admiral Blake]] severely damages the arsenal of the [[Bey]] of [[Tunis]].
* [[May 10]]&ndash;[[May 27|27]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)|Anglo-Spanish War]]: [[Invasion of Jamaica]] &ndash; Forces of the English Protectorate led by [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|William Penn]] and [[Robert Venables]] capture the island of [[Jamaica]] from [[Spain]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Robertson |first=James |date=5 May 2005 |volume=55|issue=5|title=Cromwell and the Conquest of Jamaica |url=https://www.historytoday.com/archive/cromwell-and-conquest-jamaica |magazine=[[History Today]] |url-access=subscription|access-date=18 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Ariana Nozeman|Adriana Nooseman-van de Bergh]] becomes the first actress, in [[Theatre of Van Campen|Amsterdam theater]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schama |first1=Simon |title=The embarrassment of riches : an interpretation of Dutch culture in the Golden Age |date=1997 |publisher=New York : Vintage Books |isbn=978-0-679-78124-0 |page=408 |url=https://archive.org/details/embarrassmentofr00simo |access-date=17 March 2022}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 20]] &ndash; The Amsterdam Town Hall (the modern-day [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam|Royal Palace]]) is inaugurated.
* [[July 27]]
** The Jews in [[New Amsterdam]] petition for a separate Jewish cemetery.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pool |first1=David de Sola |title=An old faith in the New World; portrait of Shearith Israel, 1654-1954 |date=1955 |publisher=New York, Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231878159 |page=30 |url=https://archive.org/details/oldfaithinnewwor00pool |access-date=19 March 2022}}</ref>
** The Netherlands and [[Brandenburg]] sign a military treaty.
* [[July 30]] &ndash; Dutch troops capture Fort Assahudi Seram.
* [[July 31]] &ndash; [[Russo-Polish War (1654–67)]]: The Russian army enters the capital of the [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], [[Vilnius]], which it holds for 6 years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=BATŪRA |first1=Romas |title=Pamiršta kovos su priešais vieta |url=http://lzinios.lt/lzinios/komentarai/pamirsta-kovos-su-priesais-vieta/187547 |website= |access-date=19 March 2022 |date=29 July 2017 |language=lt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729000523/http://lzinios.lt/lzinios/komentarai/pamirsta-kovos-su-priesais-vieta/187547 |archive-date=29 July 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[August 9]] &ndash; Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell]] divides England into 11 districts, under major-generals.
* [[August 28]] &ndash; [[New Amsterdam]] and [[Peter Stuyvesant]] bar colonial Jews from military service.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kohler |first1=Max J. |title=Civil Status of the Jews in Colonial New York |journal=Publications of the American Jewish Historical Society |date=1897 |issue=6 |page=87 |jstor=43058641 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43058641 |access-date=21 March 2022 |issn=0146-5511}}</ref>
* [[August]] &ndash; The governor of [[New Netherland]], [[Peter Stuyvesant]], attacks the [[New Sweden]] ([[Delaware]]) colony.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The History of the Colony of New Sweden |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20084647 |magazine=The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|volume=8|issue=2|pages=146–148 |date=October 1, 1884|jstor=20084647 |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[September 8]] &ndash; Swedish King [[Karl X Gustav]] occupies [[Warsaw]] (Poland).
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Peter Stuyvesant]] recaptures the Dutch Fory Casimir, and defeats the [[New Sweden]] ([[Delaware]]) colony.

=== October &ndash;December ===
* [[October 15]] &ndash; The Jews of [[Lublin]] are massacred.
