Editing 1558 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 7]] &ndash; [[Kingdom of France|French]] troops, led by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]], take [[Calais]], the last continental possession of the [[Kingdom of England]], in the [[Siege of Calais (1558)|Siege of Calais]].
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The [[Livonian War]] begins.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; The [[University of Jena]] is founded in [[Thuringia]], [[Holy Roman Empire|Germany]].<ref>{{Cite wikisource|title=Jena|date=1911|plaintitle=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|wslink=1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Jena|chapter=Jena|edition=11th|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor-last=Chisholm|editor-first=Hugh}}</ref>
* [[February 4]] &ndash; (16th day of 1st month of [[Eiroku]] 1) [[Takeda Shingen]] becomes the [[shugo]] (military governor) of [[Shinano Province]] after his successful military campaign there. 
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Arauco War]]: [[Pedro de Avendaño]], with sixty men, captures [[Caupolicán]] (the [[Mapuche]] Gran [[Toqui]]), who is leading their first revolt against the [[Spanish Empire]] (near [[Antihuala]]), encamped with a small band of followers.
* [[March 8]] &ndash; The city of [[Pori]] ({{langx|sv|Björneborg}}) is founded by [[Duke John (Sweden)|Duke John]] on the shores of the [[Gulf of Bothnia]].<ref>{{cite book | author = J. W. Ruuth| title = Porin kaupungin historia II| year = 1958| chapter = Kaupungin perustamiskirje | page = 269| publisher = City of Pori | language = fi}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 17]] &ndash; The [[Siege of Thionville (1558)|siege of Thionville]] in the Duchy of Luxembourg, is started by the French Army, led by [[Francis, Duke of Guise]].
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Mary, Queen of Scots]], [[Wedding of Mary, Queen of Scots, and Francis, Dauphin of France|marries]] [[Francis II of France|Francis]], [[Dauphin of France]], at [[Notre Dame de Paris]].<ref>Lucinda H. S. Dean, 'In the Absence of an Adult Monarch', ''Medieval and Early Modern Representations of Authority in Scotland and the British Isles'' (Routledge, 2016), p. 155.</ref>
* [[May 3]] &ndash; The Imperial Diet of [[the Holy Roman Empire]] gives recognition to [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]] as [[Holy Roman Emperor]], two months after his proclamation on March 14 as the successor to his brother [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]].
* [[June 13]] &ndash; An armada of ships from the [[Ottoman Empire]], dispatched by Sultan [[Suleyman the Magnificent]] at the request of King [[Henry II of France]], sails into the Bay of Naples at Italy and attacks the city of [[Sorrento]].
* [[June 23]] &ndash; France is successful in the [[Siege of Thionville (1558)|siege of Thionville]] in the Duchy of Luxembourg and recovers the fortress from the Spanish Empire after an operation that began on April 17 and lasted more than two months.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 9]] &ndash; The Ottoman Empire, with 15,000 troops and 150 warships, besieges the Spanish garrison at [[Ciutadella de Menorca]] at Spain's Balearic Islands. When the town falls on July 17, the 3,099 surviving inhabitants are sold into slavery.<ref>Phil Lee, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=MweB03W3K8AC&pg=RA1-PA275 The Rough Guide to Mallorca & Menorca]'' (Rough Guides, 2004), p. 171.</ref> 
* [[July 13]] &ndash; [[Battle of Gravelines (1558)|Battle of Gravelines]]: Near the border between the [[Kingdom of France]] and the [[Spanish Netherlands]], [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces led by [[Lamoral, Count of Egmont]], and assisted by the [[English Navy]], inflict a major defeat on the French forces of Marshal [[Paul de Thermes]].
* [[July 18]] &ndash; The city of [[Tartu]], capital of the [[Bishopric of Dorpat]] (in modern-day [[Estonia]]) surrenders to [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]].
