Editing 1556 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 4]] &ndash; In Japan, [[Saitō Yoshitatsu]], the eldest son of [[Saitō Dōsan]], arranges the murders of his two younger brothers, Magoshiro and Kiheiji, and forces his father to flee from the Sagiyama Castle.
* [[January 16]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] abdicates the thrones of the [[Spanish Empire]] (including his colonies in the New World) in favor of his son, [[Philip II of Spain|Philip II]], and retires to a monastery.<ref>{{cite book|author=Allied Powers (1919- ). Reparation Commission|title=Belgian Claims to the Triptych of Saint Ildephonse and the Treasure of the Order of the Golden Fleece|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDQ6AQAAMAAJ|year=1921|page=35|language=en}}</ref>
* [[January 23]] &ndash; The [[1556 Shaanxi earthquake|Shaanxi earthquake]], the deadliest earthquake in history, occurs with its [[epicenter]] in [[Shaanxi]] province, China; 830,000 people may have been killed.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Feng |first1=X. |last2=Ma |first2=J. |last3=Zhou |first3=Y. |last4=England |first4=P. |last5=Parsons |first5=B. |last6=Rizza |first6=M. A. |last7=Walker |first7=R. T. |title=Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Weinan Fault, Shaanxi, Central China, and the Source of the 1556 Huaxian Earthquake |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth |date=December 2020 |volume=125 |issue=12 |pages=1–23 |doi=10.1029/2019JB017848 |bibcode=2020JGRB..12517848F |s2cid=228829854 |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JB017848 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en |issn=2169-9313}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=颤抖的地球: 地震科学 |date=2005 |publisher=清华大学出版社有限公司 |isbn=978-7-302-10694-4 |page=35 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0_2bizzqvFEC&q=1556 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=zh}}</ref>
* [[January 24]] &ndash; In India, at the [[Sher Mandal]] in [[Delhi]], the Mughal Emperor [[Humayun]] trips while descending the stairs from his library and strikes the side of his head against a stone step, sustaining a fatal injury. He never regains consciousness and dies seven days later.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.532498|title=History of Mughal architecture.|last=Nath|first=Ram|publisher=Abhinav|year=1982|isbn=039102650X|oclc=59153735|author-link=Ram Nath}}{{page needed|date=June 2019}}</ref> 
* [[February 5]] &ndash; [[Truce of Vaucelles]]: Fighting temporarily ends between [[Kingdom of France|France]] and [[Spanish Empire|Spain]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Italian Wars 1494-1559: War, State and Society in Early Modern Europe |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-89939-6 |page=272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnnJAwAAQBAJ&dq=truce+of+vaucelles+%225+february+1556%22&pg=PA272 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[February 14]] &ndash; [[Akbar the Great]] ascends the throne of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[India]] at age 13; he will rule until his death in [[1605]], by which time most of the north and centre of the [[Indian subcontinent]] will be under his control.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parameswaran |first1=Dr S. Pari |title=ANCIENT AND MEDIEVAL HISTORY: AN EAGLE'S VIEW FOR CIVIL SERVICES AND OTHER EXAMS |date=13 January 2023 |publisher=MJP Publisher |isbn=978-93-5528-240-8 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWWnEAAAQBAJ&dq=Akbar+13+%2214+february+1556%22&pg=PA95 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[March 21]] &ndash; In [[Oxford]], [[Thomas Cranmer]], the former [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], is burned at the stake for treason for his role in the [[English Reformation]] as chief bishop of the Anglican Church.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Acs |first1=Pal |title=Thomas Cranmer's Martyrdom as Parable |url=http://real.mtak.hu/72109/1/acs_thomas_cranmer.pdf |website=mtak.hu |access-date=10 October 2023}}</ref>
* [[March 22]] &ndash; [[Reginald Pole]], a [[Roman Catholic]] [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]], is appointed by Queen Mary of England as the new [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] and head of the Catholic Archdiocese of Canterbury.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duffy |first=Eamon |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1npq81 |title=Fires of Faith: Catholic England under Mary Tudor |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |jstor=j.ctt1npq81 |isbn=978-0-300-15216-6}}</ref>

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 3]] &ndash; In [[Qazvin]], the [[Safavid Iran|Shah of Iran]] [[Tahmasp I]], becomes enraged with the sexual orientation of his son [[Ismail II]], and sends Ismail to [[Afghanistan]] to serve as the Iranian governor of [[Herat]] province.<ref>{{cite book |last=Newman |first=Andrew J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPgBAwAAQBAJ&q=false |title=Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire |publisher=I.B.Tauris |year=2008 |isbn=9780857716613 |page=33}}</ref>
