Editing 1588 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 22]] &ndash; [[Pope Sixtus V]] issues the papal bull ''[[Immensa aeterni Dei]]'', a major reorganization of the [[Roman Curia]] creating 15 congregations of cardinals, including the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum#Sacred Congregation of the Index (1571–1917)|Congregation of the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'']], the Church list of forbidden books; the [[Congregation of the Inquisition]]; and the [[Congregation of the Vatican Press]].<ref>Philippe Levillain, ed., ''The Papacy: An Encyclopedia'' (Routledge, 2002) p. 772</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; [[War of the Polish Succession (1587–1588)|War of the Polish Succession]]: The [[Battle of Byczyna|Battle of Pitschen]] takes place at Pitschen (modern [[Byczyna]] in Poland) with Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by the Polish hetman [[Jan Zamoyski]] defending against an invading Austrian force commanded by [[Maximilian III, Archduke of Austria]]. After his army is routed, Archduke Maximilian surrenders and is taken as a prisoner of war, and will be held for more than a year until his release is compelled by the intervention of Pope Sixtus V.<ref>Daniel Stone, ''The Polish-Lithuanian state, 1386-1795'' (University of Washington Press, 2001) pp. 131–132</ref> 
* [[February 9]] &ndash; The sudden death of [[Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz]], in the midst of preparations for the Spanish Armada, forces King Philip II of Spain to re-allocate the command of the fleet.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bennassar |first1=B. |last2=Jacquart |first2=J. |last3=Blayau |first3=N. |last4=Denis |first4=M. |last5=Lebrun |first5=F. |title=Historia moderna |date=11 May 2005 |publisher=Ediciones AKAL |isbn=978-84-7600-990-1 |page=379 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bclk7EjjwP0C&dq=%C3%81lvaro+de+Baz%C3%A1n+%229+de+febrero+de+1588%22&pg=PA379 |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[February 18]] &ndash; In modern-day [[Sri Lanka]], the siege of [[Colombo]] by King [[Rajasinha I of Sitawaka]] ends when Portuguese Admiral [[Pedro Teixeira]] arrives with a fleet of 80 ships and frees the capital of [[Portuguese Ceylon]]. King Rajasinha and his troops flee back to his capital at [[Avissawella|Seethawakapura]].<ref>''The Travels of Pedro Teixeira'', translated by William F. Sinclair (Hakluyt Society, 1902) p. ix</ref> 
* [[March 20]] &ndash; The ascension of [[Abbas the Great|Shah Abbas I]] as Emperor in Iran, of the Safavid Empire, is made official on the first day of the New Year on the Zoroastrian Calendar. Abbas has ruled since October 16, 1587.<ref>"History and chronology in early modern Iran: The Safavid Empire in comparative perspective", by Stephen P. Blake, in ''Perceptions of Iran: History, Myths and Nationalism from Medieval Persia to the Islamic Republic'', ed. by Ali M. Ansari (I.B. Tauris, 2013)</ref>
* [[March 25]] &ndash; The English Army begins the recruitment of volunteers to prepare for the expected invasion by Spain. On April 10, 1593, the English Parliament will enact the first military pension, "An Acte for relief of Soudiours", providing that "forasmuch as it is agreable with Christian Charity Policy and the Honor of our Nation, that shuch as have since the 25th day of March 1588, adventured their lives and lost their limbs or disabled their bodies, or shall hereafter adventure the lives, lose their limbs or disable their bodies, in defence and service of Her Majesty and the State, should at their return be relieved and rewarded to the end that they may reap the fruit of their good deservings, and others may be encouraged to perform like endeavors..."<ref>''Papers Illustrative of the Origin and Early History of the Royal Hospital at Chelsea'' (Antiposi Verlag, 2023, reprint of 1872) p.5</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 4]] &ndash; [[Christian IV of Denmark|Christian IV]] becomes king of [[Denmark–Norway]], upon the death of his father, [[Frederick II of Denmark|Frederick II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williamson |first1=David |title=Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe |date=1988 |publisher=Salem House |isbn=978-0-88162-364-2 |page=106 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIJyAAAAMAAJ&q=%224%20april%22 |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 12]] &ndash; [[Day of the Barricades]] in Paris: [[Henry I, Duke of Guise]] seizes the city, forcing King [[Henry III of France|Henry III]] to flee.<ref>{{cite book|author=Hesketh Pearson|title=Henry of Navarre: His Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VlhBAAAAIAAJ|year=1963|publisher=London|page=46}}</ref>
