Editing 1580 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Bookofconcord.jpg|thumb|110px|right|[[June 25]]: The [[Book of Concord]] is published.]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]]: The death of [[Henry, King of Portugal]], with no direct heirs, leads to conflict between his potential successors, including King [[Philip II of Spain]] and [[Catherine, Duchess of Braganza|Infanta Catherine, Duchess of Braganza]].<ref name=Lardner>[[Dionysius Lardner]], ed., ''The History of Spain and Portugal'', vol. 5, part of the ''Cabinet Cyclopaedia''. London: Longman, Rees, et al., 1832. See pages 208-209.</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; The massacre of 20 artists at the [[Mardi Gras]] festivities at the annual ''Carnaval de Romans'' during the festival takes place in France at [[Romans-sur-Isère]].<ref>Mack P. Holt, ''The French Wars of Religion, 1562–1629'' (Cambridge University Press, 2005) p.116</ref>
* [[February 28]] &ndash; Three Jesuit priests from [[Portuguese Goa]], including [[Rodolfo Acquaviva]], arrive in [[Agra]] on the mainland of India as guests of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]], [[Akbar the Great]], who is curious about [[Christianity]]. The Emperor grants land to the Jesuit fathers for the building of [[Akbar's Church|the first Roman Catholic Church in the Mughal Empire]].<ref>João Vicente Melo, ''Jesuit and English Experiences at the Mughal Court, C. 1580–1615'' (Springer, 2022) p.26</ref>
* [[March 1]] &ndash; [[Michel de Montaigne]] signs the preface to his most significant work, ''[[Essays (Montaigne)|Essays]]''. They are published later this year.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michel de Montaigne|title=Works of Michael de Montaigne: Comprising His Essays, Journey Into Italy, and Letters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwROv1TAKf0C&pg=PA471|year=1887|publisher=Houghton, Mifflin|pages=471|language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 3]] &ndash; [[George de Lalaing, Count of Rennenberg]] defects from the Union of Utrecht and the Dutch Republic, and turns over the [[Groningen (province)|province of Groningen]] to King Philip II of Spain.
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Iberian Union]]: King [[Philip II of Spain]] becomes King of Portugal under the name Philip I, following the death without heirs of King [[Henry, King of Portugal|Henry of Portugal]], in a [[personal union]] of the crowns, thus maintaining Portuguese independence (in Europe and throughout the [[Portuguese Empire]]).<ref name=Lardner/> The [[Philippine Dynasty]] rule lasts until [[1640]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 6]] &ndash; The [[1580 Dover Straits earthquake|Dover Straits earthquake]] occurs.<ref>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=160–162|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[English Fury at Mechelen]]: English and Scottish mercenaries, assisting the Dutch Republic, storm the Spanish Netherlands city of [[Mechelen]] (in modern-day Belgium), killing 60 civilians and plundering the town's houses and churches.<ref>J.D. Tracy, ''The Founding of the Dutch Republic: War, Finance, and Politics in Holland 1572–1588'' (Oxford University Press, 2008) pp.157-158</ref>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; [[Stephen Báthory]] is formally crowned as Grand Duke of Lithuania at the [[Vilnius Cathedral]].<ref>Jūratė Kiaupienė and ; Ingė Lukšaitė, ''Lietuvos Istorija'' (in Lithuanian), Vol. V: ''Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštystė 1529–1588 metais'' ("The Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the years 1529–1588") (Baltos Lankos, 2013). pp. 264</ref> 
* [[May]] &ndash; The [[Lipizzan]] stud is established by [[Charles II, Archduke of Austria]].
* [[June 5]] &ndash; In the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Kingdom of Golconda]] (part of the modern-day Indian state of [[Telangana]]), 15-year-old [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] is proclaimed as the new Sultan upon the death of his father, [[Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah Wali]].
