Editing 1583 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:SirGilbertHumphrey.jpg|thumb|right|140px|[[August 5]]: [[Humphrey Gilbert]] claims the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] on behalf of [[England]].]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 1]] &ndash; The [[Duchy of Savoy]] adopts the [[Gregorian Calendar]], replacing the [[Julian Calendar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dpgi.unina.it/giudice/calendar/Adoption.html|title=The adoption of the Gregorian calendar|publisher=Giuseppe Giudice's website|author=Giuseppe Giudice|language=English|accessdate=26 December 2022}}</ref>
* [[January 18]] &ndash; [[François, Duke of Anjou]], attacks [[Antwerp]].
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg]], newly converted to [[Calvinism]], formally marries [[Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben]], a former canoness of [[Gerresheim]], while retaining his position as [[Electorate of Cologne|Archbishop-Elector of Cologne]].
* [[February 7]] &ndash; In the Netherlands, the [[Siege of Eindhoven (1583)|Siege of Eindhoven]] by the Spanish Army begins.<ref name=Holt>Mack P. Holt, ''The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion'' (Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.190</ref> The walled city will fall in April.
* [[March 10]] (February 28 O.S.) &ndash; The ''[[Queen Elizabeth's Men]]'' troupe of actors is founded in [[Kingdom of England|England]] by order of Queen Elizabeth to [[Edmund Tilney]], the royal [[Master of the Revels]].<ref>E. K. Chambers, ''The Elizabethan Stage'', Vol. 2 (Clarendon Press, 1923) p. 104</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 9]] &ndash; A Burmese Army force of 16,000 men, commanded by Thado Dhamma Yaza II of Prome and Nawrahta Minsaw of Lan Na to suppress the rebellious of the Shan States in the modern-day [[Yunnan]] province of China, is welcomed by King [[Nanda Bayin]] at the royal capital, [[Pegu]], after a successful punitive expedition. The commanders bring with them the rebel chief from the Sanda state.<ref>U Kala, [1724]. ''Maha Yazawin'' (in Burmese), Volume 3 (1724), (reprinted by Ya-Pyei Publishing, 2006) p.78</ref>
* [[April 19]] &ndash; Queen Elizabeth dissolves the [[4th Parliament of Elizabeth I|English Parliament]] which had been convened in 1572 but last met in 1581.<ref>[http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/parliament/1572 "4th Parliament of Elizabeth I"], "The History of Parliament" online (The History of Parliament Trust, 2020)</ref>
* [[April 23]]
**The Kingdom of England establishes its first diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.<ref>Gary M. Bell, ''A Handlist of British Diplomatic Representatives: 1509-1688'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995) p.194</ref>
**After a siege of 75 days, [[Dutch Republic]] commander Hendrik van Bonnivet [[Siege of Eindhoven (1583)|surrenders]] [[Eindhoven]] to the [[Spanish Netherlands]].<ref name=Holt/>
* [[April 25]] &ndash; In a clash between a 50,000-man Persian Empire force and the Ottoman Empire for control of the [[Caucasus]] region in modern-day Russia, the Ottomans are routed.<ref>Joseph von Hammer, ''Osmanli Tarihi'', Volume II (Milliyet yayınları, 2016) p 100</ref>
* [[May 11]] &ndash; In modern-day Russia, on the [[Caspian Sea]], the three-day "[[Battle of Torches]]" ends as [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590)|Ottoman Empire troops defeat forces of the Persian Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Gibb |first=Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |date=1995 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-09834-3 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OO4pAQAAMAAJ&q=%2211%20may%22 |access-date=6 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Shizugatake]] in [[Japan]]: [[Shibata Katsuie]] is defeated by [[Toyotomi Hideyoshi]], who goes on to commence construction of [[Osaka Castle]].<ref>{{cite book|author=James Murdoch|title=A History of Japan: During the century of early foreign intercourse (1542-1651)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_wNAQAAMAAJ|year=1964|publisher=F. Ungar Publishing Company|page=193|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 22]] &ndash; [[Ernest of Bavaria]] is elected as [[Roman Catholic]] [[Archbishop of Cologne]], in opposition to [[Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg]]. The opposition rapidly turns into armed struggle, the [[Cologne War]] within the [[Electorate of Cologne]], beginning with the [[Destruction of the Oberstift]].
