Editing 1585 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 21]] &ndash; [[Robert Nutter]], [[Thomas Worthington (Douai)|Thomas Worthington]], and 18 other Roman Catholic priests are "perpetually banished" from England by order of Queen Elizabeth, placed on the ship ''Mary Martin of Colchester'', and transported to France.<ref>"Vens. Robert Nutter and Edward Thwing", in ''The Catholic Encyclopedia'', ed. by John Wainewright (Robert Appleton Company, 1911)</ref> 
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Pachomius II of Constantinople|Pachomius II]] is deposed by fellow bishops from his position as [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]], head of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by the Metropolitan of Philippoupolis, [[Theoleptus II of Constantinople|Theoleptus II]].<ref>Demetrius Kiminas, ''The Ecumenical Patriarchate''. Wildside Press LLC, 2009) p.38</ref>
* [[February 21]] &ndash; [[John III of Sweden|King Johan III of Sweden]], widowed since 1583, marries [[Gunilla Bielke]] in a ceremony at [[Västerås]], which the King's siblings refuse to attend.<ref>[https://www.skbl.se/en/article/GunillaBielke "Gunilla, drottning (Gunilla Johansdotter Bielke, Gunilla Bielke)"], by Karin Tegenborg Falkdalen, translated by Alexia Grosjean, in Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon</ref> The coronation of Queen consort Gunilla takes place the next day. Over the next seven years, she works on changing the Catholic government's attitude towards Protestants. 
* [[March 10]] &ndash; The Spanish Army, commanded by [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]], obtains the surrender of [[Brussels]] after a siege that began the year before.<ref>"Farnese, Alessandro", in ''Historical Dictionary of Brussels'', by Paul F. State (Rowman & Littlefield, 2015 p.163</ref><ref>Demetrius C. Boulger, ''The History of Belgium: Cæsar to Waterloo'' (Princeton University Press, 1902) p.335</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 10]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory XIII]], known for promulgating the [[Gregorian calendar]] within the Roman Catholic nations of the world in [[1582]], dies after a reign of almost 13 years. A papal conclave is convened 11 days later to elect a successor.
* [[April 21]] &ndash; The [[1585 papal conclave|papal conclave]] begins at the Vatican in Rome on Easter Sunday, with only 42 of the 60 cardinals attending. Early voting favors Cardinals [[Pier Donato Cesi (1521–1586)|Pier Donato Cesi]] and [[Guglielmo Sirleto]], neither of whom receives a majority.<ref>Ludwig von Pastor,[https://archive.today/20130802035422/http://www.openlibrary.org/details/thehistoryofthep19pastuoft ''The History of the Popes from the CLose of the Middle Ages''] vol. XIX, ed. by Ralph Francis Kerr (Kegan, Paul, Trench Trubner & Co., 1930)</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; Cardinal Felice Piergentile of the church of [[San Girolamo dei Croati]] is unanimously elected as the 227th Pope, and takes the regnal name [[Pope Sixtus V]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Williams|title=Armada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAcXAQAAIAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Tempus|isbn=978-0-7524-1778-3|page=90|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 1]] &ndash; The coronation of [[Pope Sixtus V]] takes place in Rome. 
* [[May 19]] &ndash; Spain seizes English ships in Spanish ports,<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=160–162|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> precipitating the [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)]].
* [[June 11]] &ndash; The 9.2 magnitude [[1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake|Aleutian Islands earthquake]] unleashes a tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, killing many people in Hawaii and reportedly striking Japan.<ref name="Tsunami Event">{{cite web |title=Tsunami Event Information |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/tsunami/event-more-info/188 |website=ngdc.noaa.gov |publisher=NCEI |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>
* [[June]] &ndash; [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]] begins the [[Invasion of Shikoku (1585)|invasion of the Japanese island of Shikoku]] with an army of 113,000 men on 703 ships. The troops are divided into three groups, with 60,000 commanded by [[Toyotomi Hidenaga|Hashiba Hidenaga]] and [[Toyotomi Hidetsugu|Hashiba Hidetsugu]] toward the provinces of Awa and Tosa; 23,000 under [[Ukita Hideie]] at the province of Sanuki; and 30,000 under [[Kobayakawa Takakage]] and [[Kikkawa Motoharu]] for the province of Iyo.<ref name=Turnbull>{{cite book|last1=Turnbull|first1=Stephen|title=The Samurai Sourcebook|date=1998|publisher=Cassell & Co|location=London|isbn=9781854095237|page=236}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 7]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Nemours]] forces King [[Henry III of France]] to capitulate to the demands of the [[Catholic League (French)|Catholic League]], triggering the [[French Wars of Religion|Eighth War of Religion]] (also known as the [[War of the Three Henrys]]) in France.<ref>{{cite book|author=Nicola Mary Sutherland|title=Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: 1572 - 1596|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVYfAcvMMBUC&pg=PA96|year=2002|publisher=Intellect Books|isbn=978-1-84150-701-9|pages=96|language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Invasion of Shikoku (1585)|Invasion of Shikoku]]: The final battle of the invasion, the siege of [[Ichinomiya Castle]], begins.
