Editing 1561 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:Ruscelli Nueva Hispania Tabula Nova 1561 UTA.jpg|thumb|Map of [[New Spain]] in 1561]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Paolo Battista Giudice Calvi]] is elected as the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]], but serves for only eight months before dying in September.
* [[January 31]]
**The [[1562 Riots of Toulouse#Ordinance of Orléans|Ordinance of Orléans]] suspends the persecution of the Protestant [[Huguenots]] in [[Kingdom of France]].
**[[Mughal Empire]] General [[Bairam Khan]] is assassinated by an Afghan warrior, Mubarak Khan Lohani, while traveling through Gujarat in India.<ref>{{Cite book|editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Mandakranta |year=2000 |title=Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=205 |isbn=978-0-19-512229-9 }}</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Elizabeth I|Queen Elizabeth of England]] summons the Ambassador from Spain, [[Álvaro de la Quadra]], for a private [[Audience (meeting)|audience]] to ask how the Spanish government would react if she were to marry [[Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester]], who had recently lost his wife [[Amy Robsart]] in a questionable accident.<ref>Michael Questier, ''Dynastic Politics and the British Reformations, 1558-1630'' (Oxford University Press, 2019) p.31</ref>
* [[March 23]] &ndash; [[Lope de Aguirre]], a [[Basque people|Basque Spanish]] conquistador, begins a rebellion against the Spanish Crown in an attempt to take over most of Spanish South America.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Beatriz Pastor|author2=Sergio Callau|title=Lope de Aguirre y la rebelión de los marañones|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=19ADt-_oYZIC&pg=PA1524|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Parkstone International|isbn=978-84-9740-535-5|pages=1524–1525}}</ref>
* [[March 29]] &ndash; In India, the Mughal Empire Army, led by General [[Adham Khan]] defeats the [[Malwa Sultanate|Sultanate of Malwa]] in a battle at [[Sarangpur, Madhya Pradesh|Sarangpur]], forcing the Sultan [[Baz Bahadur]] to flee.<ref>{{cite book |title=Akbar the Great Mogul, 1542-1605  |last=Smith |first=Vincent Arthur |year=1919 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=y_BBAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Baz+Bahadur}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 9]] &ndash; [[Ángel de Villafañe]] becomes the new Governor of [[Spanish Florida]], assuming authority over the provinces of La Florida and of Punta de Santa Elena (now [[Parris Island]] in the U.S. state of South Carolina).
* [[April 14]] &ndash; The citizens of [[Nuremberg]] see what appears to be [[1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg|an aerial battle]], followed by the appearance of a large black triangular object and a large crash (with smoke) outside the city. A ''news notice'' (an early form of newspaper) is printed on April 14, describing the event.<ref>{{cite web|title=Himmelserscheinung über Nürnberg|date=April 14, 1561|work=NEBIS|publisher=Zurich Library|url=http://opac.nebis.ch/F/?local_base=NEBIS&con_lng=GER&func=find-b&find_code=SYS&request=005289279|language=de|trans-title=Celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg}} (2 pages).</ref>
* [[April 17]] &ndash; [[Diego López de Zúñiga, 4th Count of Nieva]] becomes the fourth [[List of viceroys of Peru|Spanish Viceroy of Peru]], administering most of South America after the death on March 30 of [[Andrés Hurtado de Mendoza]].
* [[April 19]] &ndash; The [[Edict of 19 April]], confirming the recent recommendation by the [[Estates General of 1560-1|Estates General]], is promulgated by the regency council for King [[Charles IX of France]] in an attempt to prevent a civil war between the Roman Catholic and the Protestant Huguenot citizens of France<ref>.{{Cite book|last=Roelker|first=Nancy|title=One King, One Faith: The Parlement of Paris and the Religious Reformation of the Sixteenth Century|publisher=University of California Press|year=1996|isbn=0520086260|pages=251}}</ref>
* [[May 8]] &ndash; [[Madrid]] is declared the capital of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]], by [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Claudia Winn Sieber|title=The Invention of a Capital: Philip II and the First Reform of Madrid|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pcrxAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Johns Hopkins University|page=59|language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 4]]
** The spire of [[Old St Paul's Cathedral]] in the [[City of London]] catches fire and crashes through the [[nave]] roof, probably as the result of a [[lightning]] strike. The spire is not rebuilt.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Caroline Allen|author2=Edward Earl of Wessex|title=Edward Wessex's Crown and Country: A Personal Guide to Royal London|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RP0hAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=HarperCollins|isbn=978-0-00-414071-1|page=62}}</ref>
** The nobility of [[Harrien]]-[[Wierland]] and the town of [[Reval]] (on June 6) of the [[Livonian Order]] swear allegiance to [[Sweden]].
* [[June 25]] &ndash; [[Francis Coxe]], an English astrologer, is pilloried at [[Cheapside]] in London, and makes a public confession of his involvement in "sinistral and {{Not a typo|divelysh}} artes".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historyextra.com/issue/june-2011 |title=''BBC History Magazine'' vol 12 no 6 (June 2011), p13 |access-date=November 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109182806/http://www.historyextra.com/issue/june-2011 |archive-date=November 9, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* [[June 29]] &ndash; [[Eric XIV of Sweden|Erik XIV]] is crowned [[King of Sweden]].

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]] in Moscow (started in [[1534]]) is finished.
* [[July]] &ndash; [[Arauco War]]: The hated [[encomendero]] [[Pedro de Avendaño]] and two other Spaniards are killed, triggering the Second Great Rebellion of the [[Mapuche]].
* [[August 19]] &ndash; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], is denied passage through England after returning from [[Kingdom of France|France]]. She arrives at [[Leith]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]] later the same day.
