Editing 1557 (section)

== Events ==
[[File:First Equation Ever.png|thumb|The first known equation, equivalent to 14x+15=71 in modern syntax.]]
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; [[Pietro Giovanni Chiavica Cibo]] becomes the new [[Doge of Genoa|Doge]] of the [[Republic of Genoa]] for a term of 2 years as the term of the Doge [[Agostino Pinelli Ardimenti]] comes to an end.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Levati|first=Luigi Maria|title=Dogi biennali di Genova dal 1528 al 1699|publisher=Tip. Marchese & Campora|language=it}}</ref>
* [[January 6]] &ndash; [[Italian War of 1551–1559]]: [[Gaspard II de Coligny]], the French governor of [[Picardy]] (in northern France), launches surprise attacks on [[Douai]] and [[Lens, Pas-de-Calais|Lens]] in the [[Spanish Netherlands]] and captures both cities for France.<ref>{{cite book |last=Haan |first=Bertrand |title=Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis |date=2010 |location=Madrid |publisher=Casa de Velázquez|pages=37–60}}</ref>
* [[January 13]] &ndash; [[Sigismund II Augustus]], [[King of Poland]] and [[Grand Duke of Lithuania]], issues an edict against Protestants, at the urging of the Archbishop [[Mikołaj Dzierzgowski]], [[List of archbishops of Gniezno and primates of Poland|Primate of Poland]].
* [[January 28]] &ndash; [[Bayinnaung]], King of Burma and head of the [[Toungoo dynasty]], conquers two the [[Shan States]], [[Möng Mit State|Möng Mit]] and [[Hsipaw State|Hsipaw]] in what is now northern [[Myanmar]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.arts.chula.ac.th/~complit/event/hantawadi.htm|title=Accounts of King Bayinnaung's Life and Hanthawady Hsinbyu-myashin Ayedawbon, a Record of his Campaigns |author=U Thaw Kaung|publisher=[[Chulalongkorn University]]|access-date=2009-02-25}}</ref> The event is later commemorated with an inscription on the [[Shwezigon Pagoda Bell]].<ref>U Thaw Kaung, ''Aspects of Myanmar History and Culture'' (Gangaw Myaing, 2010) pp.106-110</ref>
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] creates the metropolitan archdiocese of Portuguese India (based in Goa) separating the Goan diocese from the ecclesiastical province of [[Lisbon]].
* [[February 24]] &ndash; Delegates from Sweden, Finland and Russia arrive at [[Novgorod]] to negotiate [[Treaty of Novgorod (1557)|a treaty to end]] the [[Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)|war between the two empires]].<ref name=Heininen>{{cite book |last=Heininen |first=Simo |author2=Heikkilä, Markku |title=Kirchengeschichte Finnlands |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht |year=2002 |page=70| isbn=3-525-55444-3 |language=German}}</ref>
* [[March 11]] &ndash; The Burmese conquest of the Shan States continues as the capital of the [[Mongkawng]] state, [[Mogaung|Mong Kawng]], falls to the [[Toungoo dynasty]] invaders, five days after the March 6 surrender of the town of [[Mohnyin|Mong Yang]]. The event is later commemorated on the Shwezigon Pagoda Bell. 
* [[March]] &ndash; The [[Takeda clan]] [[Siege of Katsurayama|besiege Katsurayama Castle]] in eastern Japan.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turnbull |first1=Stephen R. |title=Kawanakajima 1553-64: Samurai Power Struggle |date=2005 |publisher=Praeger Publishers |isbn=978-0-275-98868-5 |pages=47–48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0s9xAAAAMAAJ&q=%22katsurayama%20castle%22 |access-date=15 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> The siege ends with the [[last stand]] of the castle garrison, and the complete destruction of Katsurayama, allowing the Takeda to further expand in [[Shinano Province]].