* [[April 24]] &ndash; [[Pál Márkházy]] surrenders the Hungarian fortress at [[Hajnáčka|Ajnácskő]] (now Hajnáčka in [[Slovakia]]) to the Ottoman Empire. Márkházy, accused of treachery, is stripped of his estates and title by the King of Hungary, and forced to flee to the Principality of Transylvania.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Papp |first=Sándor |title=From a Transylvanian principality to an Ottoman sanjak: The life of Pál Márkházi, a Hungarian renegade |journal=Chronica |volume=4 |page=59 |year=2004 |url=http://acta.bibl.u-szeged.hu/5780/1/chronica_004_057-067.pdf |issn=1588-2039}}</ref> 
* [[May 28]] (20th day of 4th month of [[Kōji (Muromachi period)|Kōji 2]]) &ndash; In [[Japan]], the [[Battle of Nagara-gawa]] takes place along the [[Nagara River]] in [[Mino Province]] near what is now the [[Gifu Prefecture]]. [[Saitō Yoshitatsu]], with 17,500 troops, overwhelms and kills his father, [[Saitō Dōsan]], who had attempted to avenge the Saitō family honor with less than 3,000 people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turnbull |first=Stephen |title=The Samurai Sourcebook |publisher=Cassell & Co. |year=1998 |ISBN=1-85409-523-4 |page=215}}</ref> 
* [[June 14]] &ndash; [[Lorenzo Priuli]] becomes the new [[Doges of Venice|Doge]] of the [[Venetian Republic]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=MacKay |first1=George Eric |title=The Doges of Venice Chronologically Arranged with Historical Notes by George Eric Mackay |date=1878 |publisher=F. Ongania |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RSZqgy_j7EkC&dq=Lorenzo+Priuli+venice+%221556%22&pg=PA105 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref> 
* [[June 27]] &ndash; Thirteen English Protestants (11 men and two women), the "[[Stratford Martyrs]]", are burned at the stake at [[Bow, London|Stratford-le-Bow]] near [[London]] after being convicted of heresy.<ref>[http://www.exclassics.com/foxe/foxe347.htm Foxe's Book of Martyrs: 344. "Thirteen Martyrs Burned at Stratford-Le-Bow".] Exclassics.com. Retrieved 24 May 2013</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140203103644/http://www.johnfoxe.org/freeman-marion.pdf List of martyrs according to Foxe]</ref>

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 17]] &ndash; [[Kostajnica Fortress]] in what is now [[Croatia]] falls to the Ottoman Empire and remains under Turkish control for the next 132 years.
* [[August 15]] &ndash; Work begins on the ''[[Peresopnytsia Gospel]]'' at the [[Bernardine Monastery, Iziaslav|Monastery of the Holy Trinity]] in the  [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], and continues for the next five years.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312070811/http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D17039%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html Information on the Peresopnytsia Gospel] from [[UNESCO]]</ref>
* [[August 27]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] abdicates his position as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] in favor of his younger brother, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand, King of the Romans]]. The Imperial Diet postpones recognizing the abdication for the next 18 months.
* [[September 1]] &ndash; After [[Pope Paul IV]] attempts to get [[Henry II of France|King Henry II of France]] to join him in an invasion of [[History of Naples#The Aragonese period|Spanish-controlled Naples]], Spain's [[Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba|Duke of Alba]] invades the [[Papal States]] in Italy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodward |first1=Geoffrey |title=Philip II |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=London, New York |isbn=978-1317897736 |chapter=8}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===  
* [[October 7]] &ndash; The [[Battle of Tughlaqabad|Battle of Delhi]] is fought in India, at [[Tughlaqabad]]) near [[Delhi]] between forces of the [[Sur Empire]] (ruled by [[Muhammad Adil Shah (died 1557)|Muhammad Adil Shah]]) and the [[Mughal Empire]] (ruled by [[Akbar the Great]]). General [[Hemu|Hemchandra Vikramaditya]] (Hemu) of the Suris overwhelms the forces commanded by the Mughal Governor of Delhi, [[Tardi Beg Khan]] within one day.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qoRDAAAAYAAJ | title=Military History of India | publisher=Orient Longmans | last=Sarkar | first=Jadunath | author-link=Jadunath Sarkar | year=1960 | page=66 | isbn=9780861251551 }}</ref>