* [[July 29]] &ndash; Aboard the English ship ''Tiger'', Roanoke expedition leader Ralph Lane negotiates an agreement with the Secotan people, who are represented by Granganimeo, the brother of the Secotan leader, King Wingino. Although the Secotans grant Lane's request to allow the English to live on Roanoke Island, he is told that they will receive no assistance from the natives, because of problems the previous year with [[Walter Raleigh]].<ref name=Roanoke/>
* [[August 6]] &ndash; (11th day of the 7th month of [[Tenshō (Momoyama period)|Tenshō]] 13) [[Invasion of Shikoku (1585)|Invasion of Shikoku]]: In Japan, [[Chōsokabe Motochika]] surrenders the island of [[Shikoku]] to [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], after a 26 day siege of the [[Ichinomiya Castle]] by 40,000 men.<ref name=Sadler>{{cite book|last1=Sadler|first1=A. L.|title=Shogun: The Life of Tokugawa Ieyasu|date=1937|publisher=George Allen & Unwin Ltd.|location=London|isbn=9784805310427|page=89-90}}</ref>
* [[August 8]] &ndash; English explorer [[John Davis (English explorer)|John Davis]] enters [[Cumberland Sound]] in [[Baffin Island]], in his quest for the [[Northwest Passage]].
* [[August 14]] &ndash; Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]] agrees to establish a [[protectorate]] over the Netherlands.<ref name=CBH/>
* [[August 17]]
** [[Antwerp]], now in [[Belgium]], is [[Fall of Antwerp|captured by Spanish forces]] commanded by the Duke of Parma. The Duke orders all Protestants to leave the city. As a result, over half of the 100,000 inhabitants flee to the northern provinces. Furthermore, upon hearing of the capture of Antwerp, a relief fleet sent to raise the siege instead blockades the [[Scheldt]] River, preventing any and all ships from reaching Antwerp for two centuries. This effectively destroys Antwerp's position as an important trade city and de facto capital of the Dutch provinces. Its position is taken over by various northern cities, most prominently [[Amsterdam]].
** The Roanoke colonists complete their construction of a fort under the direction of [[Ralph Lane]] to make the first permanent English settlement in North America.<ref name=Roanoke>Lee Miller, ''Roanoke: Solving the Mystery of the Lost Colony'' (Arcade Publishing, 2011)</ref>
* [[August 20]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Nonsuch]] is signed, committing England to support the [[Dutch Revolt]], thus entering the [[Eighty Years' War]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/230 230–233]}}</ref>
* [[September 11]] &ndash; In the Ottoman Empire, the rebellion of [[An-Nasir al-Hasan bin Ali]] in Yemen is ended when An-Nasir is betrayed and turned over to the Turkish Ottoman governor.<ref>Robert W. Stookey, ''Yemen; The Politics of the Yemen Arab Republic'' (Boulder Press, 1978) p.141</ref> An-Nasir spends one year in prison in [[Sanaa]] and then brought to Turkey. 
* [[September 15]] &ndash; English Catholic priest [[John Adams (Catholic martyr)|John Adams]] is banished from England along with 72 other Catholic priests, and transported by ship to [[Boulogne]] in France.<ref>"Venerable John Adams", by John Bannerman Wainewright, in ''Lives of the English Martyrs'', ed. by Edwin H. Burton and J. H. Pollen (Longmans, Green and Co., 1914)</ref>
* [[September 21]] &ndash; [[Henry IV of France|King Henry IV]] of [[Navarre]], who is also the [[heir presumptive]] to France's [[Henry III of France|King Henry III]], is [[excommunication|excommunicated]] from the Roman Catholic Church by [[Pope Sixtus V]], who effectively declares that French Catholics are not required to recognize his claim to the throne.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 15]] &ndash; In [[Arnhem]] in the Netherlands, the [[siege of IJsseloord]] is completed after nine days as English and Dutch forces recapture the city from Spanish occupiers.<ref>J.D. Tracey, ''The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) p.22</ref>
* [[November 18]] &ndash; In Mexico City, [[Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga, 1st Marquess of Villamanrique|Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga]] becomes [[List of viceroys of New Spain|Viceroy of New Spain]] after being appointed by King [[Philip II of Spain]].<ref>[https://dbe.rah.es/biografias/12813/alvaro-manrique-y-zuniga "Álvaro Manrique de Zúñiga"], by María Vicens Hualde, in ''Diccionario Biografica de España'' (Real Academia de la Historia, 2001)</ref>
* [[November 27]] &ndash; A 6.6 magnitude earthquake strikes Japan, and serves a [[foreshock]] and a trigger to [[1586 Tenshō earthquake|a deadly 7.9 magnitude earthquake on January 18]] that will kill 8,000 people. 
* [[November 28]] &ndash; [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]: The [[Santiago, Cape Verde|island of Santiago]] in [[Cape Verde]] is [[Capture of Santiago (1585)|captured]] by [[Francis Drake]].
* [[December 1]] &ndash; [[Hadim Mesih Pasha]] is appointed the new [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] by Sultan [[Murad III]].<ref>Gülru Necipoğlu, ''The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire'' (Reaktion Books, 2005) p.403</ref> 
* [[December 20]] &ndash; Enraged by the disrespect shown to him by [[Yousuf Shah Chak]], the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]], [[Akbar]], orders the invasion of [[Kashmir]] with 5,000 men.<ref>Ḥaydar Malik Chādūrah, ''History of Kashmir'' (Bhavna Prakashan, 1991) p. 187</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Kingdom of Luba]] is founded by [[Kongolo Mwamba]] in what is now the Democratic Republic of Congo.
* [[History of chocolate in Spain]]: First recorded commercial importation of [[chocolate]] to Europe, from [[Veracruz (city)|Veracruz]] in Mexico to [[Seville]] in Spain.<ref>{{cite web|title=The History Of Chocolate: A Chocolate Timeline|url=https://www.thenibble.com/reviews/main/chocolate/the-history-of-chocolate.asp|work=The Nibble|access-date=2020-12-29}}</ref></onlyinclude>