* [[August 22]] &ndash; In Spain, [[Bartolomé Carranza]], the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Toledo|Roman Catholic Archbishop of Toledo]], is arrested at [[Torrelaguna]] on orders of the [[Grand Inquisitor#List of Spanish Grand Inquisitors|Grand Inquisitor]], [[Fernando de Valdés y Salas]]. Carranza is brought a prisoner to [[Valladolid]] to face accusations of [[heresy]].<ref>{{EB1911|inline=1 |last=Gordon |first=Alexander |authorlink=Alexander Gordon (Unitarian) |wstitle=Carranza, Bartolomé |volume=5 |pages=399–400}}</ref> He remains in prison for eight years before being transferred to Rome for the Pope to hear his appeal.<ref>J. P. Kirsch, "Bartolomé Carranza," Catholic Encyclopedia (1917 ed.)</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 17]] &ndash; [[Postage stamps and postal history of Poland|Postal history of Poland]]: King [[Sigismund II Augustus]] appoints an Italian merchant living in [[Kraków]] to organise a consolidated postal service in [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Poland]], the origin of [[Poczta Polska]].
* [[November 6]] &ndash; On her deathbed, [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary of England]] designates her half-sister, [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]], as her successor.<ref>{{Citation |last=Neale |first=J. E. |title=Queen Elizabeth I: A Biography |date=1954 |orig-date=1934 |edition=reprint |place=London |publisher=Jonathan Cape |oclc=220518 |author-link=J. E. Neale| page=59}}</ref> Both Mary and Elizabeth are daughters of the late [[Henry VIII|King Henry VIII]].
* [[November 15]] &ndash; The five [[Canterbury Martyrs]], three men and two women, are burned at the stake, becoming the last of 312 Protestants put to death for [[heresy]] during the reign of England's last Roman Catholic ruler, [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103644/http://www.johnfoxe.org/freeman-marion.pdf "Foxe’s Marian Martyrs"], by Thomas S. Freeman, JohnFoxe.org</ref> Queen Mary dies two days later, bringing an end to her campaign. During the final year of Mary's reign, 49 Protestants are burned at the stake and three others die in prison while awaiting execution. 
* [[November 17]] &ndash; Queen Mary, a devout Roman [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] dies of uterine cancer at the age of 42, and is succeeded by her younger half-sister [[Elizabeth I of England|Elizabeth]], an adherent to the Protestant [[Church of England]], beginning the [[Elizabethan era]] in British history.
* [[December 5]] &ndash; Less than three weeks of becoming Queen of England, Elizabeth summons the members of the [[1st Parliament of Elizabeth I|English Parliament]] with orders to assemble at Westminster on January 23. Under Elizabeth's agenda, the Parliament is charged with restoring the laws passed at the beginning of the [[English Reformation]], and repealing the reforms made during the reign of Queen Mary.

=== Unknown  ===
* [[John Knox]]'s attack on female rulers, ''[[The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women]]'', is published anonymously from [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Lillian S. Robinson|title=Monstrous Regiment: The Lady Knight in Sixteenth-century Epic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OVuFAAAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Garland Pub.|isbn=978-0-8240-6709-0|page=112}}</ref>
* English explorer [[Anthony Jenkinson]] travels from Moscow to [[Astrakhan]] and [[Bukhara]].<ref name=tts247>{{cite book|first=Bernard|last=Grun|title=The Timetables of History|edition=3rd|location=New York|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1991|isbn=0-671-74919-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun/page/247 247]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/timetablesofhist1991grun}}</ref> He is the first Englishman to note that the [[Amu Darya]] changed course, to start flowing into the [[Aral Sea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sykes|first=Percy|title=A History of Persia|year=1921|publisher=Macmillan and Company|location=London|page=64|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7307/view/1/64/}}</ref>
* Queen Elizabeth I of England grants rest and refreshment to pilgrims and travellers who pass by the [[Holy Well, Malvern|Holy Well Spring]] at [[Malvern, Worcestershire|Malvern]] in England.

=== Ongoing ===
* [[1557 influenza pandemic]].
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