Editing 1578 (section)

== Events ==
<onlyinclude>

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 13]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Gvozdansko]] ends in the [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]] as Ottoman Empire troops led by [[Ferhad Pasha Sokolović]] capture the fortress at [[Gvozdansko]].<ref>"Osmanska opsada Gvozdanskog 1578" [The Ottoman siege of Gvozdansko in 1578], by Hrvoje Kekez, in ''Magazin Za Vojnu Povijest'' No.4 (in Croatian), 2011, pp. 70–73</ref>
* [[January 31]] &ndash; [[Battle of Gembloux (1578)|Battle of Gembloux]]: Spanish forces under [[John of Austria|Don John of Austria]] and [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alexander Farnese]] defeat the Dutch; Farnese begins to recover control of the French-speaking [[Southern Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John Fitzmaurice|title=The Politics of Belgium: Crisis and Compromise in a Plural Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jYWAQAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=C. Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-038-6|page=16|language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 6]] &ndash; [[Pope Gregory XIII]] issues the papal bull ''Illius fulti praesidio'' and creates the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila|Diocese of Manila]], the first Roman Catholic diocese in the Philippines, with [[Domingo de Salazar]] as the first Bishop of Manila.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Achútegui|first=Pedro S.|date=1979|title=A Problem of Chronology: The Quadricentennial of Manila and the Gregorian Calendar|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42632495|journal=Philippine Studies|volume=27|issue=3|pages=417–431|jstor=42632495|issn=0031-7837}}</ref> The diocese will be raised to the status of archdiocese on August 14, 1595.
* [[February 8]] &ndash; The city council of Amsterdam in the Netherlands ratifies a treaty placing the city under the authority of [[William the Silent|Willem, Prince of Orange]], and joining the [[States of Holland and West Friesland|States of Holland]].<ref>"'Kennen, respecteren ende gehoorsamen': Amsterdamse schouten en hun ambt", ''Jaarboek Amstelodamum'' 89 (1997) p.16</ref> 
* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Mohammad Khodabanda]], older brother of the late [[Ismail II|Shah Ismail II]], begins his reign as the new [[List of monarchs of Persia|Shah]] of [[Safavid dynasty|Persia]] (now Iran) after entering the Persian capital at [[Qazvin]], after removing his sister [[Pari Khan Khanum]], who had exercised regal authority after Ismail's death.<ref>Colin P. Mitchell, ''The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran: Power, Religion and Rhetoric'' (I.B. Tauris, 2009) p. 160</ref> His first act as ruler is to have Pari Khan Khanum strangled to death.
* [[February 13]] &ndash; Two days after the Battle of Gembloux, Spanish troops capture the city of [[Leuven]], forcing Willem, Prince of Orange, to flee [[Brussels]] and relocate to [[Antwerp]].Geoffrey Parker, ''The Dutch Revolt'' (Cornell University Press, 1977) p.186
* [[March 11]] &ndash; [[Nicolò da Ponte]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Venice|Doge]] of the Republic of Venice after 44 ballots, following the March 3 death of [[Sebastiano Venier]].<ref>[https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/nicolo-da-ponte "Da Pónte, Nicolò, doge di Venezia"], by Giuseppe Gullino, in ''Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani'', Vol. 32 (Treccani, 1986)</ref>
* [[March 20]]
**[[James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton]], the last of the regents for King James VI of Scotland, resigns after having served as regent since November 24, 1572.
**The Belgian city of [[Bruges]], controlled by Spain, falls to Dutch rebels.<ref>"Lucas, François, dit Lucas Brugensis", in ''Biographie Nationale de Belgique'', ed. by A. C. De Schrevel (Brussels, 1893) pp. 550-563</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 23]] &ndash; (17th day of 3rd month, Tensho 6) The [[Siege of Otate]] begins in Japan after the death of [[Uesugi Kenshin]], the warlord of the [[Echigo Province]].
* [[April 27]] &ndash; The [[Duel of the Mignons]] claims the lives of two favorites of [[Henry III of France]], and two favourites of [[Henry I, Duke of Guise]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=St James Press|author2=Anthony Levi|author3=Retired Professor of French Anthony Levi|title=Guide to French Literature: Beginnings to 1789|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oqkRAQAAMAAJ|year=1992|publisher=St. James Press|isbn=978-1-55862-159-6|page=223}}</ref>
* [[May 26]] &ndash; The ''[[Alteratie]]'' takes place in [[Amsterdam]], expelling the 24 Catholic members of the 40-man city government, and forming a new council is formed with 30 Calvinist Protestants and 10 Catholics.
* [[May 31]] &ndash; [[Martin Frobisher]] sails from [[Harwich]] in England with 15 ships to North America, where he will arrive at [[Frobisher Bay]] in July on his third expedition.
* [[June 11]] &ndash; [[Humphrey Gilbert]] is granted [[letters patent]] from the English crown to establish a colony in [[North America]].<ref>[http://avalon.law.yale.edu/16th_century/humfrey.asp Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578], from the [[Avalon Project]].</ref>
* [[June 20]] &ndash; The Frobisher expedition reaches [[Greenland]].
* [[June 30]] &ndash; After having come into conflict on May 17 with his fellow officer, [[Thomas Doughty (explorer)|Thomas Doughty]], during their circumnavigation of the world, [[Francis Drake]] puts Doughty on trial while the flagship ''Pelican'' is docked at what is now Argentina. A jury of sailors convicts Doughty of treason and attempted mutiny. Doughty is beheaded on July 2.<ref>Harry Kelsey, ''Sir Francis Drake: the Queen's Pirate'' (Yale University Press, 1998) pp.108-109</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 2]] &ndash; The Frobisher expedition reaches Canada and enters what is now [[Frobisher Bay]]. One of the ships, the ''Dennis'', is wrecked on an iceberg.
* [[July 31]]
** At the [[Battle of Rijmenam (1578)|Battle of Rijmenam]], fought near [[Antwerp]] in what is now [[Belgium]], a combined Dutch and English force under the command of the Count of Boussu and England's John Norreys defeats Spanish troops commanded by [[John of Austria|Don Juan de Austria]].
** According to some accounts, Englishman [[Martin Frobisher]] holds the first [[Thanksgiving]] celebration by Europeans in Canada, on [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], after he and his fleet encounter two ships that they feared had been lost. However, the celebration involves no feast and is limited to a sermon by the expedition's minister and Frobisher's men giving praise.<ref>Melanie Kirkpatrick, ''Thanksgiving: The Holiday at the Heart of the American Experience'' (Encounter Books, 2016) p.31</ref><ref>Richard Collinson, The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, in Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the North-West A.D. 1576—8 (Hakluyt Society, 1867)</ref>
* [[August 4]] &ndash; King [[Sebastian of Portugal]] is killed in the [[Battle of Alcácer Quibir]] in North Africa while fighting the [[Saadi Sultanate]]. Sebastian's elderly uncle, [[Henry, King of Portugal|Cardinal Henry]], is named as the heir to the throne, initiating a succession crisis in Portugal.
* [[August 20]]&ndash;[[September 6]] &ndash; After renaming this flagship, ''Pelican'' to the ''Golden Hind'', [[Francis Drake]] and his fleet begin their passage through the [[Strait of Magellan]].<ref name=GoldenHind>{{cite web|title=Voyage of the Golden Hind|url=http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/voyage-golden-hind.php|work=The Golden Hind|location=Brixham|year=2012|access-date=2013-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117040846/http://www.goldenhind.co.uk/voyage-golden-hind.php|archive-date=January 17, 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
* [[August 31]] &ndash; The Forbisher expedition departs North America for its journey back to England.
* [[September 6]] &ndash; After 16 days travel, the fleet of Francis Drake completes its traverse of the [[Strait of Magellan]] between the tip of South America and [[Tierra del Fuego]]. Upon entering the [[Pacific Ocean]], the fleet encounters violent storms. The supply ship ''Marigold'', with over 100 men under the command of John Thomas, is lost with all hands off of [[Cape Horn]].<ref name=GoldenHind/> The rest of the fleet continues its [[Francis Drake's circumnavigation|voyage around the world]].

