Editing 1653 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Taj_Mahal_(south_view,_2006).jpg|thumb|[[Taj Mahal]] mausoleum is completed.]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 3]] &ndash; By the [[Coonan Cross Oath]], the Eastern Church in India cuts itself off from colonial Portuguese tutelage.
* [[January]] &ndash; The [[Swiss peasant war of 1653|Swiss Peasant War]] begins after magistrates meeting at [[Lucerne]] refuse to hear from a group of peasants who have been financially hurt by the devaluation of the currency issued from [[Bern]].
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[New Amsterdam]] (now [[New York City]]) received [[Town privileges|municipal rights]] by a charter from [[New Netherland]] Governor [[Peter Stuyvesant]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wlEaAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22New+Amsterdam%22+February+1653&pg=PA780 "The New York Tercentenary: An Exhibition of the History of New Netherland"], in by Victor Hugo Paltsits, in ''Bulletin of the New York Public Library'' (October, 1926) p.780</ref>
* [[February 3]] &ndash; [[Cardinal Mazarin]] returns to [[Paris]] from exile.
* [[February 10]] &ndash; [[Swiss peasant war of 1653]]: Peasants from the Entlebuch valley in Switzerland assemble at Heiligkreuz to organize a plan to suspend all tax payments to the authorities in the [[canton of Lucerne]], after having been snubbed at a magisterial meeting in Lucerne. More communities in the canton join in an alliance concluded at [[Wolhusen]] on February 26. 
* [[February ]] &ndash; The [[Morning Star Rebellion]] (''Morgonstjärneupproret'') of peasants breaks out in Sweden's province of [[Närke]], against [[Christina, Queen of Sweden|Queen Christina]].<ref>Oskar Garstein, ''Rome and the Counter-Reformation in Scandinavia: The Age of Gustavus Adolphus and Queen Christina of Sweden, 1622-1656'' (E. J. Brill, 1992) p. 688</ref> It is brutally suppressed by April, and its leader, the self-proclaimed King Olof Mårtensson (who uses a [[Morning star (weapon)|morning star]] as his [[scepter]]) is executed on a [[breaking wheel]] on April 6.
* [[March 14]] &ndash; A Dutch fleet defeats the English in the [[Battle of Leghorn]] in the Mediterranean but the Dutch commander, [[Johan van Galen]], later dies of his wounds.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 20]] &ndash; [[Oliver Cromwell]] expels the [[Rump Parliament]] in [[England]].
* [[April 28]] &ndash;  The [[Marlborough, Wiltshire#History|Great Fire of Marlborough]] destroys 224 houses and much of the textile businesses in the Wiltshire town which, "at that date was one of considerable importance, and had merchants of affluence and repute."<ref name=Fires>"Fires, Great", in ''The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance'', Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p30 </ref> 
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Ferdinand IV, King of the Romans|Ferdinand IV]], already the King of Bohemia, Hungary and Croatia, is elected [[King of the Romans]] by his fellow German monarchs, making him eligible to succeed his father [[Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand III]] as [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. Ferdinand IV will not live to become Holy Roman Emperor, instead dying from smallpox 14 months after his designation.
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[First Anglo-Dutch War]]: The English navy defeats the Dutch fleet in the [[Battle of the Gabbard]] after a two-day fight.
* [[June 20]] &ndash; The [[Swiss peasant war of 1653]] ends after Swiss Army troops under the command of [[Sebastian Peregrin Zwyer]] suppress the last rebels in Switzerland's Entlebuch Valley.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 4]] &ndash; [[Barebone's Parliament]], named for a prominent Puritan member, [[Praise-God Barebone]], opens its session in [[London]] with elected representatives to pass laws for the [[Commonwealth of England]].
* [[July 8]] &ndash; [[John Thurloe]] becomes Cromwell's head of intelligence.
* [[August 5]] &ndash; [[Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg]] reaffirms the nobility's freedom from taxation, and its unlimited control over the peasants, in return for a grant to him of 530,000 silver [[Thaler#Joachimsthaler|Joachimsthaler]]s to be paid in installments over six years.<ref>Hajo Holborn, ''A History of Modern Germany, 1648-1840'' (Princeton University Press, 1959) p. 59</ref>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; The ''petite post'', a system of postage using prepaid labels and [[post box]]es, is inaugurated in Paris by [[Jean-Jacques Renouard de Villayer]] for the mailing of letters within the city, an event noted by [[Madeleine de Scudéry]] in her manuscript ''Chroniques du samedi''.<ref>"The Marais: 'Paris' in the seventeenth century", by Joan Dejean, in ''The Cambridge Companion to the Literature of Paris'', ed. by Anna-Louise Milne (Cambridge University Press, 2013) p. 29</ref>
* [[August 10]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Scheveningen]], the final naval battle of the [[First Anglo-Dutch War]], ends after three days of fighting off the island of [[Texel]], as the English Navy gains a tactical victory over the Dutch fleet.