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 2]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Novgorod (1557)|Treaty of Novgorod]] between Sweden and Russia is put into effect as delegates kiss the cross, as demanded by the Tsar Ivan IV.<ref name=Heininen/>
* [[April 12]] &ndash; The [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] settlement of [[Cuenca, Ecuador]], is founded.<ref>{{cite book |title=Revista católica de la Diócesis de Cuenca (Ecuador). |date=1920 |publisher=Imprenta del Clero |page=472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1D4sAQAAMAAJ&dq=Cuenca+espa%C3%B1ola+%2212+de+abril+de+1557%22&pg=PA472 |access-date=15 October 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* [[April 25]] &ndash; English aristocrat [[Thomas Stafford (rebel)|Thomas Stafford]] attempts a rebellion against [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]], landing at [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire]] with two ships and 32 followers after crossing the English Channel from [[Dieppe]] in [[France]]. Upon landing, he captures Scarborough Castle and proclaims himself "Protector of the Realm".<ref name="odnb">[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/26215/ Thomas Stafford], Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, accessed 17 January 2010</ref>
* [[April 28]] &ndash; [[Henry Neville, 5th Earl of Westmorland]], arrives in Scarborough and ends the Stafford rebellion, arresting Stafford and the small rebel force.<ref name="odnb"/> 
* [[April 30]] &ndash; [[Arauco War]] &ndash; [[Battle of Mataquito]]: [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] forces of Governor [[Francisco de Villagra]] launch a dawn surprise attack against the [[Mapuche]] (headed by their [[toqui]] [[Lautaro]]), in present-day [[Chile]].
* [[May 4]] &ndash; The [[Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers|Stationers' Company]], officially the   Worshipful Company of Stationers and Newspaper Makers, is granted a royal charter and a monopoly on the English publishing industry.<ref>{{Citation |publisher = C. Knight & Co. |location = London |title = London |editor-first = Charles |editor-last=Knight |editor-link=Charles Knight (publisher) |date = 1844 |volume=6 |chapter=Stationers' Company |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/londonkn06kniguoft#page/208/mode/2up }}</ref> For the next 150 years, the Stationers will regulate and censor the printing industry until the passage of the [[Statute of Anne|Copyright Act 1710]] on April 10, 1710. 
* [[May 23]] &ndash; The [[Shwezigon Pagoda Bell]], weighing {{convert|7560|lb}}, is dedicated. The Bell, commissioned by King Bayinnaung and located in the Myanmar city of [[Bagan]], bears a detailed inscription of the 16th century Burmese conquest of the Shan States.
* [[May 28]] &ndash; English rebel Thomas Stafford and 32 of his followers are beheaded at the [[Tower of London]] after being convicted of treason.<ref name="odnb"/>
* [[May 29]] &ndash; King Philip II of Spain signs a treaty in London with Iacopo VI being restored to rule of the Principality of Piombino a bargain with Cosimo I de' Medici.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Carrara|first=Mauro|title=Signori e Principi di Piombino|publisher=Bandecchi & Vivaldi|year=1996|pages=22–23|language=it}}</ref><ref>[http://censoarchivos.mcu.es/CensoGuia/fondoDetail.htm?archivoId=9&id=1402232&eventDescendiente=descendienteDetail Tratado de Londres (1557)]</ref> 
* [[June 7]] &ndash; [[Mary I of England]] joins her husband [[Philip II of Spain]], in his war against [[Kingdom of France|France]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Garrisson |first1=Janine |title=A History of Sixteenth Century France, 1483-1598: Renaissance, Reformation and Rebellion |date=14 June 1995 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-349-24020-3 |page=167 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5FKEAAAQBAJ&dq=mary+philip+france+%227+june+1557%22&pg=PA167 |access-date=15 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 10]] &ndash; The [[New Testament]] of the [[Geneva Bible]], a [[Protestant]] [[Bible translations into English|Bible translation into English]] (produced under the supervision of [[William Whittingham]], and printed in [[Roman type]]), is published in [[Geneva]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dictionary of National Biography|date=1922 |publisher=H. Milford |page=151 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oiEuBHV9bgcC&dq=roman+geneva+bible+new+testament+William+Whittingham+%2210+june+1557%22&pg=PA151 |access-date=15 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[June 16]] [[Sebastian, King of Portugal|Sebastião I]] is crowned as the new [[King of Portugal]], five days after the death of his father, [[John III of Portugal|King João III]]. 