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 1]] &ndash; [[Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma|Alessandro Farnese]] succeeds his uncle, [[John of Austria|Don John]], as [[Governor of the Spanish Netherlands]].<ref name="BrulezKoch2012">{{cite book|author1=W. Brulez|author2=A. C. F. Koch|author3=E. H. Kossman|title=Acta Historiae Neerlandicae/Studies on the History of the Netherlands VI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7JVfBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5945-6|pages=28|language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 21]] &ndash; [[Battles of Wenden (1577–78)|Battle of Wenden]]: The Russians are defeated by the [[Sweden|Swedes]], who proceed to take [[Polotsk]].
* [[November 19]] &ndash; [[Humphrey Gilbert]] and [[Walter Ralegh]] set out from [[Plymouth]] in England, leading an expedition to establish a colony in North America. They will be forced to turn back six months later.<ref name=CBH>{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=Alan|last2=Palmer|first2=Veronica|year=1992|title=The Chronology of British History|publisher=Century Ltd|location=London|pages=156–159|isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref>
* [[December 9]] &ndash; After more than five years of combat in southern France, the Protestant Huguenot citadel of [[Ménerbes]] negotiates a surrender to its French Catholic attackers.<ref>Robert Bailly, ''Topographie du siège et du bourg de Ménerbes (1573–1578): la Citadelle'' (Académie de Vaucluse, 1968)</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Battle of the Spoiling Dyke]] at [[Trumpan]] on the Scottish [[Isle of Skye]]: the [[Clan MacLeod]] are victorious over the [[Clan Donald|MacDonalds of Uist]] in a feud.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alexander John|last=Haddow|title=The History and Structure of Ceol Mor: A Guide to Piobaireachd, the Classical Music of the Great Highland Bagpipe: a Collection of Critical and Historical Essays|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zk8UAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=M.R.S. Haddow|page=67}}</ref>
* The [[Ottoman Empire]] conquers [[Abkhazia]].
* [[Sarsa Dengel]], [[Emperor of Ethiopia]], defeats and kills [[Bahr negus Yeshaq]] along with his Ottoman allies, finally ending his rebellion.
* Sonam Gyrso receives from Prince Atlan Khan the title of ''Talaï'', and becomes the third [[Dalai Lama]] of [[Tibet]].
* The last outbreak of [[sweating sickness]] occurs in England.
* The [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] assist Lord [[Ōmura Sumitada]], the first Christian Japanese daimyo, in repulsing an assault on [[Nagasaki]] by the [[Ryūzōji clan]].
* [[North American fur trade|Fur trade]] begins in Newfoundland in North America.</onlyinclude>