Editing 1555 (section)

== Events ==
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=== January&ndash;March ===
* [[January 22]] &ndash; The [[Kingdom of Ava]] in [[Upper Burma]] falls.
* [[February 2]] &ndash; The [[Diet of Augsburg]] begins.
* [[February 4]] &ndash; [[John Rogers (Bible editor and martyr)|John Rogers]] is [[death by burning|burned at the stake]] at [[Smithfield, London]], becoming the first of the 284 [[List of Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation|Protestant martyrs of the English Reformation]] to be killed during the five and one-half year reign of Queen [[Mary I of England]].<ref name=CBH>{{cite book |last=Palmer |first=Alan |last2=Palmer |first2=Veronica |year=1992 |title=The Chronology of British History |publisher=Century Ltd |location=London |pages=150–153 |isbn=0-7126-5616-2}}</ref> His death is followed within the week by that of [[Laurence Saunders]] on February 8 in [[Coventry]], and [[Rowland Taylor]], [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|Rector]] of [[Hadleigh, Suffolk]], and [[John Hooper (bishop)|John Hooper]], deposed [[Bishop of Gloucester]] on February 9.
* [[February 26]] &ndash; The [[Muscovy Company]] is chartered in England to trade with the [[Tsardom of Russia]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Williams|first=Hywel|title=Cassell's Chronology of World History|location=London|publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson|year=2005|isbn=0-304-35730-8}}</ref><ref>Goldsmid, E. (ed.) (1886). ''The Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, collected by [[Richard Hakluyt]], Preacher'', Vol. III: North-Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries, Part II: The Muscovy Company and the North-Eastern Passage. Edinburgh: E. & G. Goldsmid. [https://archive.org/stream/cihm_33119#page/n109/mode/2up pp. 101-112].</ref> and [[Richard Chancellor]] negotiates with the Tsar.
* [[March 25]] &ndash; [[Valencia, Venezuela]], is founded by Captain Alonso Díaz Moreno.

=== April&ndash;June ===
* [[April 9]] &ndash; Marcello Cervini degli Spannocchi is unanimously chosen as the successor to [[Pope Julius III]], who died on March 23, and takes the name of [[Pope Marcellus II]] as the 222nd Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church. He will reign for 22 days.<ref>{{cite book|author=Maureen E. Buja|title=Antonio Barré and Music Printing in Mid-sixteenth Century Rome|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqIIAQAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill|page=81}}</ref>
* [[April 17]] &ndash; After 18 months of siege, the [[Republic of Siena]] surrenders to the [[Florence|Florentine]]–[[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] army.
* [[May 1]] &ndash; Foundation of [[St John's College, Oxford]], England, to teach Catholic theology.
* [[May 30]] &ndash; Foundation of [[Trinity College, Oxford]], England, to teach Catholic theology.
* [[May 15]] &ndash; The [[May 1555 papal conclave|conclave]] opens with 42 of the 56 Roman Catholic cardinals to choose a successor to Pope Marcellus II, who had died on May 1.<ref>Chacón, col. 810-811; Panvinio, s. 427-428; por. Setton, s. 617.</ref>
* [[May 23]] &ndash; Giovanni Pietro Carafa, Cardinal of Naples, is elected as the new Pope after Giacomo del Pozzo fails to obtain the necessary two-thirds approval.<ref>Pastor, Ludwig von. ''History of the Popes''. T. 14. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1924</ref> Carafa, the 223rd Pope, takes the name [[Pope Paul IV]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Johnson|title=The Papacy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ms4MgIorzdUC|year=1997|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-0755-5|page=216}}</ref>
* [[May 25]] &ndash; [[Jeanne d'Albret]] becomes the [[List of Navarrese monarchs|Queen of Navarre]] upon the death of her father, [[Henry II of Navarre|King Henry II]].<ref name="Love2001">{{cite book|author=Ronald Love|title=Blood and Religion: The Conscience of Henri IV|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8r73hru8nAC&pg=PA25|date=14 March 2001|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-6884-6|pages=25–}}</ref>
* [[June 1]] &ndash; The [[Treaty of Amasya]] between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and [[Safavid Persia]] concludes the [[Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)|Ottoman-Safavid War]].
* [[June 22]] &ndash; [[Adil Shah Suri]] becomes the Sultan of the [[Sur Empire]] at [[Delhi]] in [[India]] after [[Sikandar Shah Suri]] is forced to flee from the Mughal Empire forces.