* [[May 28]] &ndash; The first installment of the translation by [[Jurij Dalmatin]] of the [[Bible]] into the [[Slovene language]], ''Bibilija, tu je vse svetu pismu stariga inu noviga testamenta'' (The Bible, featuring the complete Old and New Testaments), is published in [[Wittenberg]].<ref>"Dalmatin, Georg", by Ludwig Theodor Elze, in ''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'', vol. 4 (Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1876), pp. 712–713</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; Spanish troops under the command of [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]] overwhelm a combined army of Dutch, French and English soldiers at the [[Battle of Steenbergen (1583)|Battle of Steenbergen]] in the modern-day Netherlands. The multinational force sustains 3,200 people killed or wounded.<ref>James Tracy, ''The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) p.216.</ref>
* [[June 18]] &ndash; In England, the first known [[life insurance]] policy is issued. The Royal Exchange of London accepts a premium from William Gibbons, agreeing to pay a group of 30 beneficiaries a total of £383, 6s. 8d if he dies on or before June 17, 1584. Gibbons dies on May 29, 1584, and the Royal Exchange refuses to pay until a court rejects the insurer's argument that a month is actually four weeks or 28 days.<ref>"Insurance", by Charlton Lewis and Thomas Ingram, in ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 11th edition, Vol. 14 (Cambridge University Press, 1911) pp. 657–658</ref>
* [[June 27]] &ndash; Ten months after being taken hostage on August 23, 1582 in the [[Raid of Ruthven]], the 17-year-old [[James VI and I|King James VI of Scotland]] is able to escape Falkland Prison and flees to safety in St. Andrews.<ref>"Scotland", in ''The Manual of Dates a Dictionary of Reference to All the Most Important Events in the History of Mankind to be Found in Authentic Records'', ed. by George H. Townsend (Frederick Warne & Company, 1867) p. 886</ref><ref>"Ruthven, William", by T. F. Henderson, in ''Dictionary of National Biography'', Volume 50 (Smith, Elder, & Co., 1897)</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 25]] &ndash; [[Cuncolim Revolt]]: The first documented battle of [[India]]'s independence against a European colonial ruler is fought by the ''Desai''s of [[Cuncolim]] in [[Goa]], against the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]].
* [[August 5]] &ndash; Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], on the site of the modern-day city of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], claims the island of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] on behalf of [[England]], marking the beginning of the [[British Empire]].
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[Petru Cercel]] enters [[Bucharest]], and becomes [[List of Wallachian rulers|Prince]] of [[Wallachia]].
* [[August 29]] &ndash; [[English ship Delight (1583)|English ship ''Delight'']], with Humphrey Gilbert's expedition, becomes the first of over 350 ships over time to run aground and be wrecked on [[Sable Island]] in the North Atlantic.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://novascotia.ca/museum/wrecks/wrecks/shipwrecks.asp?ID=1133|title=HMS Delight – 1583|publisher=Maritime Museum of the Atlantic|accessdate=2022-01-22}}</ref>
* [[September 4]] &ndash; King James VI of Scotland orders a gift to [[William Stewart of Houston|Colonel William Stewart]] in recognition of Stewart's rescue of the King from prison. Colonel Stewart is presented with some of the [[jewels of Mary, Queen of Scots]] (the King's mother).<ref>Thomas Thomson, ''Collection of Inventories'' (Record Commission of Great Britain, 1815), pp. 307-309</ref>
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[English ship Squirrel (1570s)|English ship ''Squirrel'']], the flagship of explorer, Sir [[Humphrey Gilbert]], sinks in a storm with all hands along with all but one of Gilbert's colonial expedition.<ref>"Fairfax Eighth Eclogue", by W. W. Greg, ''Modern Language Quarterly'' (July 1901).</ref> Gilbert and his men had been returning from North America after claiming [[Newfoundland]] in the name of Queen Elizabeth.<ref>E. Hepple Hall, "Newfoundland: Past, Present and Future", in ''The Journal of the Society of Arts'' (February 1882)</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 14]] &ndash; In [[Scotland]], the [[University of Edinburgh]] holds its first classes, accepting more than 80 students as "Tounis College".<ref>"The Foundation of the College of Edinburgh", by Robert Kerr Hannay, in ''The History of the University of Edinburgh 1883-1933'', ed. by A. Logan Turner (Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd, 1933), pp. 1-16.</ref> In continuous operation for more than 440 years, the University will have more than 41,000 students.<ref>[http://www.ed.ac.uk University of Edinburgh website]</ref>
* [[October 16]] &ndash; King [[Philip II of Spain]] orders the transfer of [[Abada (rhinoceros)|Abada]] the [[rhinoceros]] from the [[Casa de Campo]] public park of Madrid, to the [[menagerie]] at his residence at [[El Escorial]].<ref>Henry Kamen, ''Philip of Spain'' (Yale University Press, 1999) p.400</ref> 
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Peter the Lame]] becomes Prince of Moldavia (in modern-day Romania) for the third and last time, reigning until 1591.<ref>Constantin Rezachevici, ''Cronologia critică a domnilor din Țara Românească și Moldova, a. 1324–1881'' ("Critical timeline of the gentlemen of Wallachia and Moldavia, 1324-1881"), Volume 1 (Editura Enciclopedică, 2001) p.432</ref> 
* [[October 18]] &ndash; In South America, the [[Third Council of Lima]] comes to an end after two months after being convened to provide a consistent doctrine for the Roman Catholic Church in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru]]. Among other things, the Council approves the treatment of the native population "not like slaves but as free men" as part of evangelism and conversion to Christianity, as well as the use of the [[Quechua language]] and the [[Aymara language]] to spread the gospel. The use of [[Spanish language|Spanish]] is ordered for church services, and [[Latin language|Latin]] is forbidden.