* [[October 19]] &ndash; Swedish King [[Karl X Gustav]] occupies [[Kraków]] (Poland).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Milewski |first1=Dariusz |title=Szwedzi w Krakowie - Wiadomości w Onet.pl |url=http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html |website=onet.pl |publisher=[[Wiadomości]] |access-date=21 March 2022 |language=pl |date=18 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518220019/http://wiadomosci.onet.pl/kiosk/historia/szwedzi-w-krakowie,1,3338904,wiadomosc.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[November 3]] &ndash; England and France sign military and economic treaties.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=James Brown |title=The Development of Modern Diplomacy: II: Peaceful Settlement of Controversies Between Nations by Means of Arbitration, Congresses, or Judicial Decisions |journal=Advocate of Peace Through Justice |date=1921 |quote=The case was different with the Treaty of Westminster of November 3, 1655, between Cromwell, of the British Commonwealth, on the one hand, and Louis XIV, on the other.|volume=83 |issue=3 |pages=97 |jstor=20659646 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20659646 |issn=2155-7802}}</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; English Lord Protector [[Oliver Cromwell]] announces measures against the [[Laudianism|Laudian party]], which are enforced starting on January 1.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=John William |title=The Transformation of Anglicanism, 1643-1660: With Special Reference to Henry Hammond |date=1969 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jBwNAQAAIAAJ |access-date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bosher |first1=Robert S. (Robert Semple) |title=The making of the Restoration settlement : the influence of the Laudians, 1649-1662 |date=1951 |publisher=Westminster : Dacre Press |pages=40–41 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingofrestorat0000bosh |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[December 4]] &ndash; Middelburg, the Netherlands forbids the building of a [[synagogue]].
* [[December 18]] &ndash; The [[Whitehall Conference]] ends with the determination that there is no law preventing Jews from re-entering England after the Edict of Expulsion of 1290.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osterman |first1=Nathan |title=The Controversy over the Proposed Readmission of the Jews to England (1655) |journal=Jewish Social Studies |date=1941 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=301–303 |jstor=4464425 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4464425 |access-date=21 March 2022 |issn=0021-6704}}</ref>
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Second Northern War]]/the [[Deluge (history)|Deluge]]: Monks at the [[Jasna Góra Monastery]] in [[Częstochowa]] are successful in fending off a [[Siege of Jasna Góra|month-long siege]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dabrowski |first1=Patrice M. |title=Poland: The First Thousand Years |date=1 October 2014 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-5740-2 |pages=203–204 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X__-DwAAQBAJ |access-date=21 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Stephan Farffler]], a 22-year-old [[Paraplegia|paraplegic]] watchmaker, builds the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of [[Crank (mechanism)|cranks]] and [[Gear|cogwheels]].<ref name="Bellis">{{cite web|last1=Bellis|first1=Mary|title=History of the Wheelchair|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/history-of-the-wheelchair-1992670|website=thoughtco.com|access-date=April 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name="Koerth-Baker">{{cite web|last1=Koerth-Baker|first1=Maggie|title=Who Invented the Wheelchair?|url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/20768/who-invented-wheelchair|website=mentalfloss.com|date=February 2, 2009 |access-date=April 14, 2017}}</ref> However, the device has the appearance of a hand bike more than a [[wheelchair]] since the design includes hand cranks mounted at the front wheel.<ref name="History of Wheelchairs">{{cite web|title=History of Wheelchairs|url=http://www.wheelchair-information.com/history-of-wheelchairs.html|website=wheelchair-information.com|access-date=April 14, 2017|archive-date=March 7, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190307075310/http://www.wheelchair-information.com/history-of-wheelchairs.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* The ''[[Leiden University Library|Bibliotheca Thysiana]]'' is erected,<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Mourtis |first=E.V.M. |date=December 14, 2016 |title=Een kamer gevuld met de mooiste boeken : de bibliotheek van Johannes Thysius (1622-1653) |type=PhD |chapter=Introduction |publisher=Vantilt
|chapter-url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/45015|page=11|language=nl|access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> the only surviving 17th century example in the Netherlands, of a building designed as a library.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Tuinstra |first=Willemijn|date=2019 |title=Conscience & Connections. Marcellus Franckheim (1587-1644) and his contacts in the Habsburg World at the eve of the Thirty Years War |type=MA |chapter=The Calvinist Connection|page=10 |chapter-url=https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/76967 |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[1655 Malta plague outbreak]] kills 20 people.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Savona-Ventura |first1=Charles |title=Knight Hospitaller Medicine in Malta [1530–1798] |date=2015 |publisher=Self-published |isbn=9781326482220 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrA_CwAAQBAJ |pages=224–225}}</ref>
* [[Frederick III of Denmark|Frederick III of Denmark-Norway]] gives control of the [[Faroe Islands]] to [[Christoffer Gabel]] and his son, which will last until 1709.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wylie |first1=Jonathan |title=The Faroe Islands : interpretations of history |date=1987 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=978-0-8131-1578-8 |page=37 |url=https://archive.org/details/faroeislandsinte0000wyli |access-date=30 April 2022}}</ref></onlyinclude>