Editing 1579 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 6]]  &ndash; The [[Union of Arras]] unites the southern [[Spanish Netherlands|Netherlands]] under the [[Alessandro Farnese, Duke of Parma and Piacenza|Duke of Parma]], governor in the name of king [[Philip II of Spain]].<ref name="Holt2002"/>
* [[January 23]] &ndash; The [[Union of Utrecht]] unites the northern Netherlands in a confederation called the [[Dutch Republic|United Provinces]]. [[William I of Orange]] becomes ''Stadtholder'', and the [[François, Duke of Anjou|Duc d'Anjou]], younger brother of [[Henry III of France]], is invited to become hereditary sovereign.<ref name="Holt2002">{{cite book|author=Mack P. Holt|title=The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt5sraGYbWcC&pg=PA114|date=2 May 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-89278-0|pages=114|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 4]] &ndash; The [[Calvinist Republic of Ghent|Ghent Republic]] joins the Union of Utrecht.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Despretz |first1=André |title=De instauratie der Gentse Calvinistische republiek (1577-1579) / |url=https://lib.ugent.be/en/catalog/rug01:000798146 |website=lib.ugent.be |access-date=28 January 2024 |date=1963}}</ref>
* [[February 28]] &ndash; The seizure in September by [[Willem IV van den Bergh]], of the [[Boxmeer Castle]] in September in the Netherlands is condemned by the other Dutch members of the Union of Utrecht.<ref>R.W. Tadama, ''Willem Graaf van den Berg en Zijne Tijdgenooten'' (in Dutch)(Zutphen, 1846) p.29</ref>
* [[March 1]] &ndash; Off of the coast of what is now [[Ecuador]], the English [[galleon]] ''[[Golden Hind]]'', captained by [[Francis Drake]], captures the Spanish freighter ''[[Nuestra Señora de la Concepción]]'' (unofficially called "Cagafuego") and its cargo, including 26 tons of silver and 1,000 pounds of gold.<ref>Arthur Herman, ''To Rule the Waves: How the British Navy Shaped the Modern World'' (Harper Collins, 2004) p.88</ref>
* [[March 2]] &ndash; [[Battle of Borgerhout]] in Brabant (now [[Belgium]]): Spanish troops under the command of the Duke of Parma overwhelm rebels fighting for the Union of Utrecht.<ref>Famiano Strada, ''Segunda decada de las Guerras de Flandes: desde el principio del govierno de Alexandro Farnese'' (1681) p.30</ref>
* [[March 12]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Maastricht (1579)|Siege of Maastricht]], a center of the Dutch resistance to Spanish rule, is started in the Netherlands by Spanish troops under the command of [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Limburg |url=https://dutchrevolt.leiden.edu/dutch/geografie/L/Pages/limburg.aspx |website=dutchrevolt.leiden.edu |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref> The siege will last almost four months before Maastricht falls on July 1.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 10]] &ndash; In the village of [[Cuers]] in [[France]], near [[Toulon]] rebel peasants kill 600 nobles and upper-class gentlemen of the Catholic League serving the Count of Carces.<ref>Mack P. Holt, ''The French Wars of Religion, 1562-1629'' (Cambridge University Press, 1995) p.112</ref>
* [[May 17]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Arras (1579)|Treaty of Arras]] is concluded between Spain (represented by the Duke of Parma), and members of the [[Union of Arras]] that had been formed in January. The Union of Utrecht continues its resistance against Spain while the [[County of Hainaut]], the [[County of Artois]], and the cities of [[Douai]], [[Lille]], [[Orchies]] and [[Arras]] agree to a separate peace under Spanish rule.<ref name=JIsrael>Jonathan Israel, ''The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806'' (Clarendon Press, 1995)</ref>