* [[June 9]] &ndash; Rebels of the Dutch Union of Utrecht, aided by French soldiers, [[Taking of Diest (1580)|make a surprise attack]] on the Spanish Netherlands city of [[Diest]] in the [[Duchy of Brabant]], and overwhelm the strategic location, now in Belgium, in one day.<ref>Edouard Van Even, ''Geschiedenis der stad Diest'' ("History of the city of Diest") (Drukkery van Ad. Havermans, 1847), p.172</ref>
* [[June 11]] &ndash; Within the Viceroyalty of Peru in South America Spanish explorer [[Juan de Garay]] founds the first permanent Spanish settlement at what is now the capital of [[Argentina]], on the [[Rio de la Plata]]. Garay, who came on an expedition down the [[Paraná River]] from [[Asunción]] (now in Paraguay), arrives at the site of the failed Spanish settlement of Ciudad de Nuestra Señora Santa María del Buen Ayre, that had been created by [[Pedro de Mendoza]] in 1536 and abandoned in 1542. Garay names the new settlement "Santísima Trinidad" but the city eventually takes the name of the port, which he calls "Puerto de Santa María de los [[Buenos Aires]]."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024201506/http://www.buenosaires.gov.ar/areas/ciudad/historico/calendario/destacado.php?menu_id=23203&ide=44 "11 de Junio de 1580: Segunda fundación de Buenos Aires", Calendario Histórico, BuenosAires.gov.ar]</ref>
* [[June 21]] (8 ''Cemazi ul-evvel'' 988 AH) &ndash; [[Kingdom of England|England]] signs a commercial treaty with the [[Ottoman Empire]], and Sultan Murad III sends a letter to Queen Elizabeth I informing her, "Just as the merchants of Poland and France and Venice come and go, the merchants of your domain also shall bring wares to our Well-Protected Domains and take away wares."<ref>Viorel Panaite, ''Ottoman Law of War and Peace: The Ottoman Empire and Its Tribute-Payers from the North of the Danube'' (Brill, 2019) p.335</ref> In return, Murad III is able to purchase English metals (iron, brass and tin) for his war with [[Persia]].<ref name="Cassell's Chronology">{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|url=https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will|url-access=registration|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/230 230–233]}}</ref>
* [[June 25]] &ndash; The ''[[Book of Concord]]'', a collection of [[Lutheran]] confessional documents, is published.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 12]] &ndash; The ''[[Ostrog Bible]]'', the first complete printed [[Bible translations into Slavic languages|Bible translation into a Slavic language]] ([[Old Church Slavonic]]), is first printed at [[Ostroh]] in the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] (modern-day [[Ukraine]]) by [[Ivan Fyodorov (printer)|Ivan Fyodorov]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Joze Krasovec|title=The Interpretation of the Bible: The International Symposium in Slovenia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jiukF7F_r3cC&pg=PA676|date=1 October 1999|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-0-567-34563-9|pages=676|language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 24]] &ndash; [[Portuguese succession crisis of 1580]]: [[António, Prior of Crato]], a grandson of the late King Manuel by Manuel's second son, the [[Luís of Portugal, Duke of Beja|Duke of Beja]] is proclaimed King of Portugal by his supporters in the city of [[Santarém, Portugal|Santarém]], and popular acclamation follows in [[Lisbon]] and other locations.<ref>"Antonio, Prior of Crato", by David Hannay, ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', Volume 2 (11th ed.) (Cambridge University Press, 2011)</ref><ref>Carlos Melo Bento, ''História dos Açores: Da descoberta a 1934'' (in Portuguese) (Câmara Municipal de Ponta Delgada, 2008) p.34</ref> Portugal's parliament, the Cortes, refuses to acknowledge Antonio and he is defeated 32 days later at Alcântara.
* [[August 25]] &ndash; [[Battle of Alcântara (1580)|Battle of Alcântara]]: Spanish armies, led by [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Fernando Álvarez de Toledo]], defending the claim of King [[Philip II of Spain]] to the [[Portuguese throne]], defeat the armies of Portuguese claimant [[António, Prior of Crato]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Portuguese Studies Review|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QhgXAQAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Baywolf Press|page=71|language=en}}</ref>
* [[September 26]] &ndash; [[Francis Drake]] returns to [[Plymouth]], England from his [[Francis Drake's Circumnavigation|voyage of circumnavigation]] (westbound) on the ''[[Golden Hind]]'',<ref name="Pocket On This Day">{{cite book|title=Penguin Pocket On This Day|publisher=Penguin Reference Library|isbn=0-14-102715-0|year=2006}}</ref> the second completed in a continuous voyage, and the first under its original commander.
