Editing 1568 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Mary, Queen of Scots after Nicholas Hilliard.jpg|110px|thumb|May: [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], flees to England.]]

=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 6]] &ndash; In the [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]], the delegates of [[Unio Trium Nationum]] to the [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] of [[Turda|Torda]] convene in a session that ends on January 13, during which freedom of religion is debated.
* [[January 28]] &ndash; The [[Edict of Torda]], Europe's first declaration of [[religious freedom]], is adopted by the Kingdom of Hungary.
* [[February 7]] &ndash; Members of a Spanish expedition, commanded by [[Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira]], become the first Europeans to see the [[Solomon Islands]], landing at [[Santa Isabel Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visual_materials/maps/websites/pacific/mendana-queiros/mendana-queiros.html|title=Alvaro de Mendaña de Neira, 1542?–1595|publisher=Princeton University Library|access-date=8 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Solomon Islands |url=https://www.un.int/solomonislands/solomonislands/country-facts |website=www.un.int |access-date=8 December 2023}}</ref>
* [[February 16]] &ndash; [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba]], governor of the [[Spanish Netherlands]] issues an edict condemning to death those who rebel against Spanish authority to combat [[Eighty Years' War|religious unrest]].
* [[February 17]] &ndash; [[Treaty of Adrianople (1568)|Treaty of Adrianople]] (sometimes called the Peace of Adrianople): The [[Habsburgs]] agree to pay tribute to the [[Ottoman Caliphate|Ottomans]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Setton |first1=Kenneth Meyer |title=The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571 |date=1984 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |isbn=978-0-87169-162-0 |page=922 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC&q=%22Adrianople%22%20february |access-date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cîmpeanu |first1=Liviu |title=The Transylvanian-Saxon University at War: Trabanten in John Sigismund Szapolyai's Campaigns at the North-Western Borders of Transylvania (1561–1567) |journal=Acta Musei Napocensis. Historica |date=2021 |volume=58 |issue=58 |pages=11–28 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1013179 |access-date=5 December 2023 |language=English |issn=1454-1521}}</ref>
* [[February 23]] &ndash; [[Akbar the Great]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] captures the massive [[Chittor Fort]] in northern India after a siege that began on October 23, 1567.<ref>Ram Vallabh Somani, ''History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D.'' (Mateshwari, 1976)</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mathur |first1=R. S. |title=Relations of Hadas with Mughal Emperors, 1568-1720 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Deputy Publications |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kHYtAAAAMAAJ&q=1568%20%22chittor%22 |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 28]] &ndash; French [[Huguenot]]s begin the [[Siege of Chartres (1568)|Siege of Chartres]], but fail to take the walled city after 15 days.<ref>James Wood,''The King's Army: Warfare, Soldiers and Society during the Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1576'' Cambridge University Press, 2002) p.215</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baird |first1=Henry Martyn |title=History of the Rise of the Huguenots of France |date=1880 |publisher=Hodder and Stoughton |page=231 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HpGx4RfOfPQC&dq=Huguenots+chartres+%221568%22&pg=PA231 |access-date=8 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; The [[Peace of Longjumeau]] ends the Second War of Religion in France.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=Penny |title=Peace and Authority during the French Religious Wars c.1560–1600 |date=2013 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-32675-1 |pages=29–50 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137326751_3 |access-date=5 December 2023 |language=en |chapter=Phases of Peace|doi=10.1057/9781137326751_3 }}</ref> Again [[Catherine de' Medici]] and [[Charles IX of France|Charles IX]] make substantial concessions to the Huguenots.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 23]] &ndash; [[Eighty Years' War]]: The [[Battle of Dahlen]] takes place in the [[Duchy of Jülich]] near the modern-day [[Rheindahlen]] borough in the German city of [[Mönchengladbach]], [[North Rhine-Westphalia]]. Spanish troops, commanded by [[Sancho d'Avila]], overwhelm a larger force of Dutch rebels led by Jean de Montigny, Lord of Villers.<ref>John Lothrop Motley, ''The Rise of the Dutch Republic: A History'' (Harper & Brothers, 1883) p.160</ref> 
* [[May 2]] &ndash; The deposed [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], escapes from [[Lochleven Castle]].