* [[May 28]] &ndash; The [[Spanish Armada]], with 130 ships and 30,000 men, begins to set sail from the [[Tagus]] estuary, under the command of the [[Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia|Duke of Medina Sedonia]] and [[Juan Martínez de Recalde]], heading for the [[English Channel]] (it will take until [[May 30]] for all of the ships to leave port).<ref>{{cite book|author=Colin Martin|title=Full Fathom Five: Wrecks of the Spanish Armada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NBGgAAAAMAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Viking Press|isbn=978-0-670-33193-2|page=11}}</ref>
* [[June 18]] &ndash; Sailing across the South Atlantic Ocean towards England, near the end of their voyage around the world, Thomas Cavendish and his [[East India Company]] fleet stumble across the Portuguese-controlled island of [[Saint Helena]].<ref>"Complaint from Heaven with a Huy & crye and a petition out of Virginia and Maryland", by Josias Fendall (1676), reprinted in ''The American Colonies and the British Empire, 1607-1783'', ed. by Steven Sarson (Taylor & Francis, 2020) p.58</ref> While Saint Helena has been under the control of Portugal for 80 years, England had been unaware of its existence.<ref>Daniel Schreier, ''St Helenian English: Origins, Evolution and Variation'' (John Benjamins Publishing, 2008)</ref> 
* [[June 19]] &ndash; Twenty days after departing from Spain, the [[Spanish Armada]] receives a foreshadowing of disaster to come during the summer as a storm scatters part of the fleet, postponing the invasion.<ref>Max Boot, ''War Made New: Technology, Warfare, and the Course of History, 1500 to Today'' (Gotham Books, 2006) p.35</ref> [[Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia|Alonso de Guzmán y Sotomayor]], [[Duke of Medina Sidonia]] and commander of the Spanish expedition, returns the fleet to the port of Coruna for repairs, and writes a letter to King Philip, urging him to abandon plans for invasion of England, and to reach an honorable settlement, but the King refuses. The Spanish expedition resumes on July 21.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 15]] &ndash; At [[Rouen]], King Henry III of France gives in to the latest demands of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]] and the Duke of Guise, and signs the Edict of Union, agreeing not to allow French Protestants to participate in government,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saupin |first1=Guy |title=La France à l'époque moderne |date=2010 |publisher=A. Colin |location=Paris |isbn=978-2-200-25575-6 |page=150 |url=https://archive.org/details/lafrancealepoque0000saup/page/150/mode/2up?q=1588 |access-date=6 March 2024}}</ref> in return for being able to return to [[Paris]]. 
* [[July 31]] &ndash; The first engagement between the English and Spanish fleets (off [[Plymouth]]) results in a victory for the English, under command of [[Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham|Lord Howard of Effingham]] and Sir [[Francis Drake]].
* [[August 2]] &ndash; The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet, off the [[Isle of Portland]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Research guide P3: Charts of the Spanish Armada by Robert Adams in the Museum {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/collections/research-guides/research-guide-p3-charts-spanish-armada-robert-adams-museum |website=www.rmg.co.uk |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 7]] &ndash; The English fleet defeats the Spanish fleet off the coast of [[Flanders]].