* [[September 29]] &ndash; Five of the seven provinces of the Dutch Republic (with the exception of [[Zeeland]] and [[Holland]]) sign the [[Treaty of Plessis-les-Tours]], recognizing [[Francis, Duke of Anjou]] as the Republic's sovereign.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 4]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza, 5th Count of Coruña|Lorenzo Suárez de Mendoza]], the Spanish Count of Coruña, arrives in Mexico City to take office as the [[Viceroy of New Spain]], administering Mexico and Central America on behalf of King Philip II.<ref>Fernando Orozco Linares, ''Gobernantes de México'' (Panorama Editorial, 1985)</ref>
* [[October 15]] (5th waning of Tazaungmon 942 ME) &ndash; [[Bayinnaung|King Bayinnaung]] of Bruma dispatches a naval force of 200 ships and 8,000 soldiers to invade the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] (now in the Rakhine State of Myanmar), but the attempt fails after a year. Burmese troops are ordered withdrawn after Bayinnaung dies and is succeeded by his son [[Nanda Bayin]].<ref>''Maha Yazawin'', Vol. 3 (Ya-Pyei Publishing, 2006) p.71</ref>
* [[October 18]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)|Siege of Steenwijk]] in the Dutch Republic is started by the Spanish Netherlands. The siege will last four months and the Spanish troops will capture Steenwijk on February 23.
* [[October 24]] &ndash; The [[War of the Portuguese Succession]] comes to an end as Spanish forces crush the final Portuguese resistance in the last stronghold in mainland Portugal, [[Porto, Portugal|Porto]]. For the next 60 years, Portugal will be ruled by the Kings of Spain.
* [[November 10]] &ndash; [[Second Desmond Rebellion]]: The [[Siege of Smerwick]] (now Ard na Caithne in County Kerry, Ireland) ends after three days when their commander surrenders to the English. Members of a group of at least 400 freelance soldiers, and perhaps as many as 700, for the [[Papal States]] are summarily executed on orders of the English Lord Deputy of Ireland, [[Arthur Grey, 14th Baron Grey de Wilton|Baron Grey de Wilton]].<ref>Tony Pollard and Iain Banks, ''Scorched Earth: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict'' (Brill, 2007) p.222</ref>
* [[December 31]] &ndash; [[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]], formerly the regent for King James VI of Scotland, is arrested during a meeting of Scotland's Privy Council at [[Holyrood, Edinburgh|Holyrood]] on the accusation of [[James Stewart, Earl of Arran]] that the Earl of Morton had participated in the 1567 murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary, Queen of Scots and father of King James.<ref>George R. Hewitt, ''Scotland under Morton 1572-80'' (John Donald Publishing, 1982), pp.76-77</ref> Morton is taken to [[Dumbarton Castle]] and convicted of conspiracy to murder, and executed on June 2.

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Billy Mitchell (volcano)|Billy Mitchell]] volcano, on the island of Bougainville, undergoes a catastrophic eruption (VEI 6).
* The first session of the Jewish ''Vaad'' ([[Council of Four Lands]]) is held  in [[Lublin]], [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth|Poland]]; 70 delegates of Jewish local ''[[qahal]]s'' meet to discuss taxation, and other issues important to Jewish communities.
* The [[Old City of Zamość]] is established in Poland, by [[Jan Zamoyski]].
* The [[1580 influenza pandemic]] sweeps the world, starting in Asia and moving rapidly through Africa, Europe, and eventually the Americas. More than 10% of the population of Rome dies, and whole towns in Spain are depopulated.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Beveridge|first=W.I.B.|date=1991|title=The Chronicle of Influenza Epidemics|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23331022|journal=History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences|volume=13|issue=2|pages=223–234|jstor=23331022|pmid=1724803|language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>
* In Southern India, [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]] becomes the new [[Sultanate of Bijapur|Sultan of Bijapur]] upon the death of his father, [[Ali Adil Shah I]].<ref>{{cite book|last1 = Mitchell|first1 = George|first2 = Mark |last2 = Zebrowski|title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates (The New Cambridge History of India Vol. I:7)|publisher = Cambridge University Press| year=1999| location=Cambridge| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ju1XvgAACAAJ| isbn=0-521-56321-6|pages=13–14}}</ref>