* [[May 13]] &ndash;  [[Marian civil war]] in Scotland: [[Battle of Langside]] &ndash; The forces of [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], are defeated by a confederacy of Scottish [[Protestant]]s under [[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]], regent of Scotland and her half-brother.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Peter G. B. McNeill|author2=Hector L. MacQueen|title=Atlas of Scottish History to 1707|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qs1-AAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Scottish Medievalists and Department of Geography, University of Edinburgh|isbn=978-0-9503904-1-3|page=134|language=en}}</ref>
* [[May 16]] &ndash; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], flees across the [[Solway Firth]] from [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] to [[Kingdom of England|England]]<ref>{{cite journal|last=Holmes|first=P. J.|title=Mary Stewart in England|journal=The Innes Review|year=1987|volume=38|issue=38|pages=195–218|doi=10.3366/inr.1987.38.38.195|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/inr.1987.38.38.195?journalCode=inr|access-date=2023-12-05}}</ref> but on May 19 is placed in custody in [[Carlisle Castle]] on the orders of Queen [[Elizabeth I of England]], her cousin.
* [[May 23]] &ndash; [[Battle of Heiligerlee (1568)|Battle of Heiligerlee]]: Troops under [[Louis of Nassau]], brother of [[William the Silent]], defeat a smaller loyalist force under the [[Jean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg|Duke of Arenberg]], in an attempt to invade the Northern Netherlands. This  effectively begins the [[Eighty Years' War]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Marco van der Hoeven|title=Exercise of Arms: Warfare in the Netherlands, 1568-1648|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=95Lbwsu1EC8C&pg=PA57|year=1997|publisher=Brill|isbn=90-04-10727-4|pages=57|language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 1]] &ndash; A mass execution is carried out in the Spanish Netherlands at [[Sablon, Brussels|Sablon]], near [[Brussels]], as 18 persons who signed the [[Compromise of Nobles]] on April 5, 1566, are beheaded.<ref>Louis Verniers, ''Un millénaire d'histoire de Bruxelles. Des origines à 1830'' (A. De Boeck, 1965) p.227</ref>
* [[June 13]] &ndash; [[Thomas Lancaster]] is consecrated as the [[Archbishop of Armagh]], spiritual leader of the [[Church of Ireland]], succeeding Archbishop [[Adam Loftus (bishop)|Adam Loftus]].
* [[June 27]] &ndash; Ottoman pirate [[Occhiali|Kılıç Ali Pasha]], formerly Italian farmer Giovanni Dionigi Galeni, is appointed as the Ottoman [[Beylerbey]] of [[Ottoman Algeria]] by the Sultan [[Selim II]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 21]] &ndash; [[Battle of Jemmingen]]: The main Spanish army of the [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]] utterly defeats Louis of Nassau's invading army in the Northeastern Netherlands.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jaques |first1=Tony |title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges [3 volumes]: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity through the Twenty-first Century [3 volumes] |date=30 November 2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA |isbn=978-0-313-02799-4 |page=489 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbLOEAAAQBAJ&dq=Battle+of+Jemmingen+louis+of+nassau+Fernando+%C3%81lvarez+%2221+july+1568%22&pg=PA489 |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[August 18]] &ndash; The [[Third War of Religion]] begins in France, after an unsuccessful attempt by the Royalists to capture [[Louis, Prince of Condé (1530–1569)|Condé]] and Coligny, the Huguenot leaders.