* [[May 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mimaomote]]: In [[Japan]], Doi Kiyonaga defeats the forces of Kumu Yorinobu.<ref>{{cite book |title=The samurai sourcebook |date=1998 |publisher=Arms and Armour Press |isbn=978-1-85409-371-4 |page=230 |url=https://archive.org/details/samuraisourceboo00turn_0/page/230/mode/2up?q=%2225+may%22 |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref>
* [[June 17]] &ndash; [[Francis Drake]], during [[Francis Drake's Circumnavigation|his circumnavigation]] of the world, lands in modern-day [[California]], which he claims for [[Elizabeth I of England|Queen Elizabeth I]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gough |first1=Barry M. |title=Distant dominion : Britain and the northwest coast of North America, 1579-1809 |date=1980 |publisher=University of British Columbia Press |location=Vancouver |isbn=978-0-7748-0113-3 |page=15 |url=https://archive.org/details/distantdominionb0000goug/page/14/mode/2up?q=%2217+june%22 |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sugden |first1=John |title=Sir Francis Drake |date=24 April 2012 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-1-4481-2950-8 |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2CEgmN-3VcMC&dq=california+elizabeth+i+francis+drake+%2217+june+1579%22&pg=PA134 |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref> With an [[England|English]] claim here and in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], it becomes the basis for English colonial charters which will claim all land from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from "sea to sea." Drake's claim is called ''[[Nova Albion]]'' (''New England''), and subsequent maps will show all lands north of New Spain and New Mexico under this name.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 1]] &ndash; Maastricht surrenders to Spanish troops after a surprise attack by the Duke of Parma, who had besieged the city for more than three months.
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Karlovac]] in [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Croatia]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=O gradu |url=https://www.karlovac.hr/grad/o-gradu-2728/2728 |website=karlovac.hr |access-date=28 January 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stallaerts |first1=Robert |title=Historical Dictionary of Croatia |date=22 December 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7363-6 |page=183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSjRbIz4iDkC&dq=Karlovac+%2213+july+1579%22&pg=PA183 |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[James FitzMaurice FitzGerald]] lands with a small force of Irish, Spanish, and Italian troops at [[Smerwick]], on the Dingle Peninsula in south-western Ireland, and commences the [[Second Desmond Rebellion]] against the rule in Ireland of [[Elizabeth I of England]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Orr |first1=D. Alan |title="Communis Hostis Omnium": The Smerwick Massacre (1580) and the Law of Nations |journal=Journal of British Studies |date=July 2019 |volume=58 |issue=3 |pages=473–493 |doi=10.1017/jbr.2019.6 |s2cid=201334633 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/communis-hostis-omnium-the-smerwick-massacre-1580-and-the-law-of-nations/A94FAEB02F79622A44BCB9B4C2AA5B0C |access-date=28 January 2024 |language=en |issn=0021-9371}}</ref>
* [[August 6]] &ndash; In the Spanish-controlled Netherlands, the representatives of the [[Union of Utrecht]] declare that they will no longer respect the authority of [[Philip II of Spain|King Philip of Spain]]. 
* [[August 17]] &ndash; "[[Yasuke]]", a man of African origin who has been hired as a manager by the Chancellor of the Realm, [[Oda Nobunaga]], arrives in [[Japan]]. Called "The Black Samurai" in dramatizations of his experience, he begins a service of three years to the Chancellor, ending on June 21, 1582.
