Editing 1648 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Holy Roman Empire 1648.png|thumb|300px|The [[Holy Roman Empire]] in 1648]]

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 15]]
** Manchu invaders of China's [[Fujian]] province capture Spanish Dominican priest [[Francis Ferdinand de Capillas|Francisco Fernández de Capillas]], torture him and then behead him.  Capillas will be canonized more than 350 years later in 2000 in the Roman Catholic Church as one of the [[Martyr Saints of China]].
** [[Alexis of Russia|Alexis, Tsar of Russia]], marries [[Maria Miloslavskaya]], who later gives birth to two future tsars (Feodor III and Ivan V) as well as [[Sophia Alekseyevna of Russia|Princess Sophia Alekseyevna]], the regent for Peter I. 
* [[January 17]] &ndash; By a vote of 141 to 91, England's [[Long Parliament]] passes the [[Vote of No Addresses]], breaking off negotiations with [[Charles I of England|King Charles I]], and thereby setting the scene for the second phase of the [[English Civil War]].
* [[January 20]] &ndash; France's Royal Council votes to create the [[Académie royale de peinture et de sculpture|Académie royale]] after accepting the proposal of Martin de Charmois.
* [[January 26]] &ndash; The [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in [[Ukraine]], at the time part of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Republic of Both Nations (Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)]], begins as [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] becomes Hetman of the Cossacks.
* [[January 30]] &ndash; The Dutch and the Spanish sign the [[Peace of Münster]], ending the [[Eighty Years' War]]. The [[Spanish Empire]] recognizes the [[Dutch Republic]] of United Netherlands as a sovereign state (governed by the [[House of Orange-Nassau]] and the [[States General of the Netherlands|States General]]), which was previously a province of the [[Spanish Empire]].  The treaty is ratified by the Netherlands on May 15.
* [[February 11]] &ndash; England's parliament passes stricter laws against performance of stage plays, providing for demolition of seats in theatres, imprisonment for actors and fines for spectators.<ref>Jane Milling and Peter Thomson, ''The Cambridge History of British Theatre'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004) p. 459</ref>  The vote comes six days after the King's Men Players are arrested at the Cockpit Theatre during an illegal performance of ''[[Rollo Duke of Normandy]]''.
* [[February 28]] &ndash; [[Christian IV of Denmark|King Christian IV]] of Denmark and Norway dies after a reign of almost 60 years without having named a successor.  The ''Rigsraadet'' (Royal Council) and the Estates of the Realm will debate the matter for more than four months before deciding on July 6 to select Christian's oldest surviving son to become [[Frederick III of Denmark|King Frederick III]].
* [[March 31]] &ndash; A major earthquake strikes [[Van, Turkey|Van]] in Ottoman Armenia.<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of Persian Earthquakes|first1=N. N.|last1=Ambraseys|author-link1=Nicholas Ambraseys|first2=C. P.|last2=Melville|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1JkfKub5vakC&pg=PA50|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|page=50|isbn=0-521-24112-X}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 19]] &ndash; [[First Battle of Guararapes]]: The Portuguese army defeats the [[Netherlands|Dutch]] army, in the north of [[Brazil]].
* [[May 12]] &ndash; Construction of the [[Kaunghmudaw Pagoda]] is completed in the Kingdom of Burma on the 6th waning of Kason, 1010, near the end of the reign of King [[Thalun]]. ''Hmannan Yazawin'' <ref>(1829, reprinted by the Myanmar Ministry of Information) Vol. 3, p. 245</ref>
* [[May 15]] &ndash; The [[Peace of Münster]] is ratified by both the United Netherlands and the Spanish Empire.
* [[May 16]] &ndash; England's Commonwealth Army massacres 70 [[Cornwall|Cornish]] royalists at [[Penzance]], leading to [[The Gear Rout|a rebellion]] against England's Parliamentarians. 
* [[May 20]] &ndash; [[Wladyslaw IV Vasa]], [[King of Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], dies after a reign of 15 years.  The throne remains vacant for six months until Wladyslaw's younger half-brother, [[John II Casimir Vasa]], is elected by Poland's Parliament.
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Roundheads]] defeat the Cavaliers at the Battle of Maidstone in the Second English Civil War.
* [[June 20]] &ndash; Russian explorer [[Semyon Dezhnyov]] departs from Srednekolymsk to begin the first recorded voyage through the [[Bering Strait]], between Asia and North America, and arrives in September.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Fisher, Raymond H.|title=The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648|location=London|publisher=[[Hakluyt Society]]|year=1981|isbn=0-904180-07-7}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
*[[July 19]] &ndash; The last major battle of the [[Thirty Years' War]], the [[Battle of Prague (1648)|Battle of Prague]] ends in a Swedish victory after three days of fighting over the army of [[Bohemia]].  The troops loot the [[Prague Castle]] and steal many of Bohemia's most valuable artifacts. 