* [[June 18]] &ndash; [[List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation|Mass executions by burning at the stake]] resume in England for Protestants convicted of [[heresy]] under the law of England's Catholic ruler, [[Mary I of England|Queen Mary]]. On the first day, four women and three men are put to death at [[Maidstone]] at [[Kent]]. The next day, at [[Canterbury]], [[Canterbury Martyrs|another seven prisoners are burned]]. On June 22, [[Lewes Martyrs|ten more people]] (six men and four women) burn at the stake at [[Lewes]] at [[Sussex]]. In all, 24 people (12 men and 12 women) are killed in a five-day period<ref name=Foxe>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103644/http://www.johnfoxe.org/freeman-marion.pdf "Foxe’s Marian Martyrs"], by Thomas S. Freeman, JohnFoxe.org</ref>
* By [[June]] &ndash; The [[1557 influenza pandemic]], probably originating in China, spreads to Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morens |first1=David M. |last2=Taubenberger |first2=Jeffery K. |title=Pandemic influenza: certain uncertainties |journal=Reviews in Medical Virology |date=June 2011 |volume=21 |issue=5 |pages=262–284 |doi=10.1002/rmv.689 |pmid=21706672 |pmc=3246071 |language=en}}</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 3]] &ndash; The small [[State of the Presidi|Stato dei Presidi]], a {{convert|300|km2}} section of Spanish territory on the Tuscan coast of [[Italy]], is created by a treaty between [[Cosimo I de' Medici]]  ([[Duke of the Florentine Republic]] and the future [[List of grand dukes of Tuscany|Grand Duke of Tuscany]]) and [[Philip II of Spain|King Felipe II of Spain]]. In return, Cosimo receives the rest of the former [[Republic of Siena]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mallett |first1=Michael |last2=Shaw |first2=Christine |title=The Italian Wars, 1494–1559 |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2012 |page=280 }}</ref>
* [[July 24]] &ndash; The [[Edict of Compiègne]] is issued by [[Henry II of France|King Henri II of France]], providing for the death penalty to be applied to Protestants for a variety of crimes, including a relapse after having renounced Protestantism; unauthorized travel to [[Geneva]]; publication of Protestant books; possessing graven images; and unauthorized participation in Protestant religious gatherings, whether public or private.<ref>[[Robert Jean Knecht]], ''The Rise and Fall of Renaissance France: 1483-1610'' (Blackwell, 2001) p.241</ref>
* [[July 25]] &ndash; In [[India]], [[Sikandar Shah Suri]], Sultan of the [[Sur Empire]] in Punjab, surrenders the fortress at [[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]] in the [[Nurpur kingdom]] (now in Uttar Pradesh) after a six month siege by the Mughal Empire. Mughal General [[Bairam Khan]] allows Sikandar to live in exile in [[Bihar]], while [[Bakht Mal]], Raja of Nurpur is imprisoned at [[Lahore]] and later beheaded.<ref>R. C. Majumdar, ed., ''The Mughul Empire'' (Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 2007) pp.106-107</ref>
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Battle of St. Quentin (1557)|Battle of St. Quentin]]: French forces under Marshal [[Anne de Montmorency]] are decisively defeated by the Spanish and English under [[Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy]], after a 17-day battle. Montmorency himself is captured, but Philip II refuses to press his advantage, and withdraws to the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fontane |first1=Theodor |title=Aus den Tagen der Occupation: eine Osterreise durch Nordfrankreich und Elsass-Lothringen 1871 |date=1872 |publisher=Decker |pages=31–32 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfwRAAAAYAAJ&dq=Emmanuel+Philibert+Anne+de+Montmorency+St.+Quentin+%2210+august+1557%22&pg=PA31 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[September 11]]&ndash; The [[Colloquy of Worms (1557)|Colloquy of Worms]] convenes in Germany as a dialog on religious issues between clerics of the German Catholic Church and the Lutheran Church.<ref name=Wormer>{{cite web |title=Wormer Religionsgespräch |url=https://www.deutsches-apotheken-museum.de/sammlung/museumsobjekte/exponate-im-fokus/wormer-religionsgespraech/ |website=apothekenmuseum |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Müller |first1=Gerhard |author1-link= Gerhard Müller (Lutheran theologian)|publisher= [[De Gruyter]]|last2=Krause |first2=Gerhard |title=Theologische Realenzyklopädie |date=1996 |isbn=978-3-11-015155-8 |page=452 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bzgYAQAAIAAJ&q=Wormser+Religionsgespr%C3%A4ch+%E2%80%9E8.