* [[August 8]] (July 29 [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]]) &ndash; [[Spanish Armada#Battle of Gravelines|Battle of Gravelines]]: The [[Spanish Armada]] is defeated by the English naval force off the coast of [[Gravelines]], in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] (modern France).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wagner |first1=John A. |last2=Schmid |first2=Susan Walters |title=Encyclopedia of Tudor England [3 volumes]: [3 volumes] |date=9 December 2011 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-1-59884-299-9 |page=519 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7uPNEAAAQBAJ&dq=%228+august+1588%22+battle+of+gravelines&pg=PA519 |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 9]] &ndash; The Duke of Medina Sidonia, commander of the Spanish Armada, decides to return the fleet to Spain after two days of trying to reach the coast of Flanders to meet up with the army of the [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Duke of Parma]].<ref name="armada">{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Mitchell |first2=Andrew |last3=Bell |first3=Lawrence |title=ANATOMY OF DEFEAT: THE TESTIMONY OF JUAN MARTÍNEZ DE RECALDE AND DON ALONSO MARTÍNEZ DE LEYVA ON THE FAILURE OF THE SPANISH ARMADA IN 1588 |journal=The Mariner's Mirror |date=January 2004 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=314–347 |doi=10.1080/00253359.2004.10656908 |s2cid=161675228 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00253359.2004.10656908 |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=en |issn=0025-3359}}</ref>
* [[August 12]] &ndash; The fleeing Spanish Armada sails past the [[Firth of Forth]], and the English call off their pursuit, entirely avoiding the storm which destroys most of the Spanish fleet as it attempts to round Scotland and the [[Spanish Armada in Ireland|west coast of Ireland]].<ref name="armada" />
* [[August 19]] (August 9 [[Old Style and New Style dates|Old Style]]) &ndash; [[Speech to the Troops at Tilbury]] by Queen Elizabeth I.<ref>{{cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth I's speech to the troops at Tilbury {{!}} Royal Museums Greenwich |url=https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/queen-elizabeth-speech-troops-tilbury |website=www.rmg.co.uk |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 29]] (8th day of the 7th month, Tensho 16) &ndash; In Japan, the [[Daijō-daijin|Chancellor of the Realm]], [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], issues an edict for the katanagari (the [[:sword hunt]]), the confiscation of swords from any persons thought to be opposed to his rule. 
* [[September 1]] &ndash; The [[Ganja Fortress]] in modern-day [[Azerbaijan]] is captured by Ottoman general [[Serdar Ferhad Pasha]].
* [[September 9]] &ndash; English captain Thomas Cavendish completes [[Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation|his circumnavigation]] in a record time of 781 days, returning to [[Plymouth]] more than two years after setting off on July 21, 1586. The previous record had been 1,018 days by the expedition of Sir Francis Drake from 1577 to 1580. By the time of his return, Cavendish has only his flagship, ''[[Desire (ship)|Desire]]'', after having started with two other vessels (the warship ''Content'' and the 40-ton supply ship ''Hugh Gallant''). 
* [[September 13]] &ndash; Dutch General [[Charles III de Croÿ]] captures the German city of [[Bonn]] in the [[Electorate of Cologne]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 7]] &ndash; The first biography of [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] (d.[[1543]]) is completed by [[Bernardino Baldi]].
* [[November 13]] &ndash; Dutch Republic and English forces capture [[Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)|Bergen op Zoom]], a fortress in the Spanish Netherlands, after a siege of 41 days.
* [[November 15]] &ndash; The English Navy ship ''[[San Salvador (Guipúzcoan squadron)|Great Spaniard]]'', formerly the Spanish Armada ship ''San Salvador'' until its capture on August 1, sinks off of the coast of England's [[Isle of Purbeck]], with the loss of 23 of the 57 crew. The survivors are rescued by an English [[Man-of-war|man-o-war]] boat.<ref>Boddie, John Bennett (April 1934). "Boddie of Essex, England and Virginia". William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. 14 (2): 114–140</ref>
* [[December 5]] &ndash; The Order of Augustinian Recollects is formally recognised as a separate province from the Order of Saint Augustine, an event later known as the ''Día de la Recolección'' or ''Day of Recollection''.
* [[December 23]] &ndash; Henry III of France strikes his ultra-Catholic enemies, having the Duke of Guise and his brother, [[Louis II, Cardinal of Guise]], killed, and holding the [[Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)|Cardinal de Bourbon]] a prisoner. As a result, large parts of France reject Henry III as their king, forcing him to side with [[Henry of Navarre]].

=== Unknown ===
* [[William Morgan (Bible translator)|William Morgan's]] Welsh [[Bible translations|translation of the Bible]] is published.<ref>{{cite web|title=William Morgan - Welsh bishop|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Morgan-Welsh-bishop|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=16 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>
* The ''[[Armada Portrait]]'' of [[Elizabeth I of England]] is created, to celebrate the English defeat of the Spanish Armada, and to assert the strength of Elizabeth herself.
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