* [[August 8]] &ndash; [[Mehmed IV]] (1648–1687) succeeds [[Ibrahim of the Ottoman Empire|Ibrahim I]] (1640–1648), as [[Ottoman Emperor]].
* [[August 16]] &ndash; The [[List of rulers of Oman|Imam of Oman]], [[Nasir bin Murshid]], dispatches an army to recapture [[Muscat]] from Portuguese occupiers, who eventually surrender the town on January 23, 1650.
* [[August 20]] &ndash; The French Army, under the command of the [[Louis, Grand Condé|Prince of Condé]], defeats the Spaniards at the [[Battle of Lens]].  Upon learning of the victory, Cardinal Mazarin orders the arrest of the [[Fronde#The First Fronde, the Fronde Parlementaire (1648–1649)|members of the ''Fronde Parlementaire'']], leading to an insurrection in Paris.
* [[August]] &ndash; The [[Cambridge Platform]], a new, localized system of [[Christianity|Christian]] [[ecclesiastical polity|church governance]], is agreed upon and written down in [[New England]].
* [[September 12]] &ndash; At the [[Battle of Stirling (1648)|Battle of Stirling]] in [[Scotland in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|Scotland]], the "[[Engagers]]" achieve victory over the [[Kirk Party]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 24]] &ndash; Signing of the Treaties of Münster and Osnabrück concludes the [[Peace of Westphalia]], ending the [[Thirty Years' War]]. Rulers of the [[Imperial State]]s can personally convert to [[Protestantism|Protestant]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] or [[Calvinism|Calvinist]]. Ecclesiastical property is restored to the status of 1624, with the minorities of each of the three recognized faiths granted toleration of worship, and there is general recognition of exclusive sovereignty, including that of the [[Dutch Republic]] and [[Old Swiss Confederacy|Switzerland]]. [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Sweden]] gain territory, and the latter is granted an [[indemnity]]. However, [[Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)|France remains at war with Spain]] until 1659.
* [[October 31]] &ndash; A treaty is signed between the Arabs and the [[Kingdom of Portugal|Portuguese]]. The terms include a provision that the Portuguese should build fortresses at [[Qurayyat, Oman|Kuriyat]], [[Dibba Al-Hisn]] ([[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]]) and [[Muttrah]] ([[Oman]]).<ref>{{cite web|first=Marco |last=Ramerini |url=http://www.colonialvoyage.com/eng/asia/persian_gulf/index.html |title=The Portuguese in the Arabia Peninsula and in the Persian Gulf |work=Colonial Voyage |access-date=August 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911015234/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/portuguese-persian-gulf-arabian-peninsula/ |archive-date=September 11, 2015 }}</ref>
* [[November 11]] &ndash; France and the Netherlands agree to divide the [[Caribbean]] island of [[Saint Martin (island)|Saint Martin]] between them.
* [[December 11]] &ndash; "[[Pride's Purge]]" in England: Elements of the [[New Model Army]], under the leadership of [[Oliver Cromwell]] invade London and expel a majority of the [[Long Parliament]], resulting in the creation of the [[Rump Parliament]].

=== Date unknown ===
* In India, building of the [[Red Fort]] in [[Old Delhi|Shahjahanabad]] is completed.
* The [[epic poem]] ''[[Padmavati (poem)|Padmavati]]'' is written by [[Alaol]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Padmavati|title=Padmavati - Banglapedia}}</ref>
* [[Sabbatai Zevi]] declares himself the [[Messiah]] at [[Smyrna]].
* [[George Fox]] founds the [[Religious Society of Friends]] (Quakers) in England.<ref name=CCWH>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/262 262–263]|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/262}}</ref>
* The Dutch artist [[Rembrandt]] produces the works ''Rembrandt drawing at a window'' and ''Beggars at the Door''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artrenewal.org/pages/artwork.php?artworkid=13626|title=Art Renewal Center :: Rembrandt :: Rembrandt drawing at a window|publisher=artrenewal.org|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artrenewal.org/pages/artwork.php?artworkid=13625|title=Art Renewal Center :: Rembrandt :: Beggars at the Door|publisher=artrenewal.org|access-date=March 4, 2016}}</ref>
*[[Giacomo Carissimi]] composes [[Jephte (Carissimi)|Historia di Jephte]], one of the first significant Latin [[oratorio]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-16|title=Carissimi's Jephte|url=https://www.bathrecitals.com/2018/06/16/carissimis-jephte/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Bath Recitals|language=en-GB}}</ref>