* [[September 13]] &ndash; A violent storm off the west coast of Scotland sinks the English Navy warship ''[[English ship Swan (1641)|Swan]]'', and the commandeered merchantmen ''Speedwell'' and ''Martha and Margaret'', all of which have been anchored off of Mull.  Most of the crews had gone ashore, but 23 of the men on the ship ''Speedwell'' are killed.
* [[September 29]] &ndash; In India, the [[Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)#Third siege|third and final attempt]] by the [[Mughal Empire]], to recapture the city of [[Kandahar]] from the [[Safavid Empire]], ends in failure after almost six months despite the presence of 70,000 Mughal soldiers under the command of Prince [[Dara Shukoh]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 11]] (October 1 O.S.) &ndash; The [[Zemsky Sobor]], the Russian Empire's national assembly, opens its session to declare [[Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)|a war against the Kingdom of Poland]].
* [[October 20]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Bordeaux (1653)|Battle of Bordeaux]] is fought between French and Spanish warships in the [[Gironde estuary]] of [[France]] as part of the [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|Franco-Spanish War]]. The Spanish fleet of 30 warships, under the command of [[Marquess of Santa Cruz (1569)#Marquesses of Santa Cruz (1569)|Álvaro de Bazán y Manrique de Lara]], Marquis of Santa Cruz, overwhelms the French fleet of [[César, Duke of Vendôme]] and captures ten galleys and brigantines, as well as burning four other warships and 15 barges. 
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Erdeni Bumba]], the wife and chief consort of China's [[Shunzhi Emperor]], is demoted from being the empress to being a [[concubinage|concubine]].
* [[October 29]] &ndash; [[Pierre-Esprit Radisson]], a French Canadian teenager who had been captured by a [[Mohawk people|Mohawk]] raiding party two years earlier and then tortured, escapes captivity in what is now the U.S. state of New York.
* [[November 8]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Arronches]] takes place near the town of [[Arronches]] on the Portuguese side of the border between [[Portugal]] and [[Spain]], with the Portuguese Army outflanking and defeating a larger Spanish force.
* [[November 16]] &ndash; The ''[[Krishnanattam]]'', a series of eight dance dramas written by [[Manaveda|Mana Veda]], [[Zamorin]] of [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] in India to tell the epic of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] god [[Krishna]], is completed.
* [[November 30]] &ndash; [[Jacques Dyel du Parquet]] completes his installment payments, totaling 41,500 [[French livre]]s, to become the exclusive owner of the Caribbean islands of [[Martinique]], [[Grenada]], [[Saint Lucia]] and the [[Grenadines]].
* [[November]] &ndash; [[John Casor]], a servant of African descent in Northampton County of the colony of Virginia, leaves [[Anthony Johnson (colonist)|Anthony Johnson]]'s farm, after claiming his contract of indenture had expired, and goes to work for a new employer, Robert Parker.  Johnson sues Parker, claiming that Casor is a slave for life, rather than an indentured servant, and the court issues a landmark ruling on March 8, 1655, establishing African-Americans as property.
* [[December 7]] &ndash; The [[Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)|Moti Masjid]], an Islamic mosque made completely of white marble and within the walls of the [[Agra Fort]] in what is now the city of [[Agra]] in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], is dedicated by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor, [[Shah Jahan]], on 16 Muharram 1064.<ref>"The Symbolic Role of Calligraphy on Three Imperial Mosques of Shah Jahan", by Wayne E. Begley, in ''Kalādarśana: American Studies in the Art of India'' (E. J. Brill, 1981) p. 8</ref>
* [[December 12]] &ndash; The dissolution of [[Barebone's Parliament]] is voted by its members after having passed laws for the [[Commonwealth of England]].
* [[December 16]] &ndash; The [[Instrument of Government]] in England becomes Britain's first written constitution, under which [[Oliver Cromwell]] becomes [[Lord Protector#Cromwellian Commonwealth|Lord Protector]] of England, [[Scotland]], and [[Ireland]],<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Instrument of Government, 1653|url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1653intrumentgovt.asp|work=Modern History Sourcebook|publisher=Fordham University|location=New York |access-date=2012-07-10 |date=August 1998}}</ref> being advised by a remodelled [[English Council of State]]. This is the start of [[The Protectorate#First Protectorate|The First Protectorate]], bringing an end to the first period of republican government in the country, the [[Commonwealth of England]].

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Marcello Malpighi]], an Italian pioneer of microscopical anatomy becomes a doctor of medicine.
* [[Stephen Bachiler]], a clergyman and early advocate for the separation of church and state returns to England after having spent more than 20 years overseas in the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].
* The gardens surrounding the [[Taj Mahal]] mausoleum are completed at [[Agra]].</onlyinclude>