* [[August 30]] &ndash; [[Livonian War]]: In what is now [[Belarus]], the city of [[Polotsk]] falls to the forces of [[Stephen Báthory]], Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland.<ref>Daniel Stone, ''The Polish-Lithuanian State, 1386–1795'' (University of Washington Press, 2001)</ref>
* [[September 10]] &ndash; (5th waning of Tawthalin [[Burmese calendar|941 ME]]) In the [[Kingdom of Mrauk U]] in what is now Myanmar and Bangladesh, King [[Min Phalaung]] becomes the owner of the first of three white elephants, and gives himself the title of ''Hsinbyushin''.<ref>Ashin Sandamala Linkara, ''Rakhine Yazawinthit Kyan'' (in Burmese). Vol. 2 (Tetlan Sarpay, 1931) pp.50-51</ref>
* [[September 12]] &ndash; Amendments are made to the May 17 Treaty of Arras, with further concessions to Spain by the Union of Arras. The final version is promulgated by King Philip of Spain in [[Mons, Belgium|Mons]], one of the regions in the Arras Union.<ref name=JIsrael/> 
* [[September 28]] &ndash; In [[Switzerland]], a mutual assistance pact was signed at [[Lucerne]] between representatives of Roman Catholic [[Cantons of Switzerland|cantons]] by the efforts of the Catholic Bishop of Basel, [[Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jakob Christoph Blarer von Wartensee |url=https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/017030/2004-08-11/ |website=hls-dhs-dss.ch |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; At [[Banda Aceh]], on the island of [[Sumatra]] in what is now [[Indonesia]], [[Alauddin Mansur Syah]] becomes the new Sultan of Aceh upon the death of [[Zainul Abidin of Aceh|Sultan Zainul Abidin]].<ref>''Encyclopaedie van Nederlandsch-Indië'' (M. Nijhoff & Brill, 1917)</ref> 
* [[October 11]] &ndash; [[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]], [[Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire]] for more than 14 years, is assassinated in [[Constantinople]].<ref name=Kramers>"Murad III", by J. H. Kramers, in ''E. J. Brill's First Encyclopedia of Islam'', ed. by M. Th. Houtsma, et al., Vol. VI (Brill, 1993) p.730</ref>
* [[October 13]] &ndash; [[Semiz Ahmed Pasha]] is appointed as the new Ottoman Grand Vizier by Sultan [[Murad III]].<ref name=Kramers/>
* [[October 19]] &ndash; [[James VI and I|King James VI of Scotland]] makes his ceremonial [[Entry of James VI into Edinburgh|entry into Edinburgh]] to assume the throne at the age of 13, after being declared to have reached the age of majority.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meikle |first1=Maureen M. |title=Sixteenth-Century Scotland |date=1 January 2008 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-474-3373-6 |pages=277–294 |url=https://brill.com/display/book/edcoll/9789047433736/Bej.9789004168251.i-476_014.xml |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en |chapter=Chapter Twelve. Anna Of Denmark’s Coronation And Entry Into Edinburgh, 1590: Cultural, Religious And Diplomatic Perspectives}}</ref> Scotland had been ruled by regents since 1567, when James was declared king.
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Nicolò Doria]] is elected to a two-year term as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]].<ref>Sergio Buonadonna and Mario Marcenaro, ''Rosso Doge: I dogi della Repubblica di Genova dal 1339 al 1797'' (De Ferrari Press, 2000).
</ref>
[[File:Edward Frank Gillettː Stubbs has his hand cut off (Hutchinsons Story of the British Nation, 1922).jpg|150px|thumb|November 3: Seditious writer John Stubbs is barred from writing again]]
* [[November 3]] &ndash; The English puritan [[John Stubbs]], author of numerous pamphlets against the doctrines of the Church of England, is convicted of sedition, and his right hand is amputated as punishment.<ref>"Dismembering and Forgetting in Titus Andronicus", by Katherine A. Rowe, ''Shakespeare Quarterly'' (Autumn 1994) p.285</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; During the [[Second Desmond Rebellion]], rebel troops in Ireland, led by [[Gerald FitzGerald, 14th Earl of Desmond]], carry out the [[Sack of Youghal]] and massacre the English Army garrison, then pillage and burn the homes of local residents.<ref>William Palmer, ''The Problem of Ireland in Tudor Foreign Policy, 1485–1603'' (Boydell & Brewer, 1995)</ref>
* [[November 21]] &ndash; [[Iancu Sasul]] becomes the new [[Prince of Moldavia]] as Peter the Lame steps down for the second time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Nouzille |first1=Jean |title=Moldova: istoria tragică a unei regiuni Europene |date=2005 |publisher=Prut Internaţional |isbn=978-9975-69-720-0 |page=52 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B70WAQAAMAAJ&q=%2221%20noiembrie%201579%22 |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=ro}}</ref> Peter will replace Sasul on October 17, 1582.