+Oktober+1557%E2%80%9C |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* [[September 12]]&ndash; The Spanish occupation of the Papal States is confirmed as [[Pope Paul IV]] signs a separate peace treaty, the Peace of Cave-Palestrina, with Spain's [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]], who has massed troops outside of Rome in preparationfor an attack.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pattenden |first1=Miles |title=Pius IV and the Fall of The Carafa: Nepotism and Papal Authority in Counter-Reformation Rome |date=2013 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0191649615 |pages=21–22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Haan |first=Bertrand |title=Une paix pour l'éternité: La négociation du traité du Cateau-Cambrésis |date=2010 |location=Madrid |publisher=Casa de Velázquez |pages=37–60}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 8]] &ndash; The [[Colloquy of Worms (1557)|Colloquy of Worms]] is adjourned with no resolution on reconciling the differences between Catholicism and Protestantism, after the parties are unable to agree on the concepts of [[original sin]] and [[justification (theology)|theological justification]].<ref name=Wormer/>
* [[October 23]] &ndash; [[Mohammed al-Shaykh]], Sultan of Morocco since 1549, is assassinated by Ottoman soldiers who had infiltrated the Moroccan army. The assassination comes on orders of the Ottoman sultan after Mohammed makes plans for an alliance with Spain against the Ottoman Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weiner |first1=Jerome Bruce |title=Fitna, Corsairs, and Diplomacy: Morocco and the Maritime States of Western Europe, 1603-1672 |date=1976 |publisher=Columbia University |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5apWAAAAYAAJ&q=Mohammed+al-Shaykh+assassinated+%2223+october+1557%22 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Mohammed is succeeded by his son, [[Abdallah al-Ghalib]].
* [[November 17]] (27th day of the 10th month of [[Kōji (Muromachi period)|Kōji 3]]) &ndash; Prince Michihito of Japan becomes the [[Emperor Ōgimachi]] almost two months after the September 27 death of his father, the [[Emperor Go-Nara]].
* [[December 24]] &ndash; In [[Bucharest]], [[Mircea the Shepherd]] becomes the [[List of princes of Wallachia|
Prince of Wallachia]] for the third time, succeeding [[Pătrașcu the Good]], who has died suddenly.<ref>{{cite book|author=Tiberiu Ciobanu|title=Voievozi și domnitori români|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T-OgAAAAMAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Excelsior Art|isbn=978-973-592-162-0|page=118}}</ref>
* [[December 30]] &ndash; [[Italian War of 1551–1559]]: [[Henry II of France|King Henri II of France]], through his ambassador [[Jean Cavenac de la Vigne]] sends a letter to [[Suleiman the Magnificent]], [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] for the dispatch of 150 Ottoman Navy ships to protect the French coast.<ref>Kenneth M. Setton,  [https://books.google.com/books?id=SrUNi2m_qZAC&pg=PA698 ''The Papacy and the Levant (1204–1571)''] (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1984), p. 698</ref>

=== Date unknown ===
* Özdemir Pasha conquers the [[Red Sea]] port of [[Massawa]] for the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ogot |first1=Bethwell A. |title=Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century |date=1992 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-435-94811-5 |page=145 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_dj9RRrvYjkC&dq=%C3%96zdemir+Pasha+Massawa+%221557%22&pg=PA145 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miran |first1=Jonathan |title=Red Sea Citizens: Cosmopolitan Society and Cultural Change in Massawa |date=6 July 2009 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-22079-0 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMFVeWTWF0YC&dq=%C3%96zdemir+Pasha+Massawa+%221557%22&pg=PA38 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* With the permission of the [[Ming dynasty]] government of [[Ming dynasty|China]], and for the benefit of both Western and Eastern merchants, the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]] settle in [[Macau]] (retroceded in [[1999]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tagliacozzo |first1=Eric |last2=Siu |first2=Helen F. |last3=Perdue |first3=Peter C. |title=Asia Inside Out |date=5 January 2015 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-59850-8 |page=90 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-iaBQAAQBAJ&dq=portuguese+macau+ming+%221557%22&pg=PA90 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Direct Sino-Portuguese trade has existed since [[1513]], but this is the first official legal treaty port on traditional Chinese soil, that will form a long-term Western settlement.