* [[September 24]] &ndash; [[Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)|Battle of San Juan de Ulúa]] ([[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|Anglo-Spanish War]]): In the [[Gulf of Mexico]], a Spanish fleet forces English [[privateer]]s under [[John Hawkins (naval commander)|John Hawkins]] to end their campaign.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Figueroa |first1=Macrina Rabadán |title=Propios y extraños: la presencia de los extranjeros en la vida de la ciudad de México, 1821-1860 |date=2006 |publisher=Universidad Autonoma del Estado de Morelos |isbn=978-970-701-761-0 |page=13 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OnR6AAAAMAAJ&q=Batalla+de+San+Juan+de+Ul%C3%BAa+John+Hawkins+%2224+de+septiembre+de+1568%22 |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[September 29]] &ndash; The Swedish king [[Eric XIV of Sweden|Eric XIV]] is deposed by his half-brothers [[John III of Sweden|John]] and [[Charles IX of Sweden|Charles]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williamson |first1=David |title=Debrett's kings and queens of Europe |date=1988 |publisher=Webb & Bower |location=Exter |isbn=978-0-86350-194-4 |page=124 |url=https://archive.org/details/debrettskingsque0000will_i4j1/page/124/mode/2up?q=1568 |access-date=6 December 2023}}</ref> John proclaims himself king John III the next day.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 5]] &ndash; [[William the Silent]] invades the southeastern Netherlands.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lovett |first1=A. W. |title=Early Habsburg Spain, 1517-1598 |date=1986 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-822139-5 |page=160 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKIhAAAAMAAJ&q=%225%20october%201568%22 |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[October 18]] — [[Ashikaga Yoshiaki]] is installed as Shōgun, beginning the [[Azuchi–Momoyama period]] in Japan.<ref>{{cite book |title=Japan Encyclopedia |date=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-01753-5 |page=55 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&dq=Ashikaga+Yoshiaki+shogun+%221568%22&pg=PA55 |access-date=6 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Katsumi Kuroita, ed., ''Public Court Appointments, Part 3'', Vol. 55 (Kokushi Taikei Publishing Association, 1936)</ref>
* [[October 20]] &ndash; [[Battle of Jodoigne]]: Spanish forces under the Duke of Alba destroy [[William the Silent]]'s rearguard and William abandons his offensive.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Trevor Nevitt Dupuy|author2=Curt Johnson|author3=David L. Bongard|title=The Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Y4UAQAAIAAJ|year=1992|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-06-270015-5|page=800|language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 12]] &ndash; Dutch rebels commanded by [[William the Silent]] defeat Spanish Habsburg troops led by [[Sancho d'Avila]] in the [[Battle of Le Quesnoy (1568)|battle of Le Quesnoy]] in northern France. 
* [[November 22]] &ndash; The second [[Treaties of Roskilde (1568)|treaty of Roskilde]] is signed between representatives of the Kingdom of Denmark and the Kingdom of Sweden to end the [[Northern Seven Years' War]]. Sweden cedes the [[Estonia under Swedish rule|Duchy of Estonia]] (Estland) to Danish control. 
* [[November 27]] &ndash; [[Burmese–Siamese War (1568–1569)|Burmese–Siamese War]]: Dispatched by King [[Bayinnaung]], 55,000 Burmese troops arrive at [[Phitsanulok]] (in modern-day Thailand) and drive back the attack by armies from the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]] (Thailand) [[Lan Xang]] (Laos), then prepare to invade Ayutthaya to put down the rebellion by Ayutthayan King [[Maha Chakkraphat]]<ref>''Hmannan chronicle'', Vol. 2, p.403)</ref> 
* [[December 24]] &ndash; The [[Morisco Revolt]] against King Philip II of Spain begins as [[Aben Humeya]] (formerly Fernando de Válor) is proclaimed as King of the Granadan rebels.
* [[December 28]] &ndash; [[Louis III, Duke of Württemberg|Ludwig III]] becomes the [[Duke of Württemberg]] in German Bavaria after the death of his father, [[Christoph, Duke of Württemberg|Christoph]].

=== Date unknown ===
* The [[Russo-Turkish War (1568–70)|Russo-Turkish War]] begins in Astrakhan.
* [[Álvaro I of Kongo|Álvaro I]] succeeds his stepfather [[Henrique I of Kongo|Henrique I]] as ruler of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thornton |first1=John K. |title=The Kongo Kingdom: The Origins, Dynamics and Cosmopolitan Culture of an African Polity |date=2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-47418-4 |pages=103–122 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/kongo-kingdom/soyo-and-kongo/8FD96F6218631637E68156DFA470960A |access-date=8 December 2023 |chapter=Soyo and Kongo: The Undoing of the Kingdom’s Centralization}}</ref> forming the [[Kwilu dynasty]] that rules the kingdom without interruption until [[May]] [[1622]].
* [[Polybius]]' [[The Histories (Polybius)|''The Histories'']] are first translated into English, by [[Christopher Watson (translator)|Christopher Watson]].<ref>Polybius (1979). ''The Rise Of The Roman Empire''. Penguin. p. 36.</ref>