* [[November 23]] &ndash; [[Jeremias II of Constantinople|Jeremias II Tranos]] is removed from office as [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople]], leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, and replaced by his rival [[Metrophanes III of Constantinople]], whom he deposed on May 4, 1572.<ref>"Jérémie II", in ''Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques'', Vol. 28 (Letouzey et Ané, 2003) pp. 999-1000</ref>
* [[December 16]] &ndash; After [[Willem van Pamele]], the Spanish Governor of Flanders, is forced to flee during the Dutch Revolt, the Duke of Parma orders Pamele and the Catholic members of the Council of Flanders to convene at [[Douai]] as the temporary Flemish capital.<ref>"Pamele (Guillaume de)", by Émile de Borchgrave, in ''Biographie Nationale de Belgique'', vol. 16 (Royal Academy of Belgium, 1901), pp.526-528</ref>
* [[December 24]] &ndash; German astronomer [[Michael Maestlin]] makes the first cataloging of the [[Pleiades]] cluster, recording 11 separate stars visible to the naked eye, with a detailed illustration and measurements.<ref>"On the Visibility of Stars in the Pleiades with the Naked Eye", by Friedrich Winnecke, ''Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society'' (December 1878), pp.146–148</ref>
* [[December 25]] &ndash; In France, Protestant French troops under the command of [[Matthieu Merle]], make a surprise attack on the Roman Catholic cathedral in the village of [[Mende, Lozère|Mende]] during Mass, and kill 400 civilians.<ref>"Léon Costecalde, ''Monographie illustré de la cathédrale de Mende'' (Imprimerie Ignon-Renouard, 1922) p.13 ("La nuit de Noel 1579, Mathieu Merle, chef des protestants cevenois, s'avanca vers Mende, a la feveur des tenebres, s'empara de la ville par trabison, y massacra 400 pretres ou fideles, la plupart, dans l'enceinte meme de la cathedrale."</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* In the Mughal Empire in India, [[Akbar]] abolishes the jizya, the tax placed upon non-Muslim residents.
* [[Akbar]] issues a mazhar signed by the leading [[ulamas]], putting himself as the highest religious authority, allowing him to interpret the [[Quran]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Akhtar |first1=Awais |title=Christianity in the Court of Mughal Emperor Akbar (1556-1605AD) |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |date=2019 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=189–198 |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/62859043/5_v5_2_1920200407-112762-1mmqisn-libre.pdf?1586265930=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DChristianity_in_the_Court_of_Mughal_Empe.pdf&Expires=1706654877&Signature=OKhwyY46Ah1v8kLonuVXhyWGC0GaSTW4BvP6UHcoRJOK9zcSY1YyN3A2qyvY6ngVCghox5J92tBXdDKgs2KTs15GY43RDW7ZaEsnZ8AeBZwz9-vrUjHEX9qEUj-xErli9LLM1IPC4wiLBHPUrJgT42Mn1z9ZSiLgzv8D6C6jQArTaLgXyLBfX-tSdPGtmGR5oU13J--cHRpDH18Vk9Q3S13bqP4grCbThEw4hUuXJhZq7ayJ7vof1EInXSwvfHaoQuUfz6CacxDyhPmqVNYGGgfNfmk3TSc7PuDV~RYI0ADLNHrmggis17TyjmTn1ydfXhiYgMyuicpVLin3t~9Z6g__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>
* The municipality of [[Boac, Marinduque|Boac]] in [[Marinduque]], [[Philippines]] is founded.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=AKYLBEKOV |first1=Kalibek |title=Marinduk Island in the Philippines from the Position of Geography of Tourism |journal=GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites |date=2022 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=1459–1471 |doi=10.30892/gtg.44434-966 |url=https://gtg.webhost.uoradea.ro/PDF/GTG-4-2022/gtg.44434-966.pdf |access-date=30 January 2024}}</ref>
* The ''[[Bible of Kralice]]'' begins publication. The first complete translation of the Bible into the [[Czech language]] (with notes), it is prepared by the [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Unity of the Brethren]], and published at [[Kralice nad Oslavou]], [[Bohemia]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Archives |first1=Moravian |title=Moravian Archives |url=https://www.moravianchurcharchives.org/thismonth/13_10%20Kralice%20Bible.pdf |website=www.moravianchurcharchives.org |access-date=30 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>