* [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] becomes [[bankrupt]], throwing the German banking houses into chaos.<ref>{{cite book|last=Archer|first=Christon|title=World History of Warfare|location=Lincoln|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8032-4423-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/251 251]|display-authors=etal|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldhistoryofwa00arch/page/251}}</ref>
* [[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge]], is refounded by [[John Caius]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cai.cam.ac.uk/history|title=History – Gonville & Caius|date=October 15, 2012|publisher=Gonville & Caius College|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>
* The following schools are founded in [[Kingdom of England|England]]:
** [[Brentwood School (Brentwood)|Brentwood School]], [[Essex]], by Sir Antony Browne.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beavan |first1=Charles |title=Reports of Cases in Chancery |date=1851 |publisher=William Benning and Co. |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fTdHAQAAMAAJ&dq=Antony+Browne+Brentwood+School+%221557%22&pg=PA35 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Brentwood History |url=https://www.brentwoodschool.co.uk/we-are-brentwood/brentwood-history |website=www.brentwoodschool.co.uk |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Hampton School]], [[Hampton, London]], by Robert Hammond.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cockburn |first1=J. S. |last2=King |first2=H. P. F. |last3=McDonnell |first3=K. G. T. |title=A History of the County of Middlesex: without special title |date=1969 |publisher=Institute of Historical Research |page=298 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAQ5AQAAMAAJ&q=1557 |access-date=16 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
** [[Repton School]], by [[John Port (the younger)|Sir John Port]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Book of the Repton Tercentenary. 1857 |date=1857 |publisher=Repton School |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pWarE4SvWr4C&dq=repton+school+john+port+%221557%22&pg=PA41 |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Wales|Welsh]]-born mathematician [[Robert Recorde]] publishes ''[[The Whetstone of Witte]]'' in [[London]], containing the first recorded use of the [[equals sign]], and the first use in [[English language|English]] of [[plus and minus signs]].<ref>{{cite book|author=H. S. Bennett|title=English Books and Readers 1475 to 1557: Being a Study in the History of the Book Trade from Caxton to the Incorporation of the Stationers' Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_EIgDPqXGcC&pg=PA114|year=1989|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-37988-5|pages=114}}</ref>
* [[Holy Roman Empire|German]] adventurer [[Hans Staden]] publishes a widely translated account of his detention by the [[Tupí people]] of [[Brazil]], {{Lang|de|Warhaftige Historia und beschreibung eyner Landtschafft der Wilden Nacketen, Grimmigen Menschfresser-Leuthen in der Newenwelt America gelegen}} ("True Story and Description of a Country of Wild, Naked, Grim, Man-eating People in the New World, America").<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sá |first1=Lúcia |title=Rain Forest Literatures: Amazonian Texts and Latin American Culture |date=2004 |publisher=U of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-1-4529-0677-5 |page=93 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSss5qWjLt4C&dq=hans+staden+tupi+Warhaftige+Historia+und+beschreibung+eyner+Landtschafft+%221557%22&pg=PA93 |access-date=17 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref></onlyinclude>