Editing 1651 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] is crowned [[King of Scots]] at [[Scone, Scotland|Scone]] ([[Scottish coronation of Charles II|his first crowning]]).<ref>George William Cullen Gross, '1651: The Last Coronation in Scotland', ''Court Historian'', 26:3 (December, 2021), p. 231.</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Parliament of Boroa]] in Chile: Spanish and [[Mapuche]] authorities meet at [[Boroa]], renewing the fragile peace established at the parliaments of Quillín, in [[Parliament of Quillín (1641)|1641]] and [[1647]].<ref name=barana339>{{Cite book|title=Historia general de Chile|last=Barros Arana|first=Diego|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|location=Alicante|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_69.html#I_15_|edition=Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000|volume=Tomo cuarto|language=es|author-link=Diego Barros Arana|page=339}}</ref><ref name=pinochetetal83>{{Cite book|title=Historia militar de Chile|last1=Pinochet Ugarte|first1=Augusto|publisher=Biblioteca Militar|year=1997|last2=Villaroel Carmona|first2=Rafael|last3=Lepe Orellana|first3=Jaime|last4=Fuente-Alba Poblete|first4=J. Miguel|last5=Fuenzalida Helms|first5=Eduardo|edition=3rd|language=es|author-link=Augusto Pinochet|author-link4=Juan Miguel Fuente-Alba|page=83}}</ref> 
* [[February 22]] &ndash; [[St. Peter's Flood]]: A first storm tide in the [[North Sea]] strikes the coast of [[Germany]], drowning thousands.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=urtOAAAAcAAJ ''East Frisian History: From 1648 to 1668''], Volume 5, ed. by Tileman Dothias Wiarda Winter, 1795 - 453 pages; Page 56ff. Local History and Tourist Association Holtgast e. V., 1795) pages 56ff. accessed on April 8, 2009</ref> The island of [[Juist]] is split in half, and the western half of [[Buise]] is probably washed away.
* [[March 4]] &ndash; [[St. Peter's Flood]]: Another storm tide in the North Sea strikes the [[Netherlands]], flooding [[Amsterdam]].
* [[March 6]] &ndash; The town of [[Kajaani]] is founded by Count [[Per Brahe the Younger]].<ref>[https://www.kajaani.fi/tiedotteet/kajaanin-kaupunki-tayttaa-tana-vuonna-komeat-370-vuotta-juhlitaan-kaupunkiamme-eri-tavoin/ Kajaanin kaupunki täyttää tänä vuonna komeat 370 vuotta – juhlitaan kaupunkiamme eri tavoin] (in Finnish)</ref>
* [[March 15]] &ndash; Prince Aisin Gioro Fulin attains the age of 13 and becomes the [[Shunzhi Emperor]] of China, which had been governed by a regency since the death of his father [[Hong Taiji]] in 1643.
* [[March 26]] &ndash; The Spanish ship ''San José'', [[Real Situado|loaded with silver]], is pushed south by strong winds; [[wreckage of San José|it wrecks on the coast of southern Chile]], and its surviving crew is killed by indigenous [[Cunco people|Cuncos]].<ref name=Solano1899>{{cite book |last=Solano Astaburuaga |first=Francisco|edition=2nd|orig-year=1867 |date=1899 |title=Diccionario Geográfico de la República de Chile |page=280 |language=es }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Historia general de Chile|last=Barros Arana|first=Diego|publisher=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|location=Alicante|chapter-url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/historia-general-de-chile-tomo-cuarto--0/html/ff2f1efc-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_69.html#I_15_|date=|edition=Digital edition based on the second edition of 2000|volume=Tomo cuarto|language=Spanish|chapter=Capítulo XIV|author-link=Diego Barros Arana|page=340}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 7]] &ndash; [[Shunzhi Emperor|Shunzhi]], Emperor of China, announces in an imperial edict that he will purge corruption from government. 
* [[April 25]] &ndash; [[Thomas Hobbes]] publishes his magnum opus, the political tract ''[[Leviathan (Hobbes book)|Leviathan]]'', in England. <ref>"Leviathan and De Cive", by Karl Schuhmann, in ''Leviathan After 350 Years'', ed. by Luc Foisneau (Clarendon Press, 2004) p.17</ref>
* [[May 12]] &ndash; General [[Marcin Kalinowski]] of [[Poland]] wins the [[Battle of Kopychyntsi]] against [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]] forces under the command of Asand Demka during the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in what is now [[Ukraine]].
* [[May 21]] &ndash; The [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]] purchases the Caribbean islands of [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Kitts|Saint Christopher]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] and [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] from the France's [[Compagnie des Îles de l'Amérique]].  The Order will sell the islands in 1665 to the [[French West India Company]].