* [[August 20]] &ndash; [[English people|English]] merchant [[Anthony Jenkinson]] arrives in [[Moscow]] on his second expedition to the [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]].<ref>[https://www.google.com/books/edition/Early_Voyages_and_Travels_to_Russia_and/4oxPAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=maiesties+presence+jenkinson&pg=PA125&printsec=frontcover'' Early Voyages and Travels to Russia and Persia, by Anthony Jenkinson and Other Englishmen, With Some Account of the First Intercourse of the English with Russia and Central Asia by Way of the Caspian Sea''], ed. by E. Delmar Morgan and C. H. Coote · Volume 1 (Burt Franklin, Publisher, 1886)("on the eight day of August then following I came to Vologda... I therewith departed toward the citie of Moscovia and came thither the twentieth day of the same moneth...") p.122</ref>
* [[September 2]] &ndash; The [[Entry of Mary, Queen of Scots into Edinburgh]], a civic celebration for the Queen of Scotland, is marred by religious controversy.<ref>A. R. MacDonald, 'The Triumph of Protestantism: the burgh council of Edinburgh and the entry of Mary Queen of Scots', ''Innes Review'', 48:1 (Spring 1997), pp. 73-82.</ref>
* [[September 28]] &ndash; An inconclusive three day debate begins in [[Maybole]], [[Ayrshire]], Scotland between Protestant reformer [[John Knox]] and [[Quintin Kennedy]], [[commendator]] of Crossraguel Abbey, on [[transubstantiation]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=uQ5KAAAAMAAJ&dq=Maybole+1561+Kennedy+Knox+September&pg=PA15 "Maybole"] in ''Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland: A Survey of Scottish Topography, Statistical, Biographical and Historical'' · Volume 5, ed. by Francis H. Groome (T. C. Jack, 1884) p.15</ref> The Reformation, confirmed by the Scottish government in [[1560]], continues.

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 10]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Moji]] in Japan ends with the defenders retaining their position.<ref>Ken Yagita, ''Kitakyushu Sengoku History'' (Imai Shoten, 1999) p.67</ref>
* [[October 18]] &ndash; [[Fourth Battle of Kawanakajima]]: [[Takeda Shingen]] defeats [[Uesugi Kenshin]], in the [[wikt:climax#Noun|climax]] of their ongoing [[War|conflicts]].
* [[November 4]]  &ndash; Upon the death of his father, [[Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi]], [[Afonso II of Kongo|King Afonso II Mpemba a Nzinga]] becomes [[List of Rulers of Kongo|the new monarch]] of the [[Kingdom of Kongo]], located in what is now the southern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo and the northern portion of Angola. Afonso II reigns for less than a month before being overthrown by his brother, Bernardo.
* [[November 28]]  &ndash; The [[Treaty of Vilnius (1561)|Treaty of Vilnius]] is concluded during the [[Livonian War]], between the [[Livonian Confederation]] and the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]]. With the treaty, the non-Danish and non-Swedish part of [[Livonia]], with the exception of the [[Free imperial city]] of [[Riga]], subjects itself to Polish king and [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Grand Duke of Lithuania]], [[Sigismund II Augustus]] with the ''Pacta subiectionis (Provisio ducalis)''. In turn, Sigismund grants protection from the [[Tsardom of Russia]], and confirms the Livonian estates' traditional privileges, laid out in the ''[[Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti]]''.
* [[December 1]]  &ndash; In the Kingdom of Kongo, [[Bernardo I of Kongo|Bernardo Mpemba a Nzinga]] overthrows his brother, King Afonso II, and becomes King Bernardo I.<ref>[[John Thornton (historian)|Thornton, John]] (2006): "Elite Women in the Kingdom of Kongo: Historical Perspectives on Women's Political Power", page 447. ''The Journal of African History'', Vol. 47.</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Merchant Taylors' School, Northwood|Merchant Taylors' School]] is founded in the [[City of London]] by [[Thomas White (merchant)|Sir Thomas White]], Sir Richard Hilles, Emanuel Lucar, and [[Stephen Hales (died 1574)|Stephen Hales]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merchanttaylors.co.uk/company/history.html |title=Timeline Of Merchant Taylors' Company |work=The Merchant Taylors' Company |access-date=5 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610120254/http://www.merchanttaylors.co.uk/company/history.html |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status = dead}}</ref>
* The first [[Calvinism|Calvinist]]s settle in England, after fleeing [[Flanders]].
* The Anglo-Genevan [[metrical psalter]] is published, including the ''[[Old 100th]]'', the version of the [[hymn]] ''All People That on Earth Do Dwell'' made from [[Psalm 100]], attributed to the probably-[[Scottish people|Scottish]] clergyman and biblical translator [[William Kethe]], exiled in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite web|title=All People That on Earth Do Dwell |work=The Cyber Hymnal |url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/a/l/l/allpeopl.htm |access-date=2012-06-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703024955/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/htm/a/l/l/allpeopl.htm |archive-date=July 3, 2011 }}</ref>
* [[Ruy López de Segura]] develops modern techniques of [[chess]] playing in Spain.
* [[William Baldwin (author)|William Baldwin]]'s ''[[Beware the Cat]]'' (written early [[1553]]), an early example of extended fiction (specifically [[horror fiction]]) in English, is published anonymously in [[London]]. This edition appears to have been suppressed, and no copies survive.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Ringler, William A.|editor2=Flachmann, Michael|chapter=Preface|title=Beware the Cat|location=San Marino, CA|publisher=[[Huntington Library]]|year=1988}}</ref>
* Between 1561 and [[1670]], 3,229 alleged witches are executed in southwestern [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]], most by burning.</onlyinclude>