* [[November 5]] &ndash; [[Second Battle of Panipat]]: Fifty miles north of [[Delhi]], a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army defeats the forces of [[Hemu]] and recaptures Delhi for the Mughal Empire, guaranteeing [[Akbar]]'s rule.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Kanwal Kishore |title=Hemu: Napoleon of Medieval India |date=2000 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-663-7 |pages=35–38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Emm0nTvllKoC&q=%225%20november%22 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mubārak |first1=Abū al-Faz̤l ibn |title=The Akbar Nama of Abu-l-Fazl |date=1902 |publisher=Low Price Publications |isbn=978-81-7536-295-6 |pages=60–62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TdIVAQAAMAAJ&dq=Panipat+hemu+akbar+%225+november+1556%22&pg=RA2-PA60 |access-date=10 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[November 10]] &ndash; The English ship ''Edward Bonadventure'', commanded by [[Richard Chancellor]] is wrecked on the coast of [[Scotland]] at [[Pitsligo]], killing most of its crew, including Chancellor. The few survivors include the first Russian ambassador to England, Osip Nepeya.<ref>{{cite ODNB|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/5099?docPos=1|first=James |last=McDermott|chapter=Chancellor, Richard (d. 1556)|title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/5099 }}
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* [[November 17]] &ndash; In the Holy Roman Empire, the ''[[Hofkriegsrat|Steter Kriegsrat]]'' is founded as a War Council with five generals and five civil servants to advise the Habsburg rulers.<ref>{{cite book |editor-first=Richard |editor-last=Holmes |title=The Oxford companion to military history |year=2001 |page=411}}</ref>   
* [[December 7]] &ndash; The Mughal Emperor [[Akbar the Great|Akbar]] personally travels with [[Bairam Khan]] to lead an invasion force to defeat the Sultan of the Sur Empire, [[Sikandar Shah Suri]].<ref name=r2>Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2007). ''The Mughul Empire'', Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7276-407-1}}, pp.106-7</ref>   
* [[December 27]] &ndash; [[Péter Erdődy]] is appointed as the [[Ban of Croatia|Ottoman Viceroy of Croatia]] after the death on September 7 of [[Nikola IV Zrinski]].    
* [[December 31]] &ndash; All military authorities in the Holy Roman Empire are ordered to submit to the decisions of the Imperial War Council.

===Date unknown ===
* The kings of [[Spanish Empire|Spain]] take control of the [[Flanders]] region, including what is now the French [[département]] of [[Nord (French department)|Nord]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Diccionario Enciclopedico Hispano-Americano |date=1887 |publisher=W.M. Jackson |location=London |page=578 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ddBAQAAMAAJ&dq=espa%C3%B1a+flandes+norte+%221556%22&pg=PA578 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=es}}</ref>
* The [[Plantations of Ireland]] are started in King's County (now [[County Offaly]]) and Queen's County (now [[County Laois]]), the earliest attempt at systematic [[ethnic cleansing]] in Ireland, by the [[Roman Catholic]] ruler Queen [[Mary I of England]].
* Future King [[John III of Sweden|Prince John]], younger son of King [[Gustav I of Sweden]] becomes [[Duke of Finland]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Aaland Islands Question: Report Submitted to the Council |date=1921 |publisher=League of Nations Commission of Rapporteurs on the Åland Islands Question |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYZ_QRJFBo0C&dq=John+gustav+duke+of+finland+%221556%22&pg=PP17 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=fr}}</ref>
* [[Ivan the Terrible]] conquers [[Astrakhan]], opening the [[Volga River]] to Russian traffic and trade.
* The [[Welser]] banking families of [[Augsburg]] lose colonial control of [[Venezuela]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Denzer |first1=Jörg |title=Die Konquista der Augsburger Welser-Gesellschaft in Südamerika (1528-1556): historische Rekonstruktion, Historiografie und lokale Erinnerungskultur in Kolumbien und Venezuela |date=2005 |publisher=C.H.Beck |isbn=978-3-406-53484-3 |page=190 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sQ2-439u1-YC&q=1556 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=de}}</ref>
* The false [[Martin Guerre]] appears in the [[Kingdom of France|French]] village of Artigat.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Castaño |first1=Emilio José Álvarez |title=Le retour de Martin Guerre: de la impostura a la metahistoria |journal=FILMHISTORIA Online |date=21 December 2020 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=99–108|url=https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/filmhistoria/article/view/33116 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=es |issn=2014-668X}}</ref>
* The first [[printing press]] in India is introduced by [[Jesuits]], at [[Saint Paul's College, Goa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Saradesāya |first1=Manohararāya |title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992 |date=2000 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-7201-664-7 |pages=15–16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC&dq=henrique+henriques+st+paul+college+goa&pg=PA15 |access-date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
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