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Franco-Spanish War (1635)|Franco-Spanish War (1635-1659)]]; A squadron of Spanish [[galley]]s under [[John of Austria the Younger]] [[Capture of the galleon Lion Couronné|capture the French galleon ''Lion Couronné'']] off [[Formentera]], [[Balearic Islands]], Spain.
* [[June 30]] &ndash; After three days of fighting in the [[Battle of Berestechko]] in [[Ukraine]], one of the biggest land battles of the 17th century, with some 205,000 troops in the field, the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] Army defeats the [[Zaporozhian Cossacks]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 20]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Inverkeithing]] in [[Scotland]], the English [[Roundhead|Parliamentarian]] [[New Model Army]], under Major-General [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]], defeats a Scottish [[Covenanter]] army acting on behalf of Charles II, led by Sir John Brown of Fordell.
* [[August 13]] &ndash; The troops of King Charles II of Scotland force the retreat of English Commonwealth troops at the [[Battle of Warrington Bridge (1651)|Battle of Warrington Bridge]], the last victory of Scotland over England in battle.
* [[August 28]]
**The "Onfall of [[Alyth]] takes place in the Scottish town of the same name when most of the members of Scotland's governing body, the Committee of States, are betrayed to English invaders. The [[Alexander Leslie, 1st Earl of Leven|Earl of Leven]], the [[John Lindsay, 17th Earl of Crawford, 1st Earl of Lindsay|Earl of Crawford]], the [[William Keith, 7th Earl Marischal|Earl Marischal]], [[Robert Nairne, 1st Lord Nairne|Lord Nairne]] and other prominent people are captured and imprisoned in the [[Tower of London]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://montrose-society.ndo.co.uk/pdf/Newsletter%20June%202010.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://montrose-society.ndo.co.uk/pdf/Newsletter%20June%202010.pdf |archive-date=2022-10-09 |url-status=live|title=Marquis of Montrose Society newsletter June 2010|website=montrose-society.ndo.co.uk}}</ref>
**The [[Battle of Upton]] is fought at [[Upton-upon-Severn]] in England, where Scottish invaders commanded by Major General [[Edward Massey]] are defeated by the English Parliamentarians led by [[John Lambert (general)|John Lambert]].  The retreat of the Scots clears the way for the successful English attack at Worcester.   
* [[September 1]] &ndash; The [[siege of Dundee]] ends with the English Parliamentarian army, under [[General Monck]], decisively defeating Covenanters in the last battle of the [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] in Scotland.
* [[September 2]] &ndash; [[Kösem Sultan]] is assassinated by her daughter-in-law, [[Turhan Sultan]].
* [[September 3]] &ndash; [[Charles II of England]], leading a largely-Scottish army, is defeated in the [[Battle of Worcester]], the last major battle of the [[English Civil War]], and forced to flee.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 14]] &ndash; Laws are passed in [[Massachusetts]], forbidding poor people from adopting excessive styles of dress.
* [[October 16]] &ndash; [[Charles II of England|Prince Charles]]{{dubious|date=September 2022|reason=I believe he was Charles II by this time though it was disputed}} of the House of Stuart [[Escape of Charles II|escapes from England to find refuge in France]].<ref name="CBH1651">{{cite book|last1=Palmer|first1=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=185–186|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[October]] &ndash; An English diplomatic team, headed by [[Oliver St John]], goes to [[The Hague]] to negotiate an alliance between the [[Commonwealth of England]] and the [[Dutch Republic]].
* [[November 3]] &ndash; The [[Manx Rebellion of 1651]] comes to an end as [[Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby|the Countess of Derby]] surrenders the [[Isle of Man]] to the forces of Oliver Cromwell in return for a guarantee of safe passage for herself, her family and her servants, off of the island.
* [[November 24]] &ndash; In China, [[Qing dynasty]] forces led by [[Shang Kexi]] capture the city of [[Guangzhou]] from the [[Southern Ming]] and then carry out a massacre of the population, killing as many as 70,000 people over 11 days ending on December 5.<ref>Frederic Wakeman, ''The Great Enterprise: The Manchu Reconstruction of Imperial Order in Seventeenth-Century China'' (University of California Press, 1985) pp. 767–768</ref> 
* [[December 17]] &ndash; Castle Cornet in [[Guernsey]], the last stronghold which had supported the King in the [[Third English Civil War]], surrenders.

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Keian Uprising]] fails in [[Japan]].
* The first [[coffee house]] in England is opened in [[Oxford]],<ref name="CBH1651" /> indicative of their increasing popularity in Europe.
* The Madanmohan-jiu Temple is built at [[Samta (India)]], a village in the [[Howrah district]] of [[West Bengal]].</onlyinclude>