=== July&ndash;September ===
* [[July 12]] &ndash; [[Pope Paul IV]] creates the [[Roman Ghetto]], the first Jewish ghetto in Rome.
* [[August 24]] &ndash; England's [[Thomas Thirlby]], the first and only Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norwich and Queen Mary's envoy to [[Pope Paul IV]], returns to London from bearing a papal bull that confirms Queen Mary's jurisdiction over Ireland.<ref>{{DNB |first=Thompson |last=Cooper |author-link=Thompson Cooper |wstitle=Thirlby, Thomas |volume=56 |page=137}}</ref>
* [[September 25]] &ndash; The [[Peace of Augsburg]] is signed between [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor]], and the [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]] [[Schmalkaldic League]], establishing the principle ''[[Cuius regio, eius religio]]'', that is, rulers within the Empire can choose the religion of their realm.
* September &ndash; The [[1555 Kashmir earthquake]] causes widespread destruction and death in Kashmir, India.<ref name="NOAA">{{cite web |title=Significant Earthquake Information India: Kashmir: Srinagar |url=https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazel/view/hazards/earthquake/event-more-info/10493 |website=ngdc.noaa.gov |publisher=NCEI |access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

=== October&ndash;December ===
* [[October 16]]
** (1st day of 10th month [[Tenbun|Tenbun 24]]) &ndash; At the [[Battle of Miyajima]] Island, [[Mori Motonari]] defeats [[Sue Harukata]].<ref>Stephen R. Turnbull, ''The Samurai: A Military History'', ( New York: Macmillan Publishing, 1977) pp. 131–134</ref>
** The first two Protestant [[Oxford Martyrs]], [[Hugh Latimer]] and [[Nicholas Ridley (martyr)|Nicholas Ridley]], are burned at the stake in England.
* [[October 25]] &ndash; [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] abdicates as [[Holy Roman Emperor]] and is succeeded by his brother [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand]].
* [[November 1]] &ndash; French Navy Vice-Admiral [[Nicolas Durand de Villegaignon]] leads a small fleet of two ships and 200 soldiers and colonists to take possession of [[Villegagnon island|Serigipe Island]], near modern-day [[Rio de Janeiro]] in [[Brazil]] at [[Guanabara Bay]], and builds [[Fort Coligny]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Parkman |first=Francis |date=1983 |title=France and England in North America Vol 1 |location= New York, New York |publisher=Library of America |pages=33–41}}</ref>
* [[November 13]] &ndash; [[Thomas Cranmer]] is officially removed from office as the Protestant [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] by order of Pope Paul IV and Queen Mary I.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/marygovt.html |title= Marian Government Policies |access-date=5 July 2007 }}</ref>
* [[December 11]] &ndash; Cardinal [[Reginald Pole]] is made a cardinal-priest in the Roman Catholic Church and made the administrator of the [[See of Canterbury]] in England,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/reginaldpolecard00leef |title=Reginald Pole, Cardinal Archbishop of Canterbury : an historical sketch, with an introductory prologue and practical epilogue |first=Frederick George|last=Lee|date=6 December 1888 |publisher=London : J. C. Nimmo |via=Internet Archive}}</ref> though he will not become the new Archbishop of Canterbury until the following March 20.

=== Date unknown ===
* [[Tsardom of Russia|Russia]] breaks a 60-year-old truce with [[Kingdom of Sweden (1523–1611)|Sweden]] by attacking Finland.
* [[Humayun]] resumes rule of the [[Mughal Empire]].
* The [[Adal Sultanate]] in the [[Horn of Africa]] collapses.
* English captain [[John Lok]] returns from [[Guinea]], with five Africans to train as interpreters for future trading voyages.
* [[Richard Eden (translator)|Richard Eden]] publishes ''The Decades of the Newe Worlde or West India'', a translation into English of parts of [[Pietro Martire d'Anghiera]]'s ''[[Decades of the New World|De orbe novo decades]]'', the [[Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés]] work ''Natural hystoria de las Indias'' and others, urging his countrymen to follow the lead of Spain in exploring the [[New World]];<ref>{{cite ODNB|first=Andrew|last=Hadfield|title=Eden, Richard (c.1520–1576)|year=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/8454|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/8454|access-date=2011-12-12}}</ref> the work includes the first recorded use in English of the country name 'China'.
* Establishment in England of the following [[grammar school]]s: [[Boston Grammar School]], [[Gresham's School]] at [[Holt, Norfolk]] (founded by [[John Gresham|Sir John Gresham]]) and [[Ripon Grammar School]] (re-foundation).
* [[William Annyas]] becomes the Mayor of [[Youghal]], Ireland, the first Jew to hold such a position in Ireland.<ref name="Affairs1987">{{cite book|author=Ireland. Dept. of Foreign Affairs|title=Ireland today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhoiAQAAIAAJ|access-date=9 June 2012|year=1987|publisher=Information Section, Dept. of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
* [[John Dee]] is charged, but cleared, of treason in England.
* [[Orlande de Lassus]]' first book of [[madrigal]]s is published, in [[Antwerp]].