* [[October 24]] &ndash; [[Jan van Hembyze]] becomes the last leader of the [[Calvinist Republic of Ghent]] after a coup d'etat against the ruling Count of Flanders.<ref>Bart Vander Schelden, '' De Gentse stadsmagistraat tijdens de calvinistische Republiek (1577-1584)''("The Ghent city magistrate during the Calvinist Republic (1577-1584)"</ref> Hembyze's action leads days later to the [[Siege of Ghent (1583–1584)|siege of Ghent]] by Spanish General [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alexander Farnese]].
* [[November 4]] 
**[[Francis Throckmorton]], instigator of the [[Throckmorton Plot]] to overthrow Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], is arrested. Convicted of treason, he is executed on July 10, 1584.<ref>N. M. Sutherland, ''Henry IV of France and the Politics of Religion: 1572 - 1596'' (Elm Bank Publishing, 2002) p.54</ref>
**[[Gerolamo Chiavari]] is elected to a 2-year term as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] to succeed [[Gerolamo De Franchi Toso (1522–1586)|Gerolamo De Franchi Toso]].
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Willem IV van den Bergh]], the Stadtholder of Guelders for the [[Dutch Republic]] is arrested along with his family and charged with treason on suspicion of having allowed the Spanish Army to seize [[Zutphen]].<ref>Petrus Johannes Blok, ''History of the People of the Netherlands: The War with Spain'' (Putnam's Sons, 1900) p.170</ref> Imprisoned for five months, he is released in March after promising to retire from public service.<ref>Sergio Buonadonna, ''Rosso Doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797'' ("Red Doge: The Doges of the Republic of Genoa from 1339 to 1797) (De Ferrari, 2007)</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; In [[India]], the city of [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] (modern-day Prayagraj in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]]) is founded as a strategic fortress by [[Akbar]], Emperor of the [[Mughal Empire]].Surendra Nath Sinha (1974).<ref>Jamia Millia Islamia, ''Subah of Allahabad under the Great Mughals, 1580-1707'' (Jamia Millia Islamia, 1974) p.85</ref>
* [[November 24]] &ndash; [[Philippe Hurault de Cheverny]] is appointed as the new [[Chief Minister of France]] by [[Henry III of France|King Henri III]] upon the death of [[René de Birague]], who had governed for nine years. Hurault will serve until 1589.
* [[December 17]] &ndash; [[Cologne War]]: The [[Siege of Godesberg]] (begun on [[November 18]]) concludes when [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] forces under Prince-elector-archbishop [[Ernest of Bavaria]] capture the strategic position, from defenders of the [[Calvinist]] convert [[Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg]].

=== Date unknown ===
* The world's oldest, intact, surviving amusement park, ''[[Dyrehavsbakken]]'', is founded north of [[Copenhagen]].
* The current building housing the Bunch Of Grapes pub is built on Narrow Street in Limehouse, London. Referred to by Charles Dickens in ''[[Our Mutual Friend]]'' as "The Six Jolly Fellowship Porters", it still stands in the 21st century, much rebuilt and renamed '[[The Grapes, Limehouse|The Grapes]]'.<ref name=PubEncyc>{{cite web | url = http://www.pubs.com/main_site/pub_details.php?pub_id=97 | title = The Grapes | work = Pubs.com | access-date = 4 November 2011 | archive-date = 19 November 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111119065007/http://www.pubs.com/main_site/pub_details.php?pub_id=97 | url-status =dead}}</ref>

* The [[Ottoman empire|Ottoman]] [[Ottoman navy|fleet]] crosses into the [[Mediterranean Sea|Western Mediterranean]] and raids the [[Italy|Italian]] coastline. In [[Corsica]], the towns of [[Sartene]] and [[Arbellara]] are sacked